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[[File:Fock of Bharal sheep grazing.jpg|thumb|250px|Flock of bharal grazing]]
[[File:Fock of Bharal sheep grazing.jpg|thumb|250px|Flock of bharal grazing]]


The '''''bharal''''' or '''Himalayan blue sheep''' or '''naur''', ''Pseudois nayaur'', is a [[Goat antelope|caprid]] found in the high [[Himalaya]]s of [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bhutan]]. Its native names include ''bharal'', ''barhal'', ''bharar'' and ''bharut'' in [[Hindi]], ''na'' or ''sna'' in [[Ladakh]], ''nabo'' in [[Spiti valley|Spitian]], ''naur'' in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and ''na'' or ''gnao'' in Bhutan.<ref>''The great and small game of India, Burma and Tibet'', p 93, Richard Lydekker (1900)</ref>
The '''''bharal''''' or '''Himalayan blue sheep''' or '''naur''' (''Pseudois nayaur'') is a [[Goat antelope|caprid]] found in the high [[Himalaya]]s of [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bhutan]]. Its native names include ''bharal'', ''barhal'', ''bharar'' and ''bharut'' in [[Hindi]], ''na'' or ''sna'' in [[Ladakh]], ''nabo'' in [[Spiti valley|Spitian]], ''naur'' in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and ''na'' or ''gnao'' in Bhutan.<ref>''The great and small game of India, Burma and Tibet'', p 93, Richard Lydekker (1900)</ref>


The bharal was also the focus of [[George Schaller]]'s and [[Peter Matthiessen]]'s expedition to Nepal in 1973. Their personal experiences are well documented by Matthiessen in his book, ''The Snow Leopard''. The bharal is a major food of the [[snow leopard]].
The bharal was also the focus of [[George Schaller]]'s and [[Peter Matthiessen]]'s expedition to Nepal in 1973. Their personal experiences are well documented by Matthiessen in his book, ''The Snow Leopard''. The bharal is a major food of the [[snow leopard]].


==Description==
==Description==
This medium-sized sheep is {{convert|115|to|165|cm|in|abbr=on}} long along the head-and-body, with a tail of {{convert|10|to|20|cm|in|abbr=on}}. They stand {{convert|69|to|91|cm|in|abbr=on}} high at the shoulder. Body mass can range from {{convert|35|to|75|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Males are slightly larger than females. The short, dense coat is slate grey in colour, sometimes with a bluish sheen. The underparts and backs of the legs are white, while the chest and fronts of the legs are black. Separating the grey back and white belly is a charcoal coloured stripe. The ears are small, and the bridge of the nose is dark. The horns are found in both sexes, and are ridged on the upper surface. In males, they grow upwards, then turn sideways and curve backwards, looking somewhat like an upside-down moustache. They may grow to a length of {{convert|80|cm|in|abbr=on}}. In females, the horns are much shorter and straighter, growing up to {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name= UU>[http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Pseudois_nayaur.html]</ref><ref>Smith, A. T., Xie, Y. (eds.) (2008) ''A Guide to the Mammals of China''. Princeton University Press, Princeton Oxforshire.</ref>
This medium-sized sheep is {{convert|115|to|165|cm|in|abbr=on}} long along the head-and-body, with a tail of {{convert|10|to|20|cm|in|abbr=on}}. They stand {{convert|69|to|91|cm|in|abbr=on}} high at the shoulder. Body mass can range from {{convert|35|to|75|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Males are slightly larger than females. The short, dense coat is slate grey in colour, sometimes with a bluish sheen. The underparts and backs of the legs are white, while the chest and fronts of the legs are black. Separating the grey back and white belly is a charcoal coloured stripe. The ears are small, and the bridge of the nose is dark. The horns are found in both sexes, and are ridged on the upper surface. In males, they grow upwards, then turn sideways and curve backwards, looking somewhat like an upside-down moustache. They may grow to a length of {{convert|80|cm|in|abbr=on}}. In females, the horns are much shorter and straighter, growing up to {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name= UU>[http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Pseudois_nayaur.html Bharal, Himalayan blue sheep]. Ultimateungulate.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-23.</ref><ref>Smith, A. T., Xie, Y. (eds.) (2008) [http://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&printsec=frontcover ''A Guide to the Mammals of China'']. Princeton University Press, Princeton Oxforshire ISBN 0691099847.</ref>


==Taxonomy and evolution==
==Taxonomy and evolution==
Line 36: Line 36:
==Biology and behaviour==
==Biology and behaviour==
===Rutting behaviour===
===Rutting behaviour===
The rutting of the bharal starts in towards late November and continues until mid-January. During the rut male bharal use multiple strategies for mating. Namely: Tending, Blocking and Coursing<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lovari|first=Sandro|coauthors=Som Ale|title=Are there multiple mating strategies in the blue sheep?|journal=Behavioural Processes|year=2001|volume=53|pages=131–135}}</ref> The young are born in late June and July. india
The rutting of the bharal starts in towards late November and continues until mid-January. During the rut male bharal use multiple strategies for mating. Namely: Tending, Blocking and Coursing<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lovari|first=Sandro|coauthors=Som Ale|title=Are there multiple mating strategies in the blue sheep?|pmid=11255000|journal=Behavioural Processes|year=2001|volume=53|pages=131–135|doi=10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00134-0|issue=1–2}}</ref> The young are born in late June and July. india


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Bharal are active throughout the day, alternating between feeding and resting on the grassy mountain slopes. Due to their excellent camouflage and the absence of cover in their environment, bharal remain motionless when approached. Once they have been noticed, however, they scamper up to the precipitous cliffs, where they once again freeze, using camoflauge to blend into the rock face. Population densities in Nepal were found to be 0.9-2.7 animals per square kilometer, increasing to a maximum of 10 animals per square kilometer in the winter, as herds congregate in valleys.<ref name= UU/> Bharal are mainly grazers but during times of scarcity of grass they have the plasticity to switch to herbs and shrubs<ref>{{cite journal|last=Suryawanshi|first=Kulbhushansingh|coauthors=Bhatnagar, YV, Mishra C|title=Why Should a Grazer Browse? Livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal Pseudois nayaur|journal=Oecologia|year=2010|volume=162|issue=2|pages=453–462}}</ref> A high degree of diet overlap between livestock (especially donkeys) and bharal, together with density-dependent forage limitation, results in resource competition and a decline in bharal density.<ref>{{cite journal
Bharal are active throughout the day, alternating between feeding and resting on the grassy mountain slopes. Due to their excellent camouflage and the absence of cover in their environment, bharal remain motionless when approached. Once they have been noticed, however, they scamper up to the precipitous cliffs, where they once again freeze, using camoflauge to blend into the rock face. Population densities in Nepal were found to be 0.9–2.7 animals per square kilometer, increasing to a maximum of 10 animals per square kilometer in the winter, as herds congregate in valleys.<ref name= UU/> Bharal are mainly grazers but during times of scarcity of grass they have the plasticity to switch to herbs and shrubs<ref>{{cite journal|last=Suryawanshi|first=Kulbhushansingh|coauthors=Bhatnagar, YV, Mishra C|title=Why Should a Grazer Browse? Livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal Pseudois nayaur|pmid=19784849|journal=Oecologia|year=2010|volume=162|issue=2|pages=453–462|doi=10.1007/s00442-009-1467-x}}</ref> A high degree of diet overlap between livestock (especially donkeys) and bharal, together with density-dependent forage limitation, results in resource competition and a decline in bharal density.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = MISHRA
| first = CHARUDUTT
| authorlink =
| coauthors = SIPKE E. VAN WIEREN,PIETER KETNER
| title = Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya
| title = Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya
| journal = Journal of Applied Ecology
| journal = Journal of Applied Ecology
| volume = 41
| volume = 41
⚫
| issue =
| pages = 344–354
| pages = 344–354
| publisher =
| location =
| date =
| url = http://www.resource-ecology.org/resources/publications/2004_Mishra,Wieren,Heitkonig,Prins_CompetitionBetweenDomesticLivestockAndWildBharal.pdf
| url = http://www.resource-ecology.org/resources/publications/2004_Mishra,Wieren,Heitkonig,Prins_CompetitionBetweenDomesticLivestockAndWildBharal.pdf
| doi = 10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00885.x
| issn =
| doi =
| year = 2004
| id =
| last1 = Mishra
| first1 = Charudutt
⚫
| accessdate = }}</ref> Where they overlap, they are the favored prey of [[snow leopard]]s and [[leopard]]s, with a few lambs falling prey to [[fox]]es or [[eagle]]s.<fef name= UU/>
| last2 = Van Wieren
| first2 = Sipke E.
| last3 = Ketner
| first3 = Pieter
| last4 = Heitkonig
| first4 = Ignas M. A.
⚫
| last5 = Prins
| first5 = Herbert H. T.
⚫
| issue = 2}}</ref> Where they overlap, they are the favored prey of [[snow leopard]]s and [[leopard]]s, with a few lambs falling prey to [[fox]]es or [[eagle]]s.<fef name= UU/>


==Conservation status==
==Conservation status==
Line 66: Line 67:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

⚫
* Namgail, T., Fox, J.L. & Bhatnagar, Y.V. (2004). Habitat segregation between sympatric Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni and blue sheep Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Journal of Zoology (London), 262: 57-63
==Further reading==
⚫
* Namgail, T. (2006). Winter Habitat Partitioning between Asiatic Ibex and Blue Sheep in Ladakh, Northern India. Journal of Mountain Ecology, 8: 7-13.
⚫
* Namgail, T., Fox, J.L. & Bhatnagar, Y.V. (2004). Habitat segregation between sympatric Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni and blue sheep Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Journal of Zoology (London), 262: 57–63
⚫
* Namgail, T. (2006). Winter Habitat Partitioning between Asiatic Ibex and Blue Sheep in Ladakh, Northern India. Journal of Mountain Ecology, 8: 7–13.
* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudois_nayaur.html Bharal] at ''Animal Diversity Web''
* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudois_nayaur.html Bharal] at ''Animal Diversity Web''
*Shrestha, R. & Wegge, P. (2008). Wild sheep and livestock in Nepal Trans-Himalaya: co-existence or competition? Environmental Conservation, 35: 125 - 136.
*Shrestha, R. & Wegge, P. (2008). Wild sheep and livestock in Nepal Trans-Himalaya: co-existence or competition? Environmental Conservation, 35: 125 – 136.
*Shrestha, R. & Wegge, P. (2008). Habitat relationships between wild and domestic herbivores in Nepalese trans - Himalaya. Journal of Arid Environments, 72: 914-925.
*Shrestha, R. & Wegge, P. (2008). Habitat relationships between wild and domestic herbivores in Nepalese trans – Himalaya. Journal of Arid Environments, 72: 914–925.
*Shrestha, R., Wegge, P. & Koirala, R. A. (2005). Summer diets of wild and domestic ungulates in Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Zoology (London), 266: 111 - 119.
*Shrestha, R., Wegge, P. & Koirala, R. A. (2005). Summer diets of wild and domestic ungulates in Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Zoology (London), 266: 111 – 119.


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 06:40, 23 August 2012

"Blue Sheep" redirects here. For the "blue" public house named the Blue Sheep, see public houses and inns in Grantham.

Bharal (blue sheep)
Bharal in Tibet
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Artiodactyla
Family:
Bovidae
Subfamily:
Caprinae
Genus:
Pseudois
Species:
P. nayaur
Binomial name
Pseudois nayaur
Hodgson, 1833
Flock of bharal grazing

The bharal or Himalayan blue sheep or naur (Pseudois nayaur) is a caprid found in the high Himalayas of Nepal, Tibet, China, India, Pakistan, and Bhutan. Its native names include bharal, barhal, bharar and bharut in Hindi, na or sna in Ladakh, nabo in Spitian, naur in Nepali and na or gnao in Bhutan.[1]

The bharal was also the focus of George Schaller's and Peter Matthiessen's expedition to Nepal in 1973. Their personal experiences are well documented by Matthiessen in his book, The Snow Leopard. The bharal is a major food of the snow leopard.

Description

This medium-sized sheep is 115 to 165 cm (45 to 65 in) long along the head-and-body, with a tail of 10 to 20 cm (3.9 to 7.9 in). They stand 69 to 91 cm (27 to 36 in) high at the shoulder. Body mass can range from 35 to 75 kg (77 to 165 lb). Males are slightly larger than females. The short, dense coat is slate grey in colour, sometimes with a bluish sheen. The underparts and backs of the legs are white, while the chest and fronts of the legs are black. Separating the grey back and white belly is a charcoal coloured stripe. The ears are small, and the bridge of the nose is dark. The horns are found in both sexes, and are ridged on the upper surface. In males, they grow upwards, then turn sideways and curve backwards, looking somewhat like an upside-down moustache. They may grow to a length of 80 cm (31 in). In females, the horns are much shorter and straighter, growing up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long.[2][3]

Taxonomy and evolution

  • Chinese blue sheep, Pseudois nayaur szechuanensis
  • Himalayan blue sheep, Pseudois nayaur nayaur
  • Helen Shan blue sheep, Pseudois nayaur ssp
  • Dwarf blue sheep, Pseudois schaeferi

The dwarf blue sheep (P. schaeferi) is sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the bharal.

Biology and behaviour

Rutting behaviour

The rutting of the bharal starts in towards late November and continues until mid-January. During the rut male bharal use multiple strategies for mating. Namely: Tending, Blocking and Coursing[4] The young are born in late June and July. india

Ecology

Bharal are active throughout the day, alternating between feeding and resting on the grassy mountain slopes. Due to their excellent camouflage and the absence of cover in their environment, bharal remain motionless when approached. Once they have been noticed, however, they scamper up to the precipitous cliffs, where they once again freeze, using camoflauge to blend into the rock face. Population densities in Nepal were found to be 0.9–2.7 animals per square kilometer, increasing to a maximum of 10 animals per square kilometer in the winter, as herds congregate in valleys.[2] Bharal are mainly grazers but during times of scarcity of grass they have the plasticity to switch to herbs and shrubs[5] A high degree of diet overlap between livestock (especially donkeys) and bharal, together with density-dependent forage limitation, results in resource competition and a decline in bharal density.[6] Where they overlap, they are the favored prey of snow leopards and leopards, with a few lambs falling prey to foxes or eagles.<fef name= UU/>

Conservation status

The bharal is listed as least concern under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species[7]

Relationship with humans

Many Buddhist monasteries protect the bharal that are found around them, but lately, issues of crop damage caused by bharal have started to arise in areas such as the Spiti valley.

References

  1. ^ The great and small game of India, Burma and Tibet, p 93, Richard Lydekker (1900)
  2. ^ a b Bharal, Himalayan blue sheep. Ultimateungulate.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-23.
  3. ^ Smith, A. T., Xie, Y. (eds.) (2008) A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, Princeton Oxforshire ISBN 0691099847.
  4. ^ Lovari, Sandro (2001). "Are there multiple mating strategies in the blue sheep?". Behavioural Processes. 53 (1–2): 131–135. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00134-0. PMID 11255000. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh (2010). "Why Should a Grazer Browse? Livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal Pseudois nayaur". Oecologia. 162 (2): 453–462. doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1467-x. PMID 19784849. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Mishra, Charudutt; Van Wieren, Sipke E.; Ketner, Pieter; Heitkonig, Ignas M. A.; Prins, Herbert H. T. (2004). "Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya" (PDF). Journal of Applied Ecology. 41 (2): 344–354. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00885.x.
  7. ^ Harris, RB. "IUCN redlist of Threatened Species". Retrieved 2011-03-28.

Further reading

  • Namgail, T., Fox, J.L. & Bhatnagar, Y.V. (2004). Habitat segregation between sympatric Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni and blue sheep Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Journal of Zoology (London), 262: 57–63
  • Namgail, T. (2006). Winter Habitat Partitioning between Asiatic Ibex and Blue Sheep in Ladakh, Northern India. Journal of Mountain Ecology, 8: 7–13.
  • Bharal at Animal Diversity Web
  • Shrestha, R. & Wegge, P. (2008). Wild sheep and livestock in Nepal Trans-Himalaya: co-existence or competition? Environmental Conservation, 35: 125 – 136.
  • Shrestha, R. & Wegge, P. (2008). Habitat relationships between wild and domestic herbivores in Nepalese trans – Himalaya. Journal of Arid Environments, 72: 914–925.
  • Shrestha, R., Wegge, P. & Koirala, R. A. (2005). Summer diets of wild and domestic ungulates in Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Zoology (London), 266: 111 – 119.

External links

Media related to Bharal at Wikimedia Commons


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