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Haplogroup O-M95
Haplogroup O-M95
Ancestor	O-P31
Descendants	O-M88, O-M297
Defining mutations	M95

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In genetics, Haplogroup O-M95 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M95 is a descendant branch of Haplogroup O-P31.

Origin

Distribution

Haplogroup O-M95 is distributed widely in Asia, from southern India to the Altai Mountains and Central Asia in the west, and from Indonesia to northern China and Japan in the east. It is found only at marginally low frequencies of approximately 1% at the periphery of its distribution in southern India, Central Asia, northern China, and Japan, but many populations within the vast intervening territory in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China display a greatly elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M95 Y-chromosomes. Patrilines within Haplogroup O-M95 predominate among the Austro-Asiatic populations of South and Southeast Asia, such as the Khmer of Cambodia and the Khasi of Meghalaya in northeastern India. Some researchers have reported that slightly over half of all men in a composite sample of Austro-Asiatic speakers belonged to Haplogroup O-M95. Haplogroup O-M122, which attains its peak frequency among the Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien peoples of China and Southeast Asia, and Haplogroup O-M119, which predominates among Taiwanese aborigines and many populations of the Philippines, also generally occur among speakers of Austro-Asiatic languages in South China and the Indochinese Peninsula, but usually at much lower frequencies than Haplogroup O-M95. The hypothesis that Haplogroup O-M95 was the major Y-chromosome haplogroup of the proto-Austro-Asiatic population is strengthened by the fact that Haplogroup O-M95 is the only haplogroup found among many Austro-Asiatic-speaking tribes, such as the Mlabri people of Thailand, Mang people of southern china and Vietnam, Nicobarese of Nicobar island, Juang of mainland India and the Shompen of the Nicobar Islands.^[1]^[2]

Haplogroup O-M95 also has been observed with high frequency in samples of Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples of Thailand and neighboring areas, which may reflect assimilation of the older Austro-Asiatic Mon–Khmer populations that have left ample evidence of their presence in the region prior to the immigration of Tai–Kadai speakers.

Outside of the region in which Austro-Asiatic languages are currently spoken or have a historically attested presence, Haplogroup O-M95 reaches its highest frequencies among the populations of the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo in western and central Indonesia.^[3] Haplogroup O-M95 has been found to be by far the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the Balinese, occurring in approximately 58.6% (323/551) of a sample of Balinese men; Haplogroup O-M119 and Haplogroup O-M122, which are typical of Austronesian peoples outside of Malaysia and Indonesia, were observed in only 18.1% (100/551) and 6.9% (38/551) of Balinese men.^[4] Haplogroup O-M95 has also been found to be the most frequently occurring haplogroup among Malay men in Singapore.^[5] The reason for its substantial presence in these populations, all of which are Austronesian-speaking, is yet to be elucidated.

Subclade Distribution

The subclades of Haplogroup O-M95 with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree:

O-M95 (M95) Typical of Austro-Asiatic peoples, Tai–Kadai peoples, Malays, Indonesians, and Malagasy, with a moderate distribution throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia , Han Chinese
- O-M88 (M88, M111) Frequently found among Hani, She people, Tai peoples, Cambodians, and Vietnamese, with a moderate distribution among Qiang, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Taiwanese aborigines, populations of Borneo,^[6] and Han Chinese of Sichuan, Guangxi, and Guangdong
  - O-PK4 (PK4) Found at low frequency among Pashtuns,^[7] Tharus,^[8] and tribals of Andhra Pradesh^[8]
- O-M297 (M297)

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This lead to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Latter, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
O-M175	26	VII	1U	28	Eu16	H9	I	O*	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O
O-M119	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1*	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a
O-M101	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1a	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a
O-M50	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H10	H	O1b	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2
O-P31	26	VII	1U	33	Eu16	H5	I	O2*	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2
O-M95	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H11	G	O2a*	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a1	O2a1
O-M88	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H12	G	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1a	O2a1a
O-SRY465	20	VII	1U	35	Eu16	H5	I	O2b*	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b
O-47z	5	VII	1U	26	Eu16	H5	I	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1
O-M122	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3*	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3
O-M121	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3a	O3a	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1a	O3a1a
O-M164	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3b	O3b	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a1b	O3a1b
O-M159	13	VII	1U	31	Eu16	H6	L	O3c	O3c	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3	O3a3	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a
O-M7	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d*	O3c	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a4	O3a4	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a2b	O3a2b
O-M113	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d1	O3c1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	-	O3a4a	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a2b1	O3a2b1
O-M134	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e*	O3d	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a5	O3a5	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a2c1	O3a2c1
O-M117	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1*	O3d1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a5a	O3a5a	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a2c1a	O3a2c1a
O-M162	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1a	O3d1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a5a1	O3a5a1	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a2c1a1	O3a2c1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

3

Phylogenetic Trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

O-M95 (M95)
- O-M88 (M88, M111)

References

Footnotes

Works Cited

^ Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Kashyap, V.K. (2006). "Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 131 (1): 84–97. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20399. PMID 16485297.
^ Trivedi, Rajni; Sitalaximi, T.; Banerjee, Jheelam; Singh, Anamika; Sircar, P. K.; Kashyap, V. K. (2006). "Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (3): 217–26. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2. PMID 16453062.
^ A Synopsis of Extant Y Chromosome Diversity in East Asia and Oceania, Peter A. Underhill
^ Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; Jorde, Lynn B. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. PMID 16114819.
^ Association of Y chromosome variation with paternal ancestry origin of three ethnic populations in Singapore, R.Y.Y. Yong, L.S.H. Gan, Y. Khripin, V.B. Yap, E.P.H. Yap (2006)
^ Hurles, M; Sykes, B; Jobling, M; Forster, P (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894. doi:10.1086/430051.
^ Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
^ ^a ^b Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 == Distribution ==
-Haplogroup O-M95 is distributed widely in Asia, from southern [[India]] to the [[Altai Mountains]] and [[Central Asia]] in the west, and from [[Indonesia]] to northern [[China]] and [[Japan]] in the east. It is found only at marginally low frequencies of approximately 1% at the periphery of its distribution in southern India, Central Asia, northern China, and Japan, but many populations within the vast intervening territory in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China display a greatly elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M95 Y-chromosomes. Patrilines within Haplogroup O-M95 predominate among the [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] populations of South and Southeast Asia, such as the [[Khmer people|Khmer]] of Cambodia and the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] of [[Meghalaya]] in northeastern India. Some researchers have reported that slightly over half of all men in a composite sample of Austro-Asiatic speakers belonged to Haplogroup O-M95. [[Haplogroup O-M122 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O-M122]], which attains its peak frequency among the [[Sino-Tibetan peoples|Sino-Tibetan]] and [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]] peoples of [[China]] and [[Southeast Asia]], and [[Haplogroup O-M119 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O-M119]], which predominates among [[Taiwanese aborigines]] and many populations of the [[Philippines]], also generally occur among speakers of Austro-Asiatic languages in South China and the Indochinese Peninsula, but usually at much lower frequencies than Haplogroup O-M95. The hypothesis that Haplogroup O-M95 was the major Y-chromosome haplogroup of the proto-Austro-Asiatic population is strengthened by the fact that Haplogroup O-M95 is the only haplogroup found among many Austro-Asiatic-speaking tribes, such as the [[Mlabri people]] of Thailand, [[Mang people]] of southern china and Vietnam, [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]] of Nicobar island, [[Juang people|Juang]] of mainland India and the [[Shompen]] of the [[Nicobar Islands]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20399|title=Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India|year=2006|last1=Sahoo|first1=Sanghamitra|last2=Kashyap|first2=V.K.|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=131|pages=84–97|pmid=16485297|issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2|title=Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago|year=2006|last1=Trivedi|first1=Rajni|last2=Sitalaximi|first2=T.|last3=Banerjee|first3=Jheelam|last4=Singh|first4=Anamika|last5=Sircar|first5=P. K.|last6=Kashyap|first6=V. K.|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=51|issue=3|pages=217–26|pmid=16453062}}</ref>
+Haplogroup O-M95 is distributed widely in Asia, from southern [[India]] to the [[Altai Mountains]] and [[Central Asia]] in the west, and from [[Indonesia]] to northern [[China]] and [[Japan]] in the east. It is found only at marginally low frequencies of approximately 1% at the periphery of its distribution in southern India, Central Asia, northern China, and Japan, but many populations within the vast intervening territory in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China display a greatly elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M95 Y-chromosomes. Patrilines within Haplogroup O-M95 predominate among the [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] populations of South and Southeast Asia, such as the [[Khmer people|Khmer]] of Cambodia and the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] of [[Meghalaya]] in northeastern India. Some researchers have reported that slightly over half of all men in a composite sample of Austro-Asiatic speakers belonged to Haplogroup O-M95. [[Haplogroup O-M122 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O-M122]], which attains its peak frequency among the [[Sino-Tibetan peoples|Sino-Tibetan]] and [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]] peoples of [[China]] and [[Southeast Asia]], and [[Haplogroup O-M119 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O-M119]], which predominates among [[Taiwanese aborigines]] and many populations of the [[Philippines]], also generally occur among speakers of Austro-Asiatic languages in South China and the Indochinese Peninsula, but usually at much lower frequencies than Haplogroup O-M95. The hypothesis that Haplogroup O-M95 was the major Y-chromosome haplogroup of the proto-Austro-Asiatic population is strengthened by the fact that Haplogroup O-M95 is the only haplogroup found among many Austro-Asiatic-speaking tribes, such as the [[Mlabri people]] of Thailand, [[Mang people]] of southern china and Vietnam, [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]] of Nicobar island, [[Juang people|Juang]] of mainland India and the [[Shompen]] of the [[Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="Sahoo2006"/><ref name="Trivedi2006"/>
 Haplogroup O-M95 also has been observed with high frequency in samples of [[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]]-speaking peoples of [[Thailand]] and neighboring areas, which may reflect assimilation of the older Austro-Asiatic [[Mon–Khmer languages|Mon–Khmer]] populations that have left ample evidence of their presence in the region prior to the immigration of Tai–Kadai speakers.
-Outside of the region in which Austro-Asiatic languages are currently spoken or have a historically attested presence, Haplogroup O-M95 reaches its highest frequencies among the populations of the islands of [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Bali]], and [[Borneo]] in western and central [[Indonesia]].<ref>[http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/SAGA_ch17_proof.pdf A Synopsis of Extant Y Chromosome Diversity in East Asia and Oceania], Peter A. Underhill</ref> Haplogroup O-M95 has been found to be by far the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the [[Balinese people|Balinese]], occurring in approximately 58.6% (323/551) of a sample of Balinese men; Haplogroup O-M119 and Haplogroup O-M122, which are typical of [[Austronesian peoples]] outside of Malaysia and Indonesia, were observed in only 18.1% (100/551) and 6.9% (38/551) of Balinese men.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0030 |title=Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders |year=2005 |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana M. |last2=Lansing |first2=J. S. |last3=Redd |first3=Alan J. |last4=Watkins |first4=Joseph C. |last5=Surata |first5=S. P. K. |last6=Arthawiguna |first6=W. A. |last7=Mayer |first7=Laura |last8=Bamshad |first8=Michael |last9=Jorde |first9=Lynn B. |journal=Human Biology |volume=77 |pages=93–114 |pmid=16114819 |issue=1}}</ref> Haplogroup O-M95 has also been found to be the most frequently occurring haplogroup among [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] men in Singapore.<ref>[http://hgm2006.hugo-international.org/Abstracts/Publish/WorkshopPosters/WorkshopPosters06/hgm128.html Association of Y chromosome variation with paternal ancestry origin of three ethnic populations in Singapore], R.Y.Y. Yong, L.S.H. Gan, Y. Khripin, V.B. Yap, E.P.H. Yap (2006)</ref> The reason for its substantial presence in these populations, all of which are [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]-speaking, is yet to be elucidated.
+Outside of the region in which Austro-Asiatic languages are currently spoken or have a historically attested presence, Haplogroup O-M95 reaches its highest frequencies among the populations of the islands of [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Bali]], and [[Borneo]] in western and central [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Underhill2001"/> Haplogroup O-M95 has been found to be by far the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the [[Balinese people|Balinese]], occurring in approximately 58.6% (323/551) of a sample of Balinese men; Haplogroup O-M119 and Haplogroup O-M122, which are typical of [[Austronesian peoples]] outside of Malaysia and Indonesia, were observed in only 18.1% (100/551) and 6.9% (38/551) of Balinese men.<ref name="Karafet2005"/> Haplogroup O-M95 has also been found to be the most frequently occurring haplogroup among [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] men in Singapore.<ref name="Yong2006"/> The reason for its substantial presence in these populations, all of which are [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]-speaking, is yet to be elucidated.
 == Subclade Distribution ==
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 * O-M95 (M95) ''Typical of [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] peoples, [[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]] peoples, [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], [[Indonesia#Demographics|Indonesians]], and [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]], with a moderate distribution throughout [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[East Asia]], and [[Central Asia]]'' , [[Han Chinese]]
-** O-M88 (M88, M111) ''Frequently found among [[Hani people|Hani]], [[She people]], [[Tai peoples]], [[Cambodia#Demographics|Cambodians]], and [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], with a moderate distribution among [[Qiang people|Qiang]], [[Li people|Hlai]], [[Miao people|Miao]], [[Yao people|Yao]], [[Taiwanese aborigines]], populations of [[Borneo]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/430051 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)60736-8|title=The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages|year=2005|last1=Hurles|first1=M|last2=Sykes|first2=B|last3=Jobling|first3=M|last4=Forster|first4=P|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=76|issue=5|pages=894}}</ref> and [[Han Chinese]] of [[Sichuan]], [[Guangxi]], and [[Guangdong]]''
+** O-M88 (M88, M111) ''Frequently found among [[Hani people|Hani]], [[She people]], [[Tai peoples]], [[Cambodia#Demographics|Cambodians]], and [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], with a moderate distribution among [[Qiang people|Qiang]], [[Li people|Hlai]], [[Miao people|Miao]], [[Yao people|Yao]], [[Taiwanese aborigines]], populations of [[Borneo]],<ref name=Hurles2005/> and [[Han Chinese]] of [[Sichuan]], [[Guangxi]], and [[Guangdong]]''
-*** O-PK4 (PK4) ''Found at low frequency among [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726 |url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n1/full/5201726a.html|title=Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan|year=2006|last1=Firasat|first1=Sadaf|last2=Khaliq|first2=Shagufta|last3=Mohyuddin|first3=Aisha|last4=Papaioannou|first4=Myrto|last5=Tyler-Smith|first5=Chris|last6=Underhill|first6=Peter A|last7=Ayub|first7=Qasim|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=15|pages=121–6|pmid=17047675|issue=1|pmc=2588664}}</ref> [[Tharu people|Tharus]],<ref name = "Fornarino2009">{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/154|title=Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation|year=2009|last1=Fornarino|first1=Simona|last2=Pala|first2=Maria|last3=Battaglia|first3=Vincenza|last4=Maranta|first4=Ramona|last5=Achilli|first5=Alessandro|last6=Modiano|first6=Guido|last7=Torroni|first7=Antonio|last8=Semino|first8=Ornella|last9=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first9=Silvana A|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|pages=154|pmid=19573232|pmc=2720951}}</ref> and [[adivasi|tribals]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref name = "Fornarino2009" />''
+*** O-PK4 (PK4) ''Found at low frequency among [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]],<ref name="Khaliq2006"/> [[Tharu people|Tharus]],<ref name = "Fornarino2009">{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/154|title=Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation|year=2009|last1=Fornarino|first1=Simona|last2=Pala|first2=Maria|last3=Battaglia|first3=Vincenza|last4=Maranta|first4=Ramona|last5=Achilli|first5=Alessandro|last6=Modiano|first6=Guido|last7=Torroni|first7=Antonio|last8=Semino|first8=Ornella|last9=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first9=Silvana A|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|pages=154|pmid=19573232|pmc=2720951}}</ref> and [[adivasi|tribals]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref name = "Fornarino2009" />''
 ** O-M297 (M297)
@@ Line 156: / Line 156: @@
 == References ==
+===Footnotes===
-* {{cite journal |author=Shi H, Dong YL, Wen B, ''et al.'' |title=Y-chromosome evidence of southern origin of the East Asian-specific haplogroup O3-M122 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=408–19 |year=2005 |month=September |pmid=16080116 |pmc=1226206 |doi=10.1086/444436 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)63021-3}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, ''et al.'' |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |year=2006 |pmid=16328082 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 |format=PDF |url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Japan.pdf}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Thanseem I, Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, ''et al.'' |title=Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA |journal=BMC Genet. |volume=7 |pages=42 |year=2006 |pmid=16893451 |pmc=1569435 |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-7-42 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/7/42}}
+===Works Cited===
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|refs=
+<ref name="Sahoo2006">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20399|title=Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India|year=2006|last1=Sahoo|first1=Sanghamitra|last2=Kashyap|first2=V.K.|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=131|pages=84–97|pmid=16485297|issue=1}}</ref>
+<ref name=Hurles2005>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/430051 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)60736-8|title=The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages|year=2005|last1=Hurles|first1=M|last2=Sykes|first2=B|last3=Jobling|first3=M|last4=Forster|first4=P|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=76|issue=5|pages=894}}</ref>
+<ref name="Khaliq2006">{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726 |url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n1/full/5201726a.html|title=Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan|year=2006|last1=Firasat|first1=Sadaf|last2=Khaliq|first2=Shagufta|last3=Mohyuddin|first3=Aisha|last4=Papaioannou|first4=Myrto|last5=Tyler-Smith|first5=Chris|last6=Underhill|first6=Peter A|last7=Ayub|first7=Qasim|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=15|pages=121–6|pmid=17047675|issue=1|pmc=2588664}}</ref>
+<ref name="Yong2006">[http://hgm2006.hugo-international.org/Abstracts/Publish/WorkshopPosters/WorkshopPosters06/hgm128.html Association of Y chromosome variation with paternal ancestry origin of three ethnic populations in Singapore], R.Y.Y. Yong, L.S.H. Gan, Y. Khripin, V.B. Yap, E.P.H. Yap (2006)</ref>
+<ref name="Trivedi2006">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2|title=Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago|year=2006|last1=Trivedi|first1=Rajni|last2=Sitalaximi|first2=T.|last3=Banerjee|first3=Jheelam|last4=Singh|first4=Anamika|last5=Sircar|first5=P. K.|last6=Kashyap|first6=V. K.|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=51|issue=3|pages=217–26|pmid=16453062}}</ref>
+<ref name="Karafet2005">{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0030 |title=Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders |year=2005 |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana M. |last2=Lansing |first2=J. S. |last3=Redd |first3=Alan J. |last4=Watkins |first4=Joseph C. |last5=Surata |first5=S. P. K. |last6=Arthawiguna |first6=W. A. |last7=Mayer |first7=Laura |last8=Bamshad |first8=Michael |last9=Jorde |first9=Lynn B. |journal=Human Biology |volume=77 |pages=93–114 |pmid=16114819 |issue=1}}</ref>
+<ref name="Underhill2001">[http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/SAGA_ch17_proof.pdf A Synopsis of Extant Y Chromosome Diversity in East Asia and Oceania], Peter A. Underhill</ref>
+}}
+===Further Reading===
+* {{cite journal|doi=10.1086/444436 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)63021-3}}
+* {{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 |format=PDF |url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Japan.pdf}}
+* {{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-7-42 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/7/42}}
 [[Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups|O-M95]]