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==20th century==
==20th century==
===Interwar Yugoslavia===
Following the First World War, the new Kingdom was reliant on patronage from the Serb monarchy that resulted in tendencies of centralisation and Serbianisation that other ethnic communities in the country opposed.<ref name="Lane44">{{harvnb|Lane|2017|p=44.}}</ref> In Belgrade a new government was formed after the war that quickly Serbianised the gendarmerie and made non-Serbs in the country view the new Kingdom as a extension of the old Kingdom of Serbia.<ref name="Lane45">{{cite book|last=Lane|first=Ann|title=Yugoslavia: When Ideals Collide|year=2017|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|isbn=9780230214071|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=fFFdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=Serbianise&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6_8qW07_gAhVbbn0KHUDLAY8Q6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=Serbianise&f=false|pages=45|ref=harv}}</ref>

===Vardar Macedonia===
===Vardar Macedonia===
{{See also|Macedonian Bulgarians}}
{{See also|Macedonian Bulgarians}}

Revision as of 03:36, 19 February 2019

Map "Territories inhabited by Serbians" issued in Belgrade in 1848, at the cost of the Serbian government.[1][2] On this map Macedonia, and today southeastern Sebia and Kosovo are situated outside the boundaries of the Serbian people.[3]

Serbianisation or Serbianization, also known as Serbification[4], and Serbisation or Serbization (Serbian: србизација/srbizacija or посрбљавање/posrbljavanje; Albanian: serbizimi; Bulgarian: сърбизация, sərbizacija or посръбчване, posrəbčvane; Croatian: srbizacija, posrbljavanje; Macedonian: србизација, romanized: srbizacija; Romanian: serbificarea) is the spread of Serbian culture, people, and language, either by integration or assimilation.

Medieval period

John Uglješa, a fourteenth century Serbian despot who ruled much of Macedonia on behalf of Serb Emperor Stefan Uroš V attempted to Serbianise the monastic community of Mount Athos.[5]

19th century

Timok and Morava regions

See also: Torlakian dialect
Ethnic map of European Turkey by Guillaume Lejean (1861), praised by the Serbian author Čedomilj Mijatović. Dozens of ethnographic maps put forth by European scholars, concluded that up until the late 19th century the Slavs from today Eastern Serbia and Macedonia were regarded as Bulgarians.[6][7]

The historical sources demonstrate that before the 19th century and the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire the majority of the ordinary Orthodox Christians on the Balkans had only a vague idea of their ethnic identity. The local South Slavic-speaking peasants were accustomed to define itself in terms of their religion, locality and occupation. After the national states were established, peasantry was indoctrinated through the schools and military conscription, the official Church, and the governmental press. It was through these instruments of the state administration, that a national identity came into real and rapid development.[8]

The Serbian Revolts between 1804 and 1815 gained autonomy from the Ottoman Empire that eventually evolved towards de facto independence between 1835 and 1867. In this period a two transitional ethno-linguistic territories between Serbs and Bulgarians existed. The first one of transitional Bulgarians, between Niš and Sofia, and a second one of transitional Serbs, between Niš and Belgrade.[9] At the time the areas west of Belgrade were considered free of Bulgarian ethno-linguistic influence and as such motivated the Serb linguistic reformer Vuk Karadžić to use the Hercegovina dialects for his standardisation of Serbian.[9]

National revival and statehood among the Serbs preceded the Bulgarian struggles (1860-1885) by some decades, which led to the full Serbianisation of the transitional Serbs between Belgrade and Niš in the first half of the 19th century.[9] Nevertheless, Serbian sources from the mid 19th century, continued to claim, the areas southeast of Nis, including Macedonia, were mainly Bulgarian populated.[10] Per Serbian newspaper, Vidovdan (No. 38, March 29, 1862), the future Bulgarian-Serbian frontier would extend from the Danube in North, along the Timok and [sic] "Bulgarian Morava", and then on the ridge of Shar Mountain towards the Black Drin River to the Lake of Ohrid in South.[11]

Territorial expansion of Serbia (1817–1913).

In 1867, a Bulgarian society, active in Bucharest approached the Serbian state with a draft-agreement. The Bulgarian side proposed the founding of a common Serbo-Bulgarian (Bulgaro-Serbian) dual state, headed by the Serbian Prince. This state was to be named South Slav Tsardom and defined the territories that would constitute Bulgaria as follows: Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia. Serbian Premier Garašanin accepted the Bulgarian proposal in a letter from June 1867, but he diplomatically refused to sign the document, fearing how representative this organisation had been.[12] On the other hand, the establishment of this common state concerned other Bulgarian organisations, which perceived it as an implementation of Garašanin's expansionist plan called Načertanije.[13][14]

However, afterwards influenced by Načertanije's ideas, Serbian elites began to claim the transitional Bulgarians located south-east of Niš calling them Old Serbians. After the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire (1877-1878), Principality of Bulgaria was created, but the lands in the regions of Niš, Pirot and Vranje became a part of Serbia. It had successfully homogenized and modernized these new territories and in this way it assimilated the "transitional Bulgarians" of the Timok and Morava river valleys toward the end of the nineteenth century. Afterwards Serbia turned its attention to the region of Macedonia.[9]

20th century

Interwar Yugoslavia

Following the First World War, the new Kingdom was reliant on patronage from the Serb monarchy that resulted in tendencies of centralisation and Serbianisation that other ethnic communities in the country opposed.[15] In Belgrade a new government was formed after the war that quickly Serbianised the gendarmerie and made non-Serbs in the country view the new Kingdom as a extension of the old Kingdom of Serbia.[16]

Vardar Macedonia

See also: Macedonian Bulgarians
A World War I era ethnographic map of the Balkans by Serbian ethnologist Jovan Cvijić. The western parts of today Bulgaria and northwestern parts of present day North Macedonia are shown as populated by Serbs. There are depicted also distinct "Slavic Macedonians". However in this way he promoted the idea that Macedonian Slavs were in fact Southern Serbs.[17]

The region of present-day North Macedonia until 1912 was part of the Ottoman Empire. According to Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 Edition, at the beginning of the 20th century the Slavs constituted the majority of the population in Macedonia. Per Britannica itself the bulk of the Slavs there was regarded by almost all independent sources as "Bulgarians". Immediately after annexation of Vardar Macedonia to the Kingdom of Serbia, the Macedonian Slavs were faced with the policy of forced serbianisation.[18][19]

We find here, as everywhere else, the ordinary measures of "Serbization" — the closing of schools, disarmament, invitations to schoolmasters to become Servian officials, nomination of "Serbomans", "Grecomans" and Vlachs, as village headmen, orders to the clergy of obedience to the Servian Archbishop, acts of violence against influential individuals, prohibition of transit, multiplication of requisitions, forged signatures to declarations and patriotic telegrams, the organization of special bands, military executions in the villages and so forth.[20]

— Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars.

Those who declare as the Bulgarians were, harassed or deported to Bulgaria.[21] The high clergymen of Bulgarian Orthodox Church were also deported.[22] Bulgarian schools were closed and teachers expelled. The population of Macedonia was forced to declare as Serbs. Those who refused were beaten and tortured.[23] Prominent people and teachers from Skopje who refused to declare as Serbs were deported to Bulgaria.[22] International Commission concluded that the Serbian state started in Macedonia wide sociological experiment of "assimilation through terror."[22] All Bulgarian books gave way to Serbian. The government Serbianized personal names and surnames for all official uses. Between 1913-1915 all people who spoke a Slavic language in Vardar Macedonia were presented by Serbia as Serbs.[24]

Detachment of the Association against Bulgarian Bandits, a paramilitary organization based in Štip ca. 1925.

During the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the government of the Kingdom pursued a linguistic Serbisation policy towards population of the Macedonia,[25] then called "Southern Serbia" (unofficially) or "Vardar Banovina" (officially). The dialects spoken in this region were referred to as dialects of Serbo-Croatian.[26] Either way, those southern dialects were suppressed with regards education, military and other national activities, and their usage was punishable.[27] Following the First World War Serbian rule was reinstated over Vardar Macedonia, the local Bulgarian or Macedonian population was not recognised and an attempted Serbianisation occurred.[28][29] During 1920 the Orthodox community of Vardar Macedonia was placed under the Serbian Orthodox Church after payment was made to the Constantinople Patriarchate who sold its control for 800,000 francs in 1919.[28] In Vardar Macedonia, Bulgarian signage and litreture was removed, societies were shutdown along with the expulsion of Bulgarian teachers and clergy who had returned during the war.[28][30] Names of people were forcefully Serbianised such as Atanasov becoming Atanasović and Stankov as Stanković along with a spate of repression that followed through arrests, internment and detention.[28][24]

Serbian colonization in Vardar Macedonia between 1920 and 1930.

The Kingdom was also interested to change the ethnic composition of the population in Vardar Macedonia. Yugoslavia commenced a policy of forced Serbianisation.[31] In 1919 there were announced the orders for preparing for colonization of Southern Serbia. The Serbian colonization was maintained through "agricultural" and "administrative" actions. In the Interbellum, the Kingdom has settled 3,670 families (18,384 persons). The colonists were given properties. Also, in the same time almost all clerks in the area were Serbs. This means that in the period between the two World wars the Kingdom succeeded through the agricultural and the administrative colonizations to create significant Serbian ethnic minority in Vardar Macedonia.[32] Total numbers were 4,200 Serb families with 50,000 Serb gendermes and troops relocated from Serbia to Vardar Macedonia to advance the Serbianisation of the region and population.[24][31] The initiation of an educational campaign made children to learn that "I am a true Serb like my father and my mother" while their parents were not receptive of the Yugoslav state.[31] Government authorities due to maladministration had difficulties in Serbianising the local population as they were strongly attached to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Exarchate) and Bulgarian nationalism.[24][33] In Vardar Macedonia Bulgarian newspapers were banned in many areas and mail from Bulgaria remained undelivered within the region due to "a technicality".[34]

King Alexander I of Yugoslavia assassination in Marseille. The killing was carried out by the Bulgarian VMRO-assassin Vlado Chernozemski in 1934.

As a counteraction to Serb efforts the paramilitary IMRO began sending armed bands into Yugoslav Macedonia to assassinate officials and stir up the spirit of the locals. After 1923 the IMRO had de facto full control of Bulgarian Macedonia and acted as a "state within a state". It used Bulgaria as a base for terrorist attacks against Yugoslavia with the unofficial agreement of the right-wing governments. Because of this, contemporary observers described the Yugoslav-Bulgarian border as the most fortified in Europe. Meanwhile several hundred political assassinations were organized by the Yugoslav security police led by Dobrica Matković. Following regular attacks by pro-Bulgarian IMRO komitadjis on Serbian colonists and gendarmes, the government appealed to Association against Bulgarian Bandits, responsible for the massacre of 53 inhabitants of the village of Garvan in 1923.[35] Regions with pro-Bulgarian sentiments such as Tikveš and Bregalnica were violently Serbianised by Serb četniks that resulted in the population gathered up for forced labour and local leaders being killed.[30] In 1930s a more homogeneous generation was growing up in Vardar Macedonia, which resisted Serbianisation and increasingly identified itself as Macedonian, but which also made it clear that Bulgarian idea was no more the only option for them. A sizable part of the local population nonetheless had undergone a transformation as Serbianised Slavs.[36] During the interwar period Bulgaria resented the Serbianisation policy in Vardar Macedonia.[34]

SR Macedonia

After WWII Marshal Tito formed out SR Macedonia of a part of 1929–1941 Vardar Banovina, and encouraged the development of Macedonian identity and Macedonian as a separate South Slavic language.[37] The Macedonian national feelings were already ripe, but some researchers argue that even then, it was questionable whether the Macedonian Slavs considered themselves to be a nationality separate from the Bulgarians.[38] Yugoslav Communists recognized the existence of a separate Macedonian nation to quiet the fears of the Slavic population that a new Yugoslavia would continue to follow the policies of forced serbianization. For the Yugoslav authorities to recognize the local Slavs as Bulgarians would be to admit, they should be part of Bulgaria. In fact the recognition of the Macedonian language and nation aimed to de-bulgarize the local population and to create a national consciousness that would support the identification with Yugoslavia.[39] As result persons continuing to declare Bulgarian identity were again imprisoned or went into exile, and so Vardar Macedonia was finally de-bulgarised.[40]

Today some researchers have described the process of codifying the Macedonian language during 1945 - 1950 as 'Serbianization'. Within the period of Macedonian language codification two tendencies emerged: one language majority, that was pro-Macedonian, with some pro-Bulgarian biases, and one language minority openly pro-Serbian. The language minority, with the help of the Yugoslav political establishment defeated the language majority.[41] Macedonian became a “first” official language in the newly proclaimed SR Macedonia, where Serbian was declared as “second” language, while Bulgarian was prohibited.[42] The irreversible turning point of Serbianisation of the Macedonian standard took place in the late 1950s.[43] On the other hand during the time of federation in Socialist Yugoslavia, Yugoslav citizens learned Serbo-Croatian at school. This bilingualism was stimulated by the subordinated pro-Serbian elites in Yugoslav Macedonia.[44][45] In this way the influence of Serbo-Croatian arrose so much, that the colloquial speech of the capital Skopje has been described as a "creolized form of Serbian".[45]

File:Serbianization in R. Macedonia.jpg
"Stop the Serbian assimilation of the Macedonian nation" was the motto of the billboards placed on the streets of Skopje, through which the VMRO-NP launched in 2015 a campaign for preserving the Macedonian national identity.

Republic of Macedonia

After Republic of Macedonia gained independence in 1991 this process has continued. Under the leadership of Nikola Gruevski (2006-2016) the leading VMRO-DPMNE party has promoted pro-Serbian policy.[46] In 2015 the former prime minister and leader of the VMRO-NP, Ljubčo Georgievski has claimed in an interview to Radio Free Europe that then authorities have a clear goal, to keep the country closer to Serbia, and at some future stage to join it the northern neighbor. According to him a classical pro-Yugoslav policy was being conducted, where confrontation with all the other neighbors was taking place, but the border between Macedonian and Serbian national identity has been erased.[47] "Stop the Serbian assimilation of the Macedonian nation" was the motto of the billboards that were placed then on Skopje streets, through which the Party launched a campaign for preserving the Macedonian national identity. The pro-governmental press claimed that the "Bulgarian" Georgievski organised a new provocation. As result the billboards were removed quickly by the authorities.

"Western Outlands"

See also: Bulgarians in Serbia
Territories ceded to Yugoslavia by Bulgaria according to the 1920 Treaty of Neuilly.

The territories called Western Outlands were ceded by Bulgaria to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1920 as a result of the Treaty of Neuilly, following the First World War. All Bulgarian schools and churches there were closed. Serbian primary schools were opened, teaching and learning in Serbian, while Bulgarian was prohibited. In 1920 a Law on the Protection of the State was adopted, which forced the Bulgarians there to accept Serbian names and surnames. A large part of the population emigrated to Bulgaria. An armed conflict started in 1922 when pro-Bulgarian separatist IWORO carried out numerous assaults on the Tzaribrod–Belgrade railway. Bulgarians have received the status of a national minority after WWII. They live in the Caribrod and Bosilegrad municipalities and in some villages in Pirot, Babušnica and Surdulica municipalitiesл However in 1948 there was a sharp deterioration for several decades of the Bulgarian-Yugoslav relations, due to the Tito-Stalin split. The Bulgarian teachers there were expelled again. The population was subjected to humiliation, and systematic psychological terror. Bulgarians made the highest percentage among the minorities detained on Goli Otok labour camp after the WWII. This fact is one of the main causes of this community’s behaviour to convert into Yugoslavs and Serbs, but even to Shopi and Torlaks. The decades of geographic isolation of other Bulgarians, and the repressions additionally led this community to inability to build its own minority space for many years.[48]

Other nations

Voluntarily Serbianisation has been attributed to Romanians and Vlachs, since the 19th century.[49] The Hungarian minority in north Serbia (Vojvodina) has also been affected by Serbianisation since the aftermath of World War II.[50]

De-Serbianisation

Croatia

In the Military Frontier (1500–1800)

Serbs in the Roman Catholic Croatian Military Frontier were out of the jurisdiction of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and in 1611, after demands from the community, the Pope establishes the Eparchy of Marča (Vratanija) with seat at the Serbian-built Marča Monastery and instates a Byzantine Rite vicar bishop as sub-ordinate to the Roman Catholic bishop of Zagreb, working to bring Serbian Orthodox Christians into communion with Rome which caused struggle of power between the Catholics and the Serbs over the region. In 1695 Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Lika-Krbava and Zrinopolje is established by metropolitan Atanasije Ljubojevic and certified by Emperor Josef I in 1707. In 1735 the Serbian Orthodox protested in the Marča Monastery and it became a part of the Serbian Orthodox Church until 1753 when the Pope restored the Roman Catholic clergy at it. On June 17, 1777 the Eparchy of Križevci is permanently established by Pope Pius VI with see at Križevci, near Zagreb, thus forming the Croatian Greek Catholic Church which would after the World War I include other people; Rusyns and Ukrainians of Yugoslavia.[51][52]

Kosovo

The term Arnauti or Arnautaši was coined by Serbian ethnographers for allegedly "Albanized Serbs"; Serbs who were thought to have converted to Islam and supposedly went through a process of Albanisation.[53][54]

In Orahovac

At the end of the 19th century, writer Branislav Nušić recorded that the Serb poturice (converts to Islam) of Orahovac began speaking in Albanian and marrying Albanian women.[54]

When Dr Jovan Hadži Vasiljević (l. 1866–1948) visited Orahovac in World War I, he could not distinguish Orthodox from Islamicized and Albanized Serbs.[54] They spoke Serbian, wore the same costumes, but claimed Serbian, Albanian or Turk ethnicity.[54] The Albanian starosedeoci (old urban families) were Slavophone; they did not speak Albanian but a Slavic dialect (naš govor, Our language) at home.[54]

In the 1921 census the majority of Muslim Albanians of Orahovac were registered under the category "Serbs and Croats".[54] This is contrary to the belief that Islamisation led to Albanisation. This suggests that claims of Islamisation has led to Albanisation of Serbs are difficult to prove. Also, there has been a continuous and considerable presence of a Slavic Muslim population in Kosovo.

Mark Krasniqi, the Kosovo Albanian ethnographer, recalled in 1957:[54] "During my own research, some of them told me that their tongue is similar to Macedonian rather than Serbian (it is clear that they want to dissociate themselves from everything Serbian[54]). It is likely they are the last remnants of what is now known in Serbian sources as 'Arnautaši', Islamicised and half-way Albanianised Slavs."[54]

Notable individuals of non-Serb origin who declared as Serbs

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Histoire de la nation Serbe publiée par Demeter Davidovits et traduite en français par Alfred Vigneron: Auch unter dem serbischen Titel: Istorija naroda srbskog isdana od Dimitrija Davidovits predoedena na franzuskii jezyk od Alfred a Vinjerona [Vigneron]. Author: Demeter Davidovits, Publisher: Beograd Impr. Nat. 1848.
  2. ^ Editions from 1846 and 1848 on WorldCat.
  3. ^ Demeter, Gábor et al. (2015) Ethnic Mapping on the Balkans (1840–1925): a Brief Comparative Summary of Concepts and Methods of Visualization. In: (Re)Discovering the Sources of Bulgarian and Hungarian History. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia; Budapest, pp. 65-100; p. 73.
  4. ^ "The Real Face of Serbian Education in Macedonia". newspaper "Makedonsko Delo", No. 9 (Jan. 10, 1926), Vienna, original in Bulgarian. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  5. ^ Palairet, Michael (2016). Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 1, From Ancient Times to the Ottoman Invasions). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 401. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  6. ^ Andrew Light, Jonathan M. Smith as ed., Philosophy and Geography II: The Production of Public Space, Rowman & Littlefield, 1998, ISBN 0847688100, p. 241.
  7. ^ Henry Wilkinson, Maps and Politics a Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia. Liverpool University Press, 1951, pp. 105; 149.
  8. ^ K. Bozeva-Abazi, 2003, The shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian national identities, 1800s-1900s. McGill University, Montreal. Summary.
  9. ^ a b c d Drezov, Kyril (1999). "Macedonian identity: An overview of the major claims". In Pettifer, James (ed.). The New Macedonian Question. MacMillan Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780230535794. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  10. ^ The Serbian newspaper Srbske Narodne Novine (Year IV, pp. 138 and 141-43, May 4 and 7, 1841), described the towns of Niš, Leskovac, Pirot, and Vranja as lying in Bulgaria, and styles their inhabitants Bulgarians. In a map made by Dimitrije Davidović called „Territories inhabited by Serbians” from 1828 Macedonia, but also the towns Niš, Leskovac, Vranja, Pirot etc. were situated outside the boundaries of the Serbian race. The map of Constantine Desjardins (1853), French professor in Serbia represents the realm of the Serbian language. The map was based on Davidović‘s work confining Serbians into the limited area north of Šar Planina.
  11. ^ Ethnic Mapping on the Balkans (1840–1925): a Brief Comparative Summary of Concepts and Methods of Visualization, Demeter, Gábor and al. (2015) In: (Re)Discovering the Sources of Bulgarian and Hungarian History. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia; Budapest, p. 85.
  12. ^ Papadrianos, Ioannis: “The First Balkan Alliance (1860–1868) and the Bulgarians,” Balkan Studies, 42 (2001): pp. 15–20.
  13. ^ Crampton 1987, p. 16: "...a Balkan alliance, which alarmed both Bulgarians and Turks with its implications of Serbian expansionism as expounded two decades previously, in Garasanin's Nacertanie, the Serbian equivalent of Greek Megali Idea."
  14. ^ SANU 1993, p. 172: "The result of Nacertumje's implementation was the establishment of the first Balkan alliance (1866–1868)..."
  15. ^ Lane 2017, p. 44.
  16. ^ Lane, Ann (2017). Yugoslavia: When Ideals Collide. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 45. ISBN 9780230214071. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  17. ^ Up until the early twentieth century, the international community viewed Macedonians as a regional variety of Bulgarians, i.e. Western Bulgarians. However, during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 the Allies sanctioned Serbian control of much of Macedonia, because they accepted the belief that Macedonians were in fact Southern Serbs. This extraordinary change in opinion can largely be attributed to one man, Jovan Cvijić, a prominent geographer at the University of Belgrade. Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe, Geographical perspectives on the human past, George W. White, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, ISBN 0847698092, p. 236.
  18. ^ Dejan Djokić, Yugoslavism: histories of a failed idea, 1918–1992, p. 123, at Google Books
  19. ^ R. J. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the twentieth century—and after, p. 20, at Google Books
  20. ^ "Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War". archive.org. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
  21. ^ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (p. 52)
  22. ^ a b c Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (p. 165)
  23. ^ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (p. 53)
  24. ^ a b c d Papavizas 2015, p. 92.
  25. ^ "An article by Dimiter Vlahov about the persecution of the Bulgarian population in Macedonia". newspaper "Balkanska federatsia", No. 140, 20 August 1930, Vienna, original in Bulgarian. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  26. ^ Friedman, V. (1985). "The Sociolinguistics of Literary Macedonian". International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 52: 31–57. doi:10.1515/ijsl.1985.52.31.
  27. ^ "By the Shar Mountain there is also terror and violence". newspaper "Makedonsko Delo", No. 58, 25 January 1928, Vienna, original in Bulgarian. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  28. ^ a b c d Poulton, Hugh (1995). Who are the Macedonians?. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 90. ISBN 9781850652380. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  29. ^ Papavizas 2015, pp. 92-93.
  30. ^ a b Palairet, Michael (2016). Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 2, From the Fifteenth Century to the Present). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 186. ISBN 9781443888493. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  31. ^ a b c Livanios 2008, p. 23.
  32. ^ Стојан Киселиновски, Етничките промени во Македонија: 1913-1995, Институт, 2000, ISBN 9989624518.
  33. ^ Livanios 2008, pp. 23–24, 68.
  34. ^ a b Livanios, Dimitris (2008). The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939-1949. Oxford University Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780199237685. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  35. ^ Tomic Yves, Massacres in Dismembered Yugoslavia, 1941-1945. SciencesPo, 7 June, 2010; (https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance).
  36. ^ Papavizas, George C. (2015). Claiming Macedonia: The Struggle for the Heritage, Territory and Name of the Historic Hellenic Land, 1862-2004. McFarland. p. 153. ISBN 9781476610191. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  37. ^ War of words: Washington tackles the Yugoslav conflict, p. 43, at Google Books
  38. ^ The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world, Loring M. Danforth, Princeton University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-691-04356-6, pp. 65-66.
  39. ^ Stephen E. Palmer, Robert R. King, Yugoslav communism and the Macedonian question, Archon Books, 1971, ISBN 0208008217, Chapter 9: The encouragement of Macedonian culture.
  40. ^ Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia by Bernard Anthony Cook ISBN 0-8153-4058-3 [1]
  41. ^ Stojan Kiselinovski, Historical Roots of the Macedonian Language Codification, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2016, Studia Srodkowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne, pp. 133-146.  DOI: 10.4467/2543733XSSB.16.009.6251
  42. ^ The Macedonian partisans established a commission to create an “official” Macedonian literary language (1945), which became the Macedonian Slavs' legal “first” language (with Serbo-Croatian a recognized “second” and Bulgarian officially proscribed). D. Hupchick, The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism, Springer, 2002, ISBN 0312299133, p. 430.
  43. ^ Voss C., The Macedonian Standard Language: Tito—Yugoslav Experiment or Symbol of ‘Great Macedonian’ Ethnic Inclusion? in C. Mar-Molinero, P. Stevenson as ed. Language Ideologies, Policies and Practices: Language and the Future of Europe, Springer, 2016, ISBN 0230523889, p. 126.
  44. ^ Language ideologies, policies and practices by Clare Mar-Molinero, Patrick Stevenson (Editor) - The Macedonian standard language: Tito-Yugoslav experiment or symbol for “Great Macedonian” ethnic inclusion? Christian Voss, ISBN 9780230580084, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 120-122.
  45. ^ a b The languages and linguistics of Europe: A comprehensive guide, Hans Henrich, Bernd Kortmann, Johan van der Auwera, Walter de Gruyter, 2011, ISBN 3110220261, p. 420.
  46. ^ Jasmin Mujanovic, Hunger and Fury: The Crisis of Democracy in the Balkans, Oxford University Press, 2018, ISBN 0190877391, pp. 115; 162.
  47. ^ Радио Слободна Европа, јануари 23, 2015, Марија Митевска, Србизација на Македонија?
  48. ^ Alternative Report submitted pursuant to Article 25 Paragraph 1 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, September, 2007. CHRIS - Network of the Committees for Human Rights in Serbia, p. 4.
  49. ^ M. V. Fifor. Assimilation or Acculturalisation: Creating Identities in the New Europe. The case of Vlachs in Serbia. Published in Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in Central Europe, Jagellonian University, Cracow
  50. ^ Frederick Bernard Singleton, Twentieth-century Yugoslavia, New York, Columbia University Press, 1976, p. 222
  51. ^ Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture at Google Books
  52. ^ Geopolitics of European Union Enlargement: The Fortress Empire at Google Books
  53. ^ Dietmar Müller, Staatsbürger aus Widerruf: Juden und Muslime als Alteritätspartner im rumänischen und serbischen Nationscode: ethnonationale Staatsbürgerschaftskonzepte 1878–1941, p. 183–208. ISBN 3-447-05248-1, ISBN 978-3-447-05248-1
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo, p. 73: see footnotes
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