Open coopetition: Difference between revisions
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A related study by Linåker et al. (2016) <ref name="linaker_et_al2016"> |
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| ⚫ | {{cite journal | author1= Johan Linåker | author2= Patrick Rempel | author3= Björn Regnell | author4= |Patrick Mäder |date= March 2016 |title=How Firms Adapt and Interact in Open Source Ecosystems: Analyzing Stakeholder Influence and Collaboration Patterns |journal= REFSQ 2016 Proceedings of the 22nd International Working Conference on Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality |volume=LNCS 9619|pages= 63--81| |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-30282-9_5}} |
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</ref> analyzed the [[Apache Hadoop]] ecosystem in a quantitative longitudinal case study to investigate changing stakeholder influence and collaboration patterns. |
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Haddop |
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Revision as of 11:01, 7 September 2017
In R&D management and systems development, open coopetition or open-coopetition is a neologism to describe cooperation among competitors in the open-source arena.The term was first coined by the scholars Jose Teixeira and Tingting Lin to describe how rival firms that, while competing with similar products in the same markets (e.g., Apple, Samsung, Google, Nokia), collaborate which each other in the development of open-source projects (e.g., Webkit)[1].
Open-coopetition is a compound-word term bridging coopetition and open-source. Coopetition refers to a paradoxical relationship between two or more actors simultaneously involved in cooperative and competitive interactions [2][3]; and open-source both as a development method that emphasize transparency and collaboration, but also as a “private-collective” innovation model with features both from the private investment model and collective model -- firms contribute towards the creation of public goods while giving up associated intellectual property rights such patents, copyright, licenses, or trade secrets.
Such intertwined behavior of cooperation and competition in an open-source way, emphasizes transparency on the development of technological artifacts that become available to the public under an open-source license -- allowing anyone to freely obtain, study, modify and redistribute them. Within open-coopetition, development transparency and sense of community are maximized; while the managerial control and IP enforcement are minimized. Open-coopetitive relationships are paradoxical as the core managerial concepts of property and contract play an outlier role.
The openness characteristic of open-source projects also distinguishes open-coopetition from other forms of cooperative arrangements by its inclusiveness: Everybody can contribute. Users or other contributors do not need to hold a supplier contract or sign a legal intellectual property arrangement to contribute. Moreover, neither to be a member of a particular firm or affiliated with a particular joint venture or consortia to be able to contribute. In the words of Massimo Banzi, "You don't need anyone's permission to make something great"[4].
History
2012
In an opinion article entitled Open Source Coopetition Fueled by Linux Foundation Growth, the journalist and market analyst Jay Lyman highlights that working with direct rivals may have been unthinkable before 2000s. However, Linux, open-source and organizations such as The Linux Foundation have shown how to solve common problems and easing customer pain and friction in using and choosing different technologies can truly drive innovation and traction in the market[5]. The term "open source coopetition" was employed to highlight the role of the The Linux Foundation as a mediator of collaboration among rival firms.
2013
At the OpenStack summit in HongKong, the co-founder of Mirantis Boris Renski talked about his job on figuring out how to co-opete in the crowded OpenStack open-source community. In a 43-minute broadcast video, Boris Renski shed some light on OpenStack coopetition politics and shared a subjective view on strategies of individual players within the OpenStack community (e.g, Rackspace, Mirantis, IBM, HP and Red Hat among others)[6]. The Mirantis co-founder provided a rich description of an open-source community working in co-opetition.
Along with this lines, the pioneering scholarly work of Germonprez et al. (2013)[7] reported on how key business actors within the financial services industry that traditionally viewed open-source software with skepticism, tied up an open-source ‘community of competitors’. By taking the case of Open MAMA, a Middleware Agnostic Messaging API used by some of the world’s largest financial players, they show that corporate market rivals (e.g., J.P. Morgan, Bank of America, IBM and BMC) can coexist in open-source communities, and intentionally coordinate activities or mutual benefits in precise, market focused, and non-differentiating engagements. Their work pointed out that high-competitive capital-oriented industries do not epitomize the traditional and grassroots idea that open-source software was originally born from. Furthermore, they argued that open-source communities can be deliberately designed to include competing vendors and customers under neutral institutional structures (e.g., foundations and steering committees).
2014
In an academic paper entitled "Collaboration in the open-source arena: The WebKit case", the scholars Jose Teixeira and Tingting Lin executed an ethnographic informed social network analysis on the development of the WebKit open-source web browsing technologies. Among a set of the reported findings, they pointed out that even if Apple and Samsung were involved in expensive patent wars in the courts at the time, they still collaborated in the open-source arena. As some of the research results did not confirm prior research in coopetition.[2][3], the authors proposed and coined the "open-coopetition" term while emphasizing the openness of collaborating with competitors in the open-source arena [1].
2015
By turning to OpenStack, the scholars Teixeira et al. (2015)[8] went further and modeled and analyzed both collaborative and competitive networks from the OpenStack open-source project (a large and complex cloud computing infrastructure for big data). Somewhat surprising results point out that competition for the same revenue model (i.e., operating conflicting business models) does not necessarily affect collaboration within the OpenStack ecosystem -- in other words, competition among firms did not significantly influence collaboration among software developers affiliated with them. Furthermore, the expected social tendency of developers to work with developers from same firm (i.e., homophily) did not hold within the OpenStack ecosystem. The case of OpenStack revealed to be much about genuine collaboration in software development besides ubiquitous competition among the firms that produce and use the software.
2016
A related study by Linåker et al. (2016) [9] analyzed the Apache Hadoop ecosystem in a quantitative longitudinal case study to investigate changing stakeholder influence and collaboration patterns.
2017
Found seven work practices in software development related to open-coopetition.
Cases
| Project | Project domain | Competing actors collaborating in the project |
|---|---|---|
| WebKit | Web browsing technologies | Apple, Nokia, Google, Samsung, Intel and BlackBerry among others. |
| Blink | Web browsing technologies | Google, Opera, Intel and Samsung among others. |
| OpenStack | Cloud computing infrastructure | Rackspace, Canonical, IBM, HP[disambiguation needed], Vmware and Citrix among others. |
| CloudStack | Cloud computing infrastructure | Citrix, SunGard AS and ShapeBlue among others. |
| Cloud Foundry | Platform as a Service (PaaS) | Cisco, Canonical, IBM, EMC, VMware and SAP among others. |
| Xen | Virtualization and hypervisor technologies | University of Cambridge, Citrix, IBM, Intel, HP[disambiguation needed], Novell, Red Hat and Oracle among others. |
| Hadoop | Distributed storage and distributed processing technologies for Big Data | Cloudera, Yahoo!, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Jive, Microsoft, Intel and Hortonworks among others. |
| Open Compute | Hardware and software designs for data-centers | Facebook, Intel, Google, Apple, Microsoft, Rackspace, Ericsson, Cisco, Juniper Networks, HP, Lenovo , Fidelity, Goldman Sachs an Bank of America among others. |
| Open Handset Alliance | Mobile devices platform | Google, Asus ,LG, Samsung, HTC, Acer, Huawei, ZTE, Lenovo, NEC and Sharp among others. |
| Tizen | Mobile devices platform | Fujitsu, Huawei, NEC, Casio, Panasonic and Samsung among others. |
| GENIVI Alliance | In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) platform | Volvo, BMW, Honda, Hyundai, Renault and PSA among others. |
| Linux | The Linux operating system | Fujitsu, HP, IBM, Intel, NEC, Oracle, Qualcomm, Samsung, Hitachi, Red Hat and many others. |
| Yocto project | Development tools for embedded Linux (focus on architecture independence) | Broadcom, AMD, LG, Renesas, Huawei, Texas Instruments, MontaVista, Wind River, Intel, Freescale and Dell among others. |
| Linaro | Development tools for embedded Linux (focus on the ARM and HSA architectures) | ARM, Freescale Semiconductor, IBM, Samsung, ST-Ericsson, and Texas Instruments among others. |
| Eclipse | Integrated development environment for JAVA and other programming languages | Actuate, CA, IBM, Google, Oracle, SAP and Red Hat among others. |
| OpenEMR | Electronic health records and medical practice management software | OEMR, EnSoftek, MI-Squared, ZH Healthcare and Visolve among others. |
| VistA | Electronic health records and medical practice management software | InterSystems, ASM Research, DSS Inc., Amida, BITS, Apex Data Solutions, HSPC MedicaSoft, Medsphere, Google and PWC among others. |
| Apache Arrow | Cross-system data layer for Big-data analytics | Amazon, Cloudera, Databricks, DataStax, Dremio, Hortonworks MapR, Salesforce, Trifacta and Twitter among others. |
| Open MAMA | Integration layer for message orientated middlewares | J.P. Morgan, Bank of America, NYSE Technologies, IBM, EMC, Actant and FlexTrade among others. |
| IoTivity | Interoperable device-to-device technologies for the Internet of Things. | Microsoft, Intel, Qualcomm, Samsung, Cisco, General Electric and Electrolux among others. |
| AllJoyn | Interoperable device-to-device technologies for the Internet of Things. | Haier, LG Electronics, Panasonic, Qualcomm, Sharp, Silicon Image, TP-LINK, Cisco, D-Link, HTC and Wilocity among others. |
| PolarSys | Tools for the development of mission critical embedded systems. | Airbus Defence & space, Ericsson and Thales among many others. |
| Dronecode | UAV control software. | 3DR, Yuneec, Intel, Qualcomm, Parrot, Aerotenna, Event 38 Unmanned Systems, FLYPRO, Baidu. |
| KiCad | Software suite for Electronic Design Automation (EDA). | University of Grenoble, GIPSA-lab, SoftPLC, CERN, Raspberry Pi Foundation and Arduino LLC. |
| Open Networking Foundation | Software Defined Networks | Deutsche Telekom, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Verizon and Yahoo among others. |
| R Consortium | Programming language and software environment for statistical computing | R Foundation, Microsoft, R Studio, Tibco Analytics, Alteryx, Google and HPE. |
See also
References
- ^ a b Jose Teixeira; Lin Tingting (2014). "Collaboration in the open-source arena: The WebKit case". Proceedings of the 52nd ACM conference on Computers and people research. NY: ACM: 121--129. arXiv:1401.5996. doi:10.1145/2599990.2600009.
- ^ a b Maria Bengtsson; Sören Kock (2000). "Coopetition" in business Networks - to cooperate and compete simultaneously". Industrial marketing management. 29 (5). Elsevier: 411--426. doi:10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00067-X.
- ^ a b Maria Bengtsson; Sören Kock (2014). "Coopetition—Quo vadis? Past accomplishments and future challenges". Industrial Marketing Management. 43 (2). Elsevier: 180--188. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2014.02.015.
- ^ Banzi, Massimo. "How Arduino is open-sourcing imagination @ TEDGlobal 2012". ted.com. TED. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Lyman, Jay (13 March 2012). "Open Source Coopetition Fueled by LF Growth". LinuxInsider @ ECT News Network. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ Renski, Boris (5 Nov 2013). "OpenStack Co-Opetition: A View from Within" (Broadcast video). OpenStack Summit. Hongkong: Openstack. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
- ^ Matt Germonprez; J. Allen; Jamie Hill; Glenn McClements (2013). "Open source communities of competitors". interactions. NY: ACM: 54--49. doi:10.1145/2527191.
- ^ Jose Teixeira; Gregorio Robles; Jesús M. González-Barahona (2015). "Lessons learned from applying social network analysis on an industrial Free/Libre/Open Source Software ecosystem". Journal of Internet Services and Applications. Springer. arXiv:1507.04587. doi:10.1186/s13174-015-0028-2.
- ^
Johan Linåker; Patrick Rempel; Björn Regnell (March 2016). "How Firms Adapt and Interact in Open Source Ecosystems: Analyzing Stakeholder Influence and Collaboration Patterns". REFSQ 2016 Proceedings of the 22nd International Working Conference on Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality. LNCS 9619: 63--81. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30282-9_5.
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