Tangerine: Difference between revisions
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The '''tangerine''' (''Citrus tangerina'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2724391|title=Citrus tangerina Yu.Tanaka — The Plant List|work=theplantlist.org}}</ref> is |
The '''tangerine''' (''Citrus tangerina'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2724391|title=Citrus tangerina Yu.Tanaka — The Plant List|work=theplantlist.org}}</ref> is a group of orange-colored [[citrus]] [[fruit]] consisting of hybrids of [[mandarin orange]] (''Citrus reticulata''). |
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The name was first used for fruit coming from [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], described as a mandarin variety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197485|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|work=oed.com}}</ref> Under the [[Citrus taxonomy|Tanaka classification system]], ''Citrus tangerina'' is considered a separate species. Under the [[Citrus taxonomy|Swingle system]], tangerines are considered to be a group of mandarin (''[[Citrus reticulata|C. reticulata]]'') varieties.<ref name=identification>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x | volume=7 | title=New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny | journal=Tree Genetics | pages=49–61}}</ref> |
The name was first used for fruit coming from [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], described as a mandarin variety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197485|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|work=oed.com}}</ref> Under the [[Citrus taxonomy|Tanaka classification system]], ''Citrus tangerina'' is considered a separate species. Under the [[Citrus taxonomy|Swingle system]], tangerines are considered to be a group of mandarin (''[[Citrus reticulata|C. reticulata]]'') varieties.<ref name=identification>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x | volume=7 | title=New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny | journal=Tree Genetics | pages=49–61}}</ref> Genetic study has shown tangerines to be mandarin orange hybrids containing some [[pomelo]] DNA.<ref name="Talon">{{cite journal|title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' | last1=Wu | first1=Guohong Albert | last2=Terol | first2=Javier | last3=Ibanez | first3=Victoria | last4=López-García | first4=Antonio | last5=Pérez-Román | first5=Estela | last6=Borredá | first6=Carles | last7=Domingo | first7=Concha | last8=Tadeo | first8=Francisco R | last9=Carbonell-Caballero | first9=Jose | last10=Alonso | first10=Roberto | last11=Curk | first11=Franck | last12=Du | first12=Dongliang | last13=Ollitrault | first13=Patrick | last14=Roose | first14=Mikeal L. Roose | last15=Dopazo | first15=Joaquin | last16=Gmitter Jr | first16=Frederick G. | last17=Rokhsar | first17=Daniel | last18=Talon | first18=Manuel | journal=Nature | year = 2018 | doi=10.1038/nature25447}} and Supplement</ref><ref name=genealogy>{{cite journal |title=Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pomelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication |journal=Nature Biotechnology |author=G Albert Wu|display-authors=etal |volume=32 |doi=10.1038/nbt.2906 |pages=656–662 |pmid=24908277 |pmc=4113729}}</ref> Some differ only in disease resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/135/4/341.full |title=The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints|last1=Li | first1=Xiaomeng | last2=Xie | first2=Rangjin | last3=Lu | first3=Zhenhua | last4=Zhou | first4=Zhiqin | journal=Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science | volume=135 | pages=341-350| year=2010 }}</ref> The term is currently applied to any reddish-orange mandarin {{citation needed|date=April 2015}} (and, in some jurisdictions, mandarin-like hybrids, including some [[tangors]]).<ref name="florida.eregulations.us">{{cite web|url=http://florida.eregulations.us/fac/20-13.0061/|title=20-13.0061. Sunburst Tangerines; Classification and Standards, 20-13. Market Classification, Maturity Standards And Processing Or Packing Restrictions For Hybrids, D20. Departmental, 20. Department of Citrus, Florida Administrative Code|author=Commernet, 2011|work=State of Florida|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="edis.ifas.ufl.edu">{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch073|title=HS178/CH073: Robinson Tangerine|author1=Larry K. Jackson |author2=Stephen H. Futch |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher=|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref>) |
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<!--[[File:Tangerine Macro.JPG|thumb|A tangerine's thin, pebbly skin]]--> |
<!--[[File:Tangerine Macro.JPG|thumb|A tangerine's thin, pebbly skin]]--> |
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Tangerines were first grown and cultivated as a distinct crop in the Americas by a Major Atway in Palatka, Florida. <ref name="Hume1913">{{cite book|author=H. Harold Hume|title=Citrus Fruits and Their Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEMLAQAAIAAJ|year=1913|publisher=O. Judd Company|page=101}}</ref> Atway was said to have imported them from [[Morocco]] (capital [[Tangiers]]), which was the origin of the name "Tangerine". Major Atway sold his groves to N. H. Moragne in 1843, giving the Moragne tangerine the other part of its name.<ref name=industry>http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/dancy.html</ref> |
Tangerines were first grown and cultivated as a distinct crop in the Americas by a Major Atway in Palatka, Florida. <ref name="Hume1913">{{cite book|author=H. Harold Hume|title=Citrus Fruits and Their Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEMLAQAAIAAJ|year=1913|publisher=O. Judd Company|page=101}}</ref> Atway was said to have imported them from [[Morocco]] (capital [[Tangiers]]), which was the origin of the name "Tangerine". Major Atway sold his groves to N. H. Moragne in 1843, giving the Moragne tangerine the other part of its name.<ref name=industry>http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/dancy.html</ref> |
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The Moragne tangerine produced a seedling which became one of the oldest and most popular American varieties, the [[Dancy tangerine]] ([[zipper]]-skin tangerine, kid-glove orange).<ref name=industry/> The Dancy is no longer widely commercially grown; it is too delicate to handle and ship well, it is susceptible to ''[[Alternaria]]'' fungus, and it bears more heavily in alternate years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH074|title=HS169/CH074: Dancy Tangerine|author1=Larry K. Jackson |author2=Stephen H. Futch |lastauthoramp=yes |work=ufl.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.al.com/living-press-register/2009/10/satsuma_cultivars_the_best_and.html|title=Satsuma cultivars: The best and the worst|work=AL.com|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref> Dancys are still grown for personal consumption, and many [[Dancy (citrus)#Hybrid descendants|hybrids of the Dancy]] are grown commercially. |
The Moragne tangerine produced a seedling which became one of the oldest and most popular American varieties, the [[Dancy tangerine]] ([[zipper]]-skin tangerine, kid-glove orange).<ref name=industry/> Genetic analysis has shown the parents of the Dancy to have been two mandarin orange hybrids each with a small pomelo contribution, a [[Ponkan]] mandarin orange and a second unidentified mandarin,<ref name="Talon" /> presumably the Moragne. The Dancy is no longer widely commercially grown; it is too delicate to handle and ship well, it is susceptible to ''[[Alternaria]]'' fungus, and it bears more heavily in alternate years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH074|title=HS169/CH074: Dancy Tangerine|author1=Larry K. Jackson |author2=Stephen H. Futch |lastauthoramp=yes |work=ufl.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.al.com/living-press-register/2009/10/satsuma_cultivars_the_best_and.html|title=Satsuma cultivars: The best and the worst|work=AL.com|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref> Dancys are still grown for personal consumption, and many [[Dancy (citrus)#Hybrid descendants|hybrids of the Dancy]] are grown commercially. |
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| ⚫ | Until the 1970s, the Dancy was the most widely grown tangerine in the US;<ref name=arkoftaste>http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark-item/dancy-tangerine</ref> the popularity of the fruit led to the term "tangerine" being broadly applied as a marketing name. Florida classifies tangerine-like hybrid fruits as tangerines for the purposes of sale and regulation;<ref name="florida.eregulations.us" /> this classification is widely used but regarded as technically inaccurate in the industry.<ref name="edis.ifas.ufl.edu" /> Among the most important tangerine hybrids of [[Florida]] are [[murcott (fruit)|murcotts]], a late-fruiting type of [[tangor]] marketed as "honey tangerine"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch078 |title=HS174/CH078: Murcott (Honey Tangerine) |publisher=Edis.ifas.ufl.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-11-17}}</ref> and Sunbursts (an early-fruiting complex tangerine-orange-grapefruit hybrid).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch079 |title=HS168/CH079: Sunburst Tangerine |publisher=Edis.ifas.ufl.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-11-17}}</ref> The fallglo, also a three-way hybrid (5/8 tangerine, 1/4 orange and 1/8 grapefruit) is also grown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch075|title=HS173/CH075: Fallglo Tangerine|author1=Larry K. Jackson |author2=Stephen H. Futch |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher=|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref> |
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Both these cultivars may be pure mandarins, unlike many cultivars, which are hybrids.<ref name=collection>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00122-006-0255-9 | volume=112 | title=Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a citrus germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs) | journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics | pages=1519–1531 | pmid=16699791 | last1 = Barkley | first1 = NA | last2 = Roose | first2 = ML | last3 = Krueger | first3 = RR | last4 = Federici | first4 = CT}}</ref> |
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Until the 1970s, the Dancy was the most widely grown tangerine in the US;<ref name=arkoftaste>http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark-item/dancy-tangerine</ref> the popularity of the fruit led to the term "tangerine" being broadly applied as a marketing name. |
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| ⚫ | Florida classifies tangerine-like hybrid fruits as tangerines for the purposes of sale and regulation;<ref name="florida.eregulations.us" /> this classification is widely used but regarded as technically inaccurate in the industry.<ref name="edis.ifas.ufl.edu" /> Among the most important tangerine hybrids of [[Florida]] are [[murcott (fruit)|murcotts]], a late-fruiting type of [[tangor]] marketed as "honey tangerine"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch078 |title=HS174/CH078: Murcott (Honey Tangerine) |publisher=Edis.ifas.ufl.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-11-17}}</ref> and Sunbursts (an early-fruiting complex tangerine-orange-grapefruit hybrid).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch079 |title=HS168/CH079: Sunburst Tangerine |publisher=Edis.ifas.ufl.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-11-17}}</ref> The fallglo, also a three-way hybrid (5/8 tangerine, 1/4 orange and 1/8 grapefruit) is also grown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch075|title=HS173/CH075: Fallglo Tangerine|author1=Larry K. Jackson |author2=Stephen H. Futch |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher=|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 21:54, 17 March 2018
| Tangerine | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | C. tangerina
|
| Binomial name | |
| Citrus tangerina | |
The tangerine (Citrus tangerina)[1] is a group of orange-colored citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata).
The name was first used for fruit coming from Tangier, Morocco, described as a mandarin variety.[2] Under the Tanaka classification system, Citrus tangerina is considered a separate species. Under the Swingle system, tangerines are considered to be a group of mandarin (C. reticulata) varieties.[3] Genetic study has shown tangerines to be mandarin orange hybrids containing some pomelo DNA.[4][5] Some differ only in disease resistance.[6] The term is currently applied to any reddish-orange mandarin [citation needed] (and, in some jurisdictions, mandarin-like hybrids, including some tangors).[7][8])
Tangerines are smaller and less rounded than common oranges. The taste is considered less sour, as well as sweeter and stronger, than that of an orange.[9] A ripe tangerine is firm to slightly soft, heavy for its size[citation needed], and pebbly-skinned with no deep grooves, as well as orange in color. The peel is very thin, with very little bitter white mesocarp,[10] which makes them usually easier to peel and to split into segments.[citation needed] All of these traits are shared by mandarins generally.
Peak tangerine season lasts from autumn to spring. Tangerines are most commonly peeled and eaten out of hand. The fresh fruit is also used in salads, desserts and main dishes. The peel is used fresh or dried as a spice or zest for baking and drinks, and eaten coated in chocolate. Fresh tangerine juice and frozen juice concentrate are commonly available in the United States. The number of seeds in each segment (carpel) varies greatly.
Nomenclature and varieties
Tangerines were first grown and cultivated as a distinct crop in the Americas by a Major Atway in Palatka, Florida. [11] Atway was said to have imported them from Morocco (capital Tangiers), which was the origin of the name "Tangerine". Major Atway sold his groves to N. H. Moragne in 1843, giving the Moragne tangerine the other part of its name.[12]
The Moragne tangerine produced a seedling which became one of the oldest and most popular American varieties, the Dancy tangerine (zipper-skin tangerine, kid-glove orange).[12] Genetic analysis has shown the parents of the Dancy to have been two mandarin orange hybrids each with a small pomelo contribution, a Ponkan mandarin orange and a second unidentified mandarin,[4] presumably the Moragne. The Dancy is no longer widely commercially grown; it is too delicate to handle and ship well, it is susceptible to Alternaria fungus, and it bears more heavily in alternate years.[13][14] Dancys are still grown for personal consumption, and many hybrids of the Dancy are grown commercially.
Until the 1970s, the Dancy was the most widely grown tangerine in the US;[15] the popularity of the fruit led to the term "tangerine" being broadly applied as a marketing name. Florida classifies tangerine-like hybrid fruits as tangerines for the purposes of sale and regulation;[7] this classification is widely used but regarded as technically inaccurate in the industry.[8] Among the most important tangerine hybrids of Florida are murcotts, a late-fruiting type of tangor marketed as "honey tangerine"[16] and Sunbursts (an early-fruiting complex tangerine-orange-grapefruit hybrid).[17] The fallglo, also a three-way hybrid (5/8 tangerine, 1/4 orange and 1/8 grapefruit) is also grown.[18]
-
A tangerine -
A botanical illustration of a Manurco tangerine, painted by Royal Charles Steadman in January, 1926.
Nutrition
 A Murcott, likely a tangerine hybrid | |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 223 kJ (53 kcal) |
13.34 g | |
| Sugars | 10.58 g |
| Dietary fiber | 1.8 g |
0.31 g | |
0.81 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 4% 34 μg1% 155 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) | 5% 0.058 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 3% 0.036 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 2% 0.376 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 4% 0.216 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 5% 0.078 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 4% 16 μg |
| Choline | 2% 10.2 mg |
| Vitamin C | 30% 26.7 mg |
| Vitamin E | 1% 0.2 mg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 3% 37 mg |
| Iron | 1% 0.15 mg |
| Magnesium | 3% 12 mg |
| Manganese | 2% 0.039 mg |
| Phosphorus | 2% 20 mg |
| Potassium | 6% 166 mg |
| Sodium | 0% 2 mg |
| Zinc | 1% 0.07 mg |
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[19] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[20] | |
Tangerines are a good source of vitamin C, folate, and beta-carotene. They also contain some potassium; magnesium; vitamins B1, B2, and B3; and the compounds lutein and zeaxanthin.[21] Tangerine oil, like all citrus oils, has limonene as its major constituent, but also alpha-pinene, myrcene, gamma-terpinene, citronellal, linalool, neral, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, geraniol, thymol, and carvone.
Etymology
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "tangerine" was originally an adjective meaning "Of or pertaining to, or native of Tangier, a seaport in Morocco, on the Strait of Gibraltar" and "a native of Tangier." The OED cites this usage from Addison's The Tatler in 1710 with similar uses from the 1800s. The adjective was applied to the fruit, once known scientifically as "Citrus nobilis var. tangeriana" which grew in the region of Tangiers. This usage appears in the 1800s[22] In Australia the fruit is known as a Mandarin.[citation needed]
References
- ^ "Citrus tangerina Yu.Tanaka — The Plant List". theplantlist.org.
- ^ "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". oed.com.
- ^ "New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny". Tree Genetics. 7: 49–61. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x.
- ^ a b Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; López-García, Antonio; Pérez-Román, Estela; Borredá, Carles; Domingo, Concha; Tadeo, Francisco R; Carbonell-Caballero, Jose; Alonso, Roberto; Curk, Franck; Du, Dongliang; Ollitrault, Patrick; Roose, Mikeal L. Roose; Dopazo, Joaquin; Gmitter Jr, Frederick G.; Rokhsar, Daniel; Talon, Manuel (2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature25447. and Supplement
- ^ G Albert Wu; et al. "Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pomelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication". Nature Biotechnology. 32: 656–662. doi:10.1038/nbt.2906. PMC 4113729. PMID 24908277.
- ^ Li, Xiaomeng; Xie, Rangjin; Lu, Zhenhua; Zhou, Zhiqin (2010). "The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 135: 341–350.
- ^ a b Commernet, 2011. "20-13.0061. Sunburst Tangerines; Classification and Standards, 20-13. Market Classification, Maturity Standards And Processing Or Packing Restrictions For Hybrids, D20. Departmental, 20. Department of Citrus, Florida Administrative Code". State of Florida. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Larry K. Jackson; Stephen H. Futch. "HS178/CH073: Robinson Tangerine". Retrieved 14 May 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Pittman & Davis (22 February 1999). "Pittman & Davis – Premium Citrus Fruit Gifts – Why Are Tangerines So Tangy?". Pittmandavis.com. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
- ^ David Karp (28 January 2011). "Market Watch: The wild and elusive Dancy". LA Times. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
- ^ H. Harold Hume (1913). Citrus Fruits and Their Culture. O. Judd Company. p. 101.
- ^ a b http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/dancy.html
- ^ Larry K. Jackson; Stephen H. Futch. "HS169/CH074: Dancy Tangerine". ufl.edu.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ "Satsuma cultivars: The best and the worst". AL.com. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ^ http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark-item/dancy-tangerine
- ^ "HS174/CH078: Murcott (Honey Tangerine)". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
- ^ "HS168/CH079: Sunburst Tangerine". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
- ^ Larry K. Jackson; Stephen H. Futch. "HS173/CH075: Fallglo Tangerine". Retrieved 14 May 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.
- ^ Susanna Lyle (20 March 2006). Fruit & nuts: a comprehensive guide to the cultivation, uses and health benefits of over 300 food-producing plants. Timber Press. p. 145. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
- ^ . See the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989.
External links
Data related to Citrus tangerina at Wikispecies
Tangerine at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
Media related to Tangerines at Wikimedia Commons
