Elefsina: Difference between revisions
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== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
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The word Eleusis first appears at the [[Orphic]] hymn «Δήμητρος Ελευσινίας, θυμίαμα στύρακα<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82|script-title=el:Δήμητρος Ελευσινίας - Βικιθήκη|website=el.wikisource.org|language=el|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>». Also [[Hesychius of Alexandria]] reports that the older name for Eleusis was Saesara (Σαισάρια). Saesara was the mythic daughter of [[Celeus]] (king of Eleusis when [[Demeter]] arrived for the first time) and granddaughter of Eleusinus, the first settler of Eleusis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maicar.com/GML/Eleusis.html|title=Eleusis |
The word Eleusis first appears at the [[Orphic]] hymn «Δήμητρος Ελευσινίας, θυμίαμα στύρακα<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82|script-title=el:Δήμητρος Ελευσινίας - Βικιθήκη|trans-title=Orphic hymns / Demetrios Eleusinia|website=el.wikisource.org|language=el|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>». Also [[Hesychius of Alexandria]] reports that the older name for Eleusis was Saesara (Σαισάρια). Saesara was the mythic daughter of [[Celeus]] (king of Eleusis when [[Demeter]] arrived for the first time) and granddaughter of Eleusinus, the first settler of Eleusis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maicar.com/GML/Eleusis.html|title=Eleusis – Greek Mythology Link|website=www.maicar.com|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref> |
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==Municipality== |
== Municipality == |
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The municipality Elefsina was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following two former municipalities, that became municipal units:<ref name="Kallikratis"> |
The municipality Elefsina was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following two former municipalities, that became municipal units:<ref name="Kallikratis">{{cite web | url=http://www.kedke.gr/uploads2010/FEKB129211082010_kallikratis.pdf | title=Kallikratis law | date=2010-08-11 | language=el | website=Greece Ministry of Interior}}</ref> |
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*Elefsina |
*Elefsina |
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The municipality has an area of 36.589 km<sup>2</sup>, the municipal unit 18.455 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="stat01">{{cite web |url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of Greece |title=Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation) |language=el |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |archivedate=21 September 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> |
The municipality has an area of 36.589 km<sup>2</sup>, the municipal unit 18.455 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="stat01">{{cite web |url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of Greece |title=Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation) |language=el |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |archivedate=21 September 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> |
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==History== |
== History == |
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[[File:Sarcofago romano, Eleusi.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Marble sarcophagus with a relief about the hunt of the [[Calydonian boar]] on its main face (2nd century AD), in the [[Archaeological Museum of Eleusis]].]] |
[[File:Sarcofago romano, Eleusi.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Marble sarcophagus with a relief about the hunt of the [[Calydonian boar]] on its main face (2nd century AD), in the [[Archaeological Museum of Eleusis]].]] |
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==== Mythology and Proto-history ==== |
==== Mythology and Proto-history ==== |
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It appears to have derived its name from the supposed advent (ἔλευσις) of Demeter, though some traced its name from an eponymous hero Eleusis.<ref name="Cite Pausanias|1|38|7">{{Cite Pausanias|1|38|7}}</ref> It was one of the 12 independent states into which Attica was said to have been originally divided.<ref>{{Cite Strabo|ix. p.397}}</ref> It was related that in the reign of [[Eumolpus]], king of Eleusis, and [[Erechtheus]], king of Athens, there was a war between the two states, in which the Eleusinians were defeated, whereupon they agreed to acknowledge the supremacy of Athens in every thing except the celebration of the mysteries, of which they were to continue to have the management.<ref>{{Cite Thucydides|2.15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Pausanias|1|38|3}}</ref> Eleusis afterwards became an Attic deme, but in consequence of its sacred character it was allowed to retain the title of ''[[polis]]'' (πόλις)<ref>{{Cite Strabo|ix. p.395}}</ref><ref name="Cite Pausanias|1|38|7"/> and to coin its own money, a privilege possessed by no other town in Attica, except Athens. The history of Eleusis is part of the history of Athens. Once a year the great Eleusinian procession travelled from Athens to Eleusis, along the [[Sacred Way]]. |
It appears to have derived its name from the supposed advent (ἔλευσις) of Demeter, though some traced its name from an eponymous hero Eleusis.<ref name="Cite Pausanias|1|38|7">{{Cite Pausanias|1|38|7}}</ref> It was one of the 12 independent states into which Attica was said to have been originally divided.<ref>{{Cite Strabo|ix. p.397}}</ref> It was related that in the reign of [[Eumolpus]], king of Eleusis, and [[Erechtheus]], king of Athens, there was a war between the two states, in which the Eleusinians were defeated, whereupon they agreed to acknowledge the supremacy of Athens in every thing except the celebration of the mysteries, of which they were to continue to have the management.<ref>{{Cite Thucydides|2.15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Pausanias|1|38|3}}</ref> Eleusis afterwards became an Attic deme, but in consequence of its sacred character it was allowed to retain the title of ''[[polis]]'' (πόλις)<ref>{{Cite Strabo|ix. p.395}}</ref><ref name="Cite Pausanias|1|38|7" /> and to coin its own money, a privilege possessed by no other town in Attica, except Athens. The history of Eleusis is part of the history of Athens. Once a year the great Eleusinian procession travelled from Athens to Eleusis, along the [[Sacred Way]]. |
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==== Eleusinian Mysteries ==== |
==== Eleusinian Mysteries ==== |
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[[File:Room of Eleusis museum.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Room inside the Archeological museum of Eleusis.]]Eleusis was the site of the [[Eleusinian Mysteries]], or the Mysteries of [[Demeter]] and [[Persephone|Kore]], which became popular in the [[Greek language|Greek]] speaking world as early as 600 BC, attracted initiates during Roman Empire before declining mid-late 4th century AD.<ref name="CurtaHolt2016">{{cite book|author1=Florin Curta| |
[[File:Room of Eleusis museum.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Room inside the Archeological museum of Eleusis.]]Eleusis was the site of the [[Eleusinian Mysteries]], or the Mysteries of [[Demeter]] and [[Persephone|Kore]], which became popular in the [[Greek language|Greek]] speaking world as early as 600 BC, attracted initiates during Roman Empire before declining mid-late 4th century AD.<ref name="CurtaHolt2016">{{cite book | author1=Florin Curta | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 | title=Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History | publisher=ABC-CLIO | date=28 November 2016 | author2=Andrew Holt | page=64 | isbn=978-1-61069-566-4}}</ref> These Mysteries revolved around a belief that there was a hope for life after death for those who were initiated. Such a belief was cultivated from the introduction ceremony in which the hopeful initiates were shown a number of things including the seed of life in a stalk of grain. The central [[Greek mythology|myth]] of the Mysteries was Demeter's quest for her lost daughter (Kore the Maiden, or [[Persephone]]) who had been abducted by [[Hades]]. It was here that Demeter, disguised as an old lady who was abducted by pirates in [[Crete]], came to an old well where the four daughters of the local king [[Keleos]] and his queen [[Metaneira]] ([[Kallidike]], [[Kleisidike]], [[Demeter|Demo]] and [[Kallithoe]]) found her and took her to their palace to nurse the son of Keleos and Metaneira, [[Demophon of Eleusis|Demophoon]]. Demeter raised Demophoon, anointing him with nectar and ambrosia, until Metaneira found out and insulted her. Demeter arose insulted, and casting off her disguise, and, in all her glory, instructed Meteneira to build a temple to her. [[Keleos]], informed the next morning by [[Metaneira]], ordered the citizens to build a rich shrine to Demeter, where she sat in her temple until the lot of the world prayed to [[Zeus]] to make the world provide food again. |
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==== Secular history ==== |
==== Secular history ==== |
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During the [[Greco-Persian Wars]], the ancient temple of Demeter at Eleusis was burnt by the [[ancient Persia|Persians]] in 484 BC;<ref>{{Cite Herodotus|9.65}}</ref> and it was not till the administration of [[Pericles]] that an attempt was made to rebuild it. When the power of the [[Thirty Tyrants]] was overthrown after the [[Peloponnesian War]], they retired to Eleusis, which they had secured beforehand, but where they maintained themselves for only a short time.<ref>{{Cite Hellenica|2.4.8, ''et seq.''; 2.4.43}}</ref> Under the [[Roman Greece|Romans]] Eleusis enjoyed great prosperity, as initiation into its mysteries became fashionable among the Roman nobles. It was destroyed by [[Alaric I]] in 396 CE, and from that time disappears from history. |
During the [[Greco-Persian Wars]], the ancient temple of Demeter at Eleusis was burnt by the [[ancient Persia|Persians]] in 484 BC;<ref>{{Cite Herodotus|9.65}}</ref> and it was not till the administration of [[Pericles]] that an attempt was made to rebuild it. When the power of the [[Thirty Tyrants]] was overthrown after the [[Peloponnesian War]], they retired to Eleusis, which they had secured beforehand, but where they maintained themselves for only a short time.<ref>{{Cite Hellenica|2.4.8, ''et seq.''; 2.4.43}}</ref> Under the [[Roman Greece|Romans]] Eleusis enjoyed great prosperity, as initiation into its mysteries became fashionable among the Roman nobles. It was destroyed by [[Alaric I]] in 396 CE, and from that time disappears from history. |
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[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] has left us only a very brief description of Eleusis;<ref>{{Cite Pausanias|1|38|6}}</ref> |
[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] has left us only a very brief description of Eleusis;<ref>{{Cite Pausanias|1|38|6}}</ref> |
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:"The Eleusinians have a temple of [[Triptolemus]], another of [[Artemis |
:"The Eleusinians have a temple of [[Triptolemus]], another of [[Artemis]] Propylaea, and a third of [[Poseidon]] the Father, and a well called Callichorum, where the Eleusinian women first instituted a dance and sang in honour of the goddess. They say that the Rharian plain was the first place in which corn was sown and first produced a harvest, and that hence barley from this plain is employed for making sacrificial cakes. There the so-called threshing-floor and altar of Triptolemus are shown. The things within the wall of the Hierum [i.e., the temple of Demeter] a dream forbade me to describe." |
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The Rharian plain is also mentioned in the ''[[Homeric Hymn |
The Rharian plain is also mentioned in the ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Artemis'';<ref>''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Artemis'' 450</ref> it appears to have been in the neighbourhood of the city; but its site cannot be determined. |
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The [[Telesterion|temple of Demeter]] itself, sometimes called δ μυστικὸς σηκός, or τὸ τελεστήριον, was the largest in all Greece, and is described by [[Strabo]] as capable of containing as many persons as a theatre.<ref name=Strabo>{{Cite Strabo|ix. p. 395}}</ref> The plan of the building was designed by [[Ictinus]], the architect of the [[Parthenon]] at Athens; but it was many years before it was completed, and the names of several architects are preserved who were employed in building it. Its portico of 12 columns was not built till the time of [[Demetrius Phalereus]], about 318 BC, by the architect [[Philo (architect)|Philo]].<ref name=Strabo/><ref>[[Plutarch]] ''Per.'' 13.</ref> When finished, it was considered one of the four finest examples of Grecian architecture in marble. It faced the southeast. |
The [[Telesterion|temple of Demeter]] itself, sometimes called δ μυστικὸς σηκός, or τὸ τελεστήριον, was the largest in all Greece, and is described by [[Strabo]] as capable of containing as many persons as a theatre.<ref name=Strabo>{{Cite Strabo|ix. p. 395}}</ref> The plan of the building was designed by [[Ictinus]], the architect of the [[Parthenon]] at Athens; but it was many years before it was completed, and the names of several architects are preserved who were employed in building it. Its portico of 12 columns was not built till the time of [[Demetrius Phalereus]], about 318 BC, by the architect [[Philo (architect)|Philo]].<ref name=Strabo /><ref>[[Plutarch]] ''Per.'' 13.</ref> When finished, it was considered one of the four finest examples of Grecian architecture in marble. It faced the southeast. |
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The town of Eleusis and its immediate neighbourhood were exposed to inundations from the river [[Cephissus (Athenian plain)|Cephissus]], which, though almost dry during the greater part of the year, is sometimes swollen to such an extent as to spread itself over a large part of the plain. [[Demosthenes]] alludes to inundations at Eleusis;<ref>[[Demosthenes]], ''c. Callicl.'' p. 1279.</ref> and [[Hadrian]] raised some embankments in the plain in consequence of an inundation which occurred while he was spending the winter at Athens.<ref>Euseb. Chron. p. 81</ref> To the same emperor most likely Eleusis was indebted for a supply of good water by means of the aqueduct, the ruins of which are still seen stretching across the plain from Eleusis in a north-easterly direction. |
The town of Eleusis and its immediate neighbourhood were exposed to inundations from the river [[Cephissus (Athenian plain)|Cephissus]], which, though almost dry during the greater part of the year, is sometimes swollen to such an extent as to spread itself over a large part of the plain. [[Demosthenes]] alludes to inundations at Eleusis;<ref>[[Demosthenes]], ''c. Callicl.'' p. 1279.</ref> and [[Hadrian]] raised some embankments in the plain in consequence of an inundation which occurred while he was spending the winter at Athens.<ref>Euseb. Chron. p. 81</ref> To the same emperor most likely Eleusis was indebted for a supply of good water by means of the aqueduct, the ruins of which are still seen stretching across the plain from Eleusis in a north-easterly direction. |
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It is indicative that writers of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine era]] refer to it as a "small village", and shortly before the Ottoman domination the area was deserted by wars, raids and captives. This era was settled by [[Arvanites]]. European travelers during the [[Ottoman Greece|Ottoman domination]] described Eleusis as having few inhabitants and many ancient ruins.[[File:Elefsina, Greece - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Installation by [[Kokkinos Alexandros]] of the bow of the ship "Alexandra" at the seafront of Eleusis.]] |
It is indicative that writers of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine era]] refer to it as a "small village", and shortly before the Ottoman domination the area was deserted by wars, raids and captives. This era was settled by [[Arvanites]]. European travelers during the [[Ottoman Greece|Ottoman domination]] described Eleusis as having few inhabitants and many ancient ruins.[[File:Elefsina, Greece - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Installation by [[Kokkinos Alexandros]] of the bow of the ship "Alexandra" at the seafront of Eleusis.]] |
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===Modern Elefsina=== |
=== Modern Elefsina === |
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In 1827 after the [[Greek War of Independence]], Eleusis was a small town of about 250 inhabitants. By the [[late 19th century]] Eleusis changed drastically as new building were erected by the new merchant settlers. Also during that period Eleusis became one of the main industrial centers of the [[Modern Greek state|Modern Greek State]] with concrete factory [[Titan Cement|TITAN]], Charilaou Soap Factory as well as the distilleries of Botrys and Kronos being established in the area.<ref>{{ |
In 1827 after the [[Greek War of Independence]], Eleusis was a small town of about 250 inhabitants. By the [[late 19th century]] Eleusis changed drastically as new building were erected by the new merchant settlers. Also during that period Eleusis became one of the main industrial centers of the [[Modern Greek state|Modern Greek State]] with concrete factory [[Titan Cement|TITAN]], Charilaou Soap Factory as well as the distilleries of Botrys and Kronos being established in the area.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eleusina.gr/history/syntomo_istoriko.aspx?sflang=en | title=History of the town of Eleusis}}</ref> |
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Many Greek families of [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] settled in Elefsina after the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|1928 Asia Minor Catastrophe]] and created the settlement of Upper Elefsina, doubling its total population and enriching the region culturally and economically.<ref>{{ |
Many Greek families of [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] settled in Elefsina after the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|1928 Asia Minor Catastrophe]] and created the settlement of Upper Elefsina, doubling its total population and enriching the region culturally and economically.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.arxeion-politismou.gr/2017/12/Mouseio-Istorias-Laografias-SYllogou-Mikrasiaton-Elefsinas.html | title=Museum of Greeks of Minor Asia}}</ref> |
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During the [[Axis occupation of Greece|German occupation of Greece]] ( |
During the [[Axis occupation of Greece|German occupation of Greece]] (1941–1945) strong resistance developed within the city, the factories and the military airport, which once stationed Squadron 80, the squadron that [[Roald Dahl]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dImS-_HRoQAC&pg=PA128 | title=Going Solo | publisher=Cape | last=Dahl | first=Roald | year=1986 | page=128 | isbn=978-0-224-02407-5}}</ref> was assigned to in the RAF. After [[World War II]], workers from all parts of Greece moved to Elefsina to work in the industries in the region. Industrial activity, however, developed anarchically on the antiquities and next to the residential area. [[Pollution|Environmental pollution]] has taken on large dimensions. In the 21st century, at the time of sustainable development, archaeological history and recent industrial formation shaped the image of contemporary Eleusis. Pollution thanks to citizens' struggles has also fallen.In 1962 a large house of priests of the [[Roman Empire]] was discovered. |
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Today, the city has become a suburb of [[Athens]], to which it is linked by the [[Motorway 6 (Greece)|Motorway 6]] and [[Greek National Road 8]]. Eleusis is nowadays a major industrial area, and the place where the majority of crude oil in Greece is imported and refined. The largest refinery is located on the west side of town,right beside where now the annual Aeschylia Festival is held in honor of the great tragic poet from Eleusis Aeschylus. |
Today, the city has become a suburb of [[Athens]], to which it is linked by the [[Motorway 6 (Greece)|Motorway 6]] and [[Greek National Road 8]]. Eleusis is nowadays a major industrial area, and the place where the majority of crude oil in Greece is imported and refined. The largest refinery is located on the west side of town,right beside where now the annual Aeschylia Festival is held in honor of the great tragic poet from Eleusis Aeschylus. |
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Established in 1975 the Aeschylia Festival in Eleusis in Western Attica is the currently the longest standing cultural event organized by an [[Attica (region)|Attica Municipality]]. It is annually held at "Palaio Elaiourgeio" a former soap factory by the seafront now transformed to function as an open theatre. The Festival is usually running at the end of August and during all of the September. The event is organized in honor of the [[Tragedy|tragic poet]] [[Aeschylus]], who was born in Eleusis, from whom it also derives its name. It includes stage productions,art exhibitions and installations,concerts and dance events. |
Established in 1975 the Aeschylia Festival in Eleusis in Western Attica is the currently the longest standing cultural event organized by an [[Attica (region)|Attica Municipality]]. It is annually held at "Palaio Elaiourgeio" a former soap factory by the seafront now transformed to function as an open theatre. The Festival is usually running at the end of August and during all of the September. The event is organized in honor of the [[Tragedy|tragic poet]] [[Aeschylus]], who was born in Eleusis, from whom it also derives its name. It includes stage productions,art exhibitions and installations,concerts and dance events. |
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==Climate== |
== Climate == |
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The Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS) weather station of Eleusis has an average maximum July temperature of 33.0 °C ( |
The Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS) weather station of Eleusis has an average maximum July temperature of 33.0 °C (1958–2001 HNMS)<ref name="eib.org">{{cite web | title=Hellenic Petroleum Refinery Upgrade – Environmental Impact Assessment | website=European Investment Bank | url=https://www.eib.org/attachments/pipeline/20090584_eia_el.pdf |language=el| date=2007-06-14| access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> The Eleusis phenomenon is not yet completely understood; however, factors of geomorphology, warm water masses in the summer and warm winds might be responsible for its summer climate.<ref name="eib.org" /> According to Kassomenos and Katsoulis (2006), based on 12 years of data (1990–2001), the industrialization of west Attica, where at least 40% of the industrial activity of the country is concentrated, could be the cause of the warm climate of the zone.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kassomenos | first=P. A. | last2=Katsoulis | first2=B. D. | title=Mesoscale and macroscale aspects of the morning Urban Heat Island around Athens, Greece | journal=Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics | volume=94 | issue=1-4 | date=2006-07-31 | issn=0177-7971 | doi=10.1007/s00703-006-0191-x | pages=209–218}}</ref> According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Eleusis has a [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|hot-summer Mediterranean climate]], abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=592006&cityname=Elefs%EF%BF%BDna,+Attica,+Greece&units= | title=Elefsína, Greece Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) | website=Weatherbase}}</ref> |
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{{Weather box/concise_C |
{{Weather box/concise_C |
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| location=Elefsina, Greece ( |
| location=Elefsina, Greece (1958–1997) |
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| source=Hellenic National Meteorological Service<ref name="HNMS"> |
| source=Hellenic National Meteorological Service<ref name="HNMS">{{cite web | title=Climatological Information for Elefsina, Greece | website=Hellenic National Meteorological Service | date=2011-07-16 | url=http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Elefsina | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052439/http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Elefsina | archive-date=2011-07-16 | dead-url=yes | access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> |
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HNMS climatological table, web: |
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[http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Elefsina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052439/http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Elefsina |date=16 July 2011 }}.</ref> |
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| 13.0|13.6|15.8|20.1|25.7|30.6|32.9|32.7|28.9|23.2|18.5|14.7<!--highs--> |
| 13.0|13.6|15.8|20.1|25.7|30.6|32.9|32.7|28.9|23.2|18.5|14.7<!--highs--> |
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| 5.4 |5.6 |7.1 |10.1|14.9|19.5|22.3|22.2|18.8|14.6|10.4|7.2 <!--lows--> |
| 5.4 |5.6 |7.1 |10.1|14.9|19.5|22.3|22.2|18.8|14.6|10.4|7.2 <!--lows--> |
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}} |
}} |
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===European temperature record=== |
=== European temperature record === |
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Eleusis is one of the two Athenian suburbs (the other one is [[Tatoi Palace|Tatoi]]) with the highest ever officially recorded temperature in Europe according to the World Meteorological Organization of 48.0 °C (118.4 °F), on 10 July 1977, by the use of minimum-maximum thermometers.<ref> |
Eleusis is one of the two Athenian suburbs (the other one is [[Tatoi Palace|Tatoi]]) with the highest ever officially recorded temperature in Europe according to the World Meteorological Organization of 48.0 °C (118.4 °F), on 10 July 1977, by the use of minimum-maximum thermometers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/europe-highest-temperature|title=WMO Region VI (Europe, Continent only): Highest Temperature |website=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> |
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Nevertheless, Greek meteorologist Theodoros Kolidas proved that those temperatures are irregular, being affected by bushfires in the proximity of the stations.<ref>{{Cite web |
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Temperature]. [[Arizona State University]] [[World Meteorological Organization]]</ref>. |
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|url=http://www.kolydas.gr/content/48-%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AF-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1-10-%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85-1977-%E2%80%93-%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1-%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF-%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%81-%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82 |
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|script-title=48 βαθμοί στην Αθήνα 10 Ιουλίου 1977 – Ένα αμφισβητήσιμο ρεκόρ θερμοκρασίας |
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|trans-title=48 degrees in Athens July 10, 1977 – A controversial temperature record |
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|date=2018-07-11|language=el|website=Theodoros Kolidas – Meteorology & Climate|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> |
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== Hospitals and medical centres == |
== Hospitals and medical centres == |
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Eleusis has only one general hospital the Thriassio General Hospital, located 3.9 km north of the city centre. |
Eleusis has only one general hospital the Thriassio General Hospital, located 3.9 km north of the city centre. |
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==Historical population== |
== Historical population == |
||
[[File:2010 Dimos Elefsinas.svg|thumb|Elefsina municipality within West Attica.]] |
[[File:2010 Dimos Elefsinas.svg|thumb|Elefsina municipality within West Attica.]] |
||
[[File:Dimos Elefsinas.png|thumb|Elefsina municipal unit.]] |
[[File:Dimos Elefsinas.png|thumb|Elefsina municipal unit.]] |
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| Line 134: | Line 135: | ||
|} |
|} |
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==Sports== |
== Sports == |
||
Eleusis hosts the multi-sport club [[Panelefsiniakos F.C.|Panelefsiniakos]] with successful sections in football and basketball. Other historical club of Eleusis is [[Iraklis Eleusis]], founded in 1928. |
Eleusis hosts the multi-sport club [[Panelefsiniakos F.C.|Panelefsiniakos]] with successful sections in football and basketball. Other historical club of Eleusis is [[Iraklis Eleusis]], founded in 1928. |
||
{|class="wikitable" |
{|class="wikitable" |
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| Line 157: | Line 158: | ||
|} |
|} |
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==Notable people== |
== Notable people == |
||
[[File:Portrait of Aeschylus.JPG|thumb|217x217px|Portrait of [[Aeschylus]]]] |
[[File:Portrait of Aeschylus.JPG|thumb|217x217px|Portrait of [[Aeschylus]]]] |
||
* [[Aeschylus]] (c. 525 BC/524 BC – c. 456 BC/455 BC), playwright and veteran of the [[Battle of Marathon]] |
* [[Aeschylus]] (c. 525 BC/524 BC – c. 456 BC/455 BC), playwright and veteran of the [[Battle of Marathon]] |
||
*[[Theodoros Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]] ( |
*[[Theodoros Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]] (1878–1952), general |
||
*[[Stelios Kazantzidis]] (1931–2001), singer |
*[[Stelios Kazantzidis]] (1931–2001), singer |
||
*Vasilis Laskos ( |
*Vasilis Laskos (1899–1943), Commander of [[Katsonis-class submarine|submarine Katsonis]], he was a hero of the Second World War |
||
*[[Orestis Laskos]] (1908–1992), director, screenwriter and actor |
*[[Orestis Laskos]] (1908–1992), director, screenwriter and actor |
||
*[[Vangelis Liapis]] (1914–2008), scholar and folklorist |
*[[Vangelis Liapis]] (1914–2008), scholar and folklorist |
||
| Line 176: | Line 177: | ||
Eleusis is [[Twinned cities|twinned]] with: |
Eleusis is [[Twinned cities|twinned]] with: |
||
* {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Gela]], [[Italy]] <ref>{{ |
* {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Gela]], [[Italy]] <ref>{{cite web | url=https://eleusis2021.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ELEUSIS21_BID_BOOK_2016_ENG_outline.pdf | title=eleusis 2021 | page=16}}</ref> |
||
== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
||
| Line 194: | Line 195: | ||
File:Ekklisia Agios Georgios 01.jpg|Saint George's Cathedral |
File:Ekklisia Agios Georgios 01.jpg|Saint George's Cathedral |
||
File:Reconstruction of sacred area, Roman age, AM Eleusis, Elem171.jpg|Reconstruction of sacred area, Roman age, Archeological Museum of Eleusis |
File:Reconstruction of sacred area, Roman age, AM Eleusis, Elem171.jpg|Reconstruction of sacred area, Roman age, Archeological Museum of Eleusis |
||
File:Funerary Proto-Attic Amphora with a depiction of the blinding of Polyphemus by Odysseus and his companions, 670-660 BCE, Eleusis Museum (15421822644).jpg|Funerary Proto-Attic [[Amphora]] with a depiction of the blinding of [[Polyphemus]] by [[Odysseus]] and his companions, 670-660 BC, Eleusis Museum |
File:Funerary Proto-Attic Amphora with a depiction of the blinding of Polyphemus by Odysseus and his companions, 670-660 BCE, Eleusis Museum (15421822644).jpg|Funerary Proto-Attic [[Amphora]] with a depiction of the blinding of [[Polyphemus]] by [[Odysseus]] and his companions, 670-660 BC, Eleusis Museum |
||
File:Eleusis (15986847268).jpg|Small chapel dedicated to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] on the top of the Acropolis. |
File:Eleusis (15986847268).jpg|Small chapel dedicated to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] on the top of the Acropolis. |
||
File:Nikoaidou at Eleusis.jpg|Nikolaidou is the main pedestrian street of the town. |
File:Nikoaidou at Eleusis.jpg|Nikolaidou is the main pedestrian street of the town. |
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| Line 201: | Line 202: | ||
File:Eleusis (15987376060).jpg|The archeological site with the clock tower on the far right. |
File:Eleusis (15987376060).jpg|The archeological site with the clock tower on the far right. |
||
File:Katoikia-eleysina.jpg|A Building in Eleusis |
File:Katoikia-eleysina.jpg|A Building in Eleusis |
||
File: |
File:EB1911 Eleusis.jpg|Map of Ancient Buildings |
||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
==See also== |
== See also == |
||
*[[Archaeological Museum of Eleusis]] |
*[[Archaeological Museum of Eleusis]] |
||
*[[Persephone]] |
*[[Persephone]] |
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*[[Megara]] |
*[[Megara]] |
||
==References== |
== References == |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
{{DGRG|title=Eleusis}} |
{{DGRG|title=Eleusis}} |
||
==External links== |
== External links == |
||
{{ |
{{Commons}} |
||
*[http://www.eleusina.gr/ Official website] {{en icon}} {{el icon}} |
*[http://www.eleusina.gr/ Official website] {{en icon}} {{el icon}} |
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Revision as of 03:55, 28 August 2019
Elefsina
Ελευσίνα | |
|---|---|
Settlement | |
,_center_for_the_Eleusinian_Mysteries,_Eleusis_(8191841684).jpg) View over the excavation site towards Eleusis. | |
  Elefsina Location within the region  | |
| Coordinates: 38°2′N 23°32′E / 38.033°N 23.533°E | |
| Country | Greece |
| Administrative region | Attica |
| Regional unit | West Attica |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Oikonomou Argyrios |
| Area | |
| • Municipal unit | 18.455 km2 (7.126 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
| • Municipal unit | 24,901 |
| • Municipal unit density | 1,300/km2 (3,500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 192 00 |
| Area code(s) | 210 |
| Website | www |
Eleusis (Greek: Ελευσίνα Elefsina, Ancient Greek: Ἐλευσίς Eleusis) is a town and municipality in West Attica, Greece. It is situated about 18 kilometres (11 miles) northwest from the centre of Athens. It is located in the Thriasian Plain, at the northernmost end of the Saronic Gulf. North of Eleusis are Mandra and Magoula, while Aspropyrgos is to the northeast.
It is the site of the Eleusinian Mysteries and the birthplace of Aeschylus. Today, Eleusis is a major industrial centre, with the largest oil refinery in Greece as well as the home of the Aeschylia Festival, the longest-lived arts event in the Attica Region.
On 11 November 2016 Eleusis was named the European Capital of Culture for 2021.
Etymology
The word Eleusis first appears at the Orphic hymn «Δήμητρος Ελευσινίας, θυμίαμα στύρακα[2]». Also Hesychius of Alexandria reports that the older name for Eleusis was Saesara (Σαισάρια). Saesara was the mythic daughter of Celeus (king of Eleusis when Demeter arrived for the first time) and granddaughter of Eleusinus, the first settler of Eleusis.[3]
Municipality
The municipality Elefsina was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following two former municipalities, that became municipal units:[4]
- Elefsina
- Magoula
The municipality has an area of 36.589 km2, the municipal unit 18.455 km2.[5]
History
Ancient
Eleusis was a deme of ancient Attica, belonging to the phyle Hippothoöntis. It owed its celebrity to its being the chief seat of the worship of Demeter and Persephone, and to the mysteries celebrated in honour of these goddesses, which were called the Eleusinia, and continued to be regarded as the most sacred of all the Grecian mysteries down to the fall of paganism.
Eleusis stood upon a height at a short distance from the sea, and opposite the island of Salamis.[6] Its situation possessed three natural advantages. It was on the road from Athens to the Isthmus of Corinth; it was in a very fertile plain; and it was at the head of an extensive bay, formed on three sides by the coast of Attica, and shut in on the south by the island of Salamis. The town itself dates from the most ancient times.
Mythology and Proto-history
It appears to have derived its name from the supposed advent (ἔλευσις) of Demeter, though some traced its name from an eponymous hero Eleusis.[7] It was one of the 12 independent states into which Attica was said to have been originally divided.[8] It was related that in the reign of Eumolpus, king of Eleusis, and Erechtheus, king of Athens, there was a war between the two states, in which the Eleusinians were defeated, whereupon they agreed to acknowledge the supremacy of Athens in every thing except the celebration of the mysteries, of which they were to continue to have the management.[9][10] Eleusis afterwards became an Attic deme, but in consequence of its sacred character it was allowed to retain the title of polis (πόλις)[11][7] and to coin its own money, a privilege possessed by no other town in Attica, except Athens. The history of Eleusis is part of the history of Athens. Once a year the great Eleusinian procession travelled from Athens to Eleusis, along the Sacred Way.
Eleusinian Mysteries
Eleusis was the site of the Eleusinian Mysteries, or the Mysteries of Demeter and Kore, which became popular in the Greek speaking world as early as 600 BC, attracted initiates during Roman Empire before declining mid-late 4th century AD.[12] These Mysteries revolved around a belief that there was a hope for life after death for those who were initiated. Such a belief was cultivated from the introduction ceremony in which the hopeful initiates were shown a number of things including the seed of life in a stalk of grain. The central myth of the Mysteries was Demeter's quest for her lost daughter (Kore the Maiden, or Persephone) who had been abducted by Hades. It was here that Demeter, disguised as an old lady who was abducted by pirates in Crete, came to an old well where the four daughters of the local king Keleos and his queen Metaneira (Kallidike, Kleisidike, Demo and Kallithoe) found her and took her to their palace to nurse the son of Keleos and Metaneira, Demophoon. Demeter raised Demophoon, anointing him with nectar and ambrosia, until Metaneira found out and insulted her. Demeter arose insulted, and casting off her disguise, and, in all her glory, instructed Meteneira to build a temple to her. Keleos, informed the next morning by Metaneira, ordered the citizens to build a rich shrine to Demeter, where she sat in her temple until the lot of the world prayed to Zeus to make the world provide food again.
Secular history
During the Greco-Persian Wars, the ancient temple of Demeter at Eleusis was burnt by the Persians in 484 BC;[13] and it was not till the administration of Pericles that an attempt was made to rebuild it. When the power of the Thirty Tyrants was overthrown after the Peloponnesian War, they retired to Eleusis, which they had secured beforehand, but where they maintained themselves for only a short time.[14] Under the Romans Eleusis enjoyed great prosperity, as initiation into its mysteries became fashionable among the Roman nobles. It was destroyed by Alaric I in 396 CE, and from that time disappears from history.
Pausanias has left us only a very brief description of Eleusis;[15]
- "The Eleusinians have a temple of Triptolemus, another of Artemis Propylaea, and a third of Poseidon the Father, and a well called Callichorum, where the Eleusinian women first instituted a dance and sang in honour of the goddess. They say that the Rharian plain was the first place in which corn was sown and first produced a harvest, and that hence barley from this plain is employed for making sacrificial cakes. There the so-called threshing-floor and altar of Triptolemus are shown. The things within the wall of the Hierum [i.e., the temple of Demeter] a dream forbade me to describe."
The Rharian plain is also mentioned in the Homeric Hymn to Artemis;[16] it appears to have been in the neighbourhood of the city; but its site cannot be determined.
The temple of Demeter itself, sometimes called δ μυστικὸς σηκός, or τὸ τελεστήριον, was the largest in all Greece, and is described by Strabo as capable of containing as many persons as a theatre.[17] The plan of the building was designed by Ictinus, the architect of the Parthenon at Athens; but it was many years before it was completed, and the names of several architects are preserved who were employed in building it. Its portico of 12 columns was not built till the time of Demetrius Phalereus, about 318 BC, by the architect Philo.[17][18] When finished, it was considered one of the four finest examples of Grecian architecture in marble. It faced the southeast.
The town of Eleusis and its immediate neighbourhood were exposed to inundations from the river Cephissus, which, though almost dry during the greater part of the year, is sometimes swollen to such an extent as to spread itself over a large part of the plain. Demosthenes alludes to inundations at Eleusis;[19] and Hadrian raised some embankments in the plain in consequence of an inundation which occurred while he was spending the winter at Athens.[20] To the same emperor most likely Eleusis was indebted for a supply of good water by means of the aqueduct, the ruins of which are still seen stretching across the plain from Eleusis in a north-easterly direction.
Medieval and Early Modern times
It is indicative that writers of the Byzantine era refer to it as a "small village", and shortly before the Ottoman domination the area was deserted by wars, raids and captives. This era was settled by Arvanites. European travelers during the Ottoman domination described Eleusis as having few inhabitants and many ancient ruins.
Modern Elefsina
In 1827 after the Greek War of Independence, Eleusis was a small town of about 250 inhabitants. By the late 19th century Eleusis changed drastically as new building were erected by the new merchant settlers. Also during that period Eleusis became one of the main industrial centers of the Modern Greek State with concrete factory TITAN, Charilaou Soap Factory as well as the distilleries of Botrys and Kronos being established in the area.[21]
Many Greek families of Asia Minor settled in Elefsina after the 1928 Asia Minor Catastrophe and created the settlement of Upper Elefsina, doubling its total population and enriching the region culturally and economically.[22]
During the German occupation of Greece (1941–1945) strong resistance developed within the city, the factories and the military airport, which once stationed Squadron 80, the squadron that Roald Dahl[23] was assigned to in the RAF. After World War II, workers from all parts of Greece moved to Elefsina to work in the industries in the region. Industrial activity, however, developed anarchically on the antiquities and next to the residential area. Environmental pollution has taken on large dimensions. In the 21st century, at the time of sustainable development, archaeological history and recent industrial formation shaped the image of contemporary Eleusis. Pollution thanks to citizens' struggles has also fallen.In 1962 a large house of priests of the Roman Empire was discovered.
Today, the city has become a suburb of Athens, to which it is linked by the Motorway 6 and Greek National Road 8. Eleusis is nowadays a major industrial area, and the place where the majority of crude oil in Greece is imported and refined. The largest refinery is located on the west side of town,right beside where now the annual Aeschylia Festival is held in honor of the great tragic poet from Eleusis Aeschylus.
There is a military airport a few kilometers east of Eleusis. Eleusis Airfield played a crucial role in the final British evacuation during the 1941 Battle of Greece, as recounted by Roald Dahl in his autobiography Going Solo.
Eleusis is home to the football club Panelefsiniakos F.C., and the basketball club Panelefsiniakos B.C.
Aeschylia Festival
Established in 1975 the Aeschylia Festival in Eleusis in Western Attica is the currently the longest standing cultural event organized by an Attica Municipality. It is annually held at "Palaio Elaiourgeio" a former soap factory by the seafront now transformed to function as an open theatre. The Festival is usually running at the end of August and during all of the September. The event is organized in honor of the tragic poet Aeschylus, who was born in Eleusis, from whom it also derives its name. It includes stage productions,art exhibitions and installations,concerts and dance events.
Climate
The Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS) weather station of Eleusis has an average maximum July temperature of 33.0 °C (1958–2001 HNMS)[24] The Eleusis phenomenon is not yet completely understood; however, factors of geomorphology, warm water masses in the summer and warm winds might be responsible for its summer climate.[24] According to Kassomenos and Katsoulis (2006), based on 12 years of data (1990–2001), the industrialization of west Attica, where at least 40% of the industrial activity of the country is concentrated, could be the cause of the warm climate of the zone.[25] According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Eleusis has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.[26]
| Climate data for Elefsina, Greece (1958–1997) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
20.1 (68.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.7 (90.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
23.2 (73.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.7 (58.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.6 (58.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
7.2 (45.0) |
13.2 (55.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 48.4 (1.91) |
40.1 (1.58) |
39.3 (1.55) |
26.7 (1.05) |
19.5 (0.77) |
8.4 (0.33) |
5.5 (0.22) |
5.4 (0.21) |
11.3 (0.44) |
41.6 (1.64) |
58.8 (2.31) |
67.9 (2.67) |
372.9 (14.68) |
| Source: Hellenic National Meteorological Service[27] | |||||||||||||
European temperature record
Eleusis is one of the two Athenian suburbs (the other one is Tatoi) with the highest ever officially recorded temperature in Europe according to the World Meteorological Organization of 48.0 °C (118.4 °F), on 10 July 1977, by the use of minimum-maximum thermometers.[28] Nevertheless, Greek meteorologist Theodoros Kolidas proved that those temperatures are irregular, being affected by bushfires in the proximity of the stations.[29]
Hospitals and medical centres
Eleusis has only one general hospital the Thriassio General Hospital, located 3.9 km north of the city centre.
Historical population
| Year | Municipal unit | Municipality |
|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 20,320 | - |
| 1991 | 22,793 | - |
| 2001 | 25,863 | - |
| 2011 | 24,901 | 29,902 |
Sports
Eleusis hosts the multi-sport club Panelefsiniakos with successful sections in football and basketball. Other historical club of Eleusis is Iraklis Eleusis, founded in 1928.
| Notable sport clubs based in Eleusis | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Club | Sports | Founded | Achievements |
| Iraklis Eleusis | Football | 1928 | Earlier presence in Gamma Ethniki |
| Panelefsiniakos | Football | 1931 | Earlier presence in A Ethniki |
| Basketball | 1969 | Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki | |
| O.K.E | Basketball | 1996 | |
Notable people
- Aeschylus (c. 525 BC/524 BC – c. 456 BC/455 BC), playwright and veteran of the Battle of Marathon
- Theodoros Pangalos (1878–1952), general
- Stelios Kazantzidis (1931–2001), singer
- Vasilis Laskos (1899–1943), Commander of submarine Katsonis, he was a hero of the Second World War
- Orestis Laskos (1908–1992), director, screenwriter and actor
- Vangelis Liapis (1914–2008), scholar and folklorist
- Theodoros Pangalos (1938– ), politician
- Alexandros Kontoulis, military officer
- Ioannis Kalitzakis (1966- ), footballer
- Katerina Mouriki (1951-), children's novelist
- Panagiotis Lafazanis (1951-),politician
Twin towns
Eleusis is twinned with:
Gallery
-
The Greater Propylaea, probably built by Marcus Aurelius -
-
Cuirassed bust of Marcus Aurelius, Archeological Site -
The museum -
Detil showing wheat,symbol of Demeter. -
Eleusis coin depicting Demeter and the sacrificial pig for the Eleusinian Mysteries. -
Ship at Eleusis' port -
-
Archeological Site -
Bell Tower -
View from the Archeological Site -
Overall view of the Telesterion, the "place for initiation" -
Saint George's Cathedral -
Reconstruction of sacred area, Roman age, Archeological Museum of Eleusis -
Funerary Proto-Attic Amphora with a depiction of the blinding of Polyphemus by Odysseus and his companions, 670-660 BC, Eleusis Museum -
Small chapel dedicated to Virgin Mary on the top of the Acropolis. -
Nikolaidou is the main pedestrian street of the town. -
The Eschára where the sacrifices were made. -
Statue of the deified Antinous represented as Asklepios, found in the outer court of the sanctuary which it apparently adorned, 2nd century AD, Archaeological Museum of Eleusis -
The archeological site with the clock tower on the far right. -
A Building in Eleusis -
Map of Ancient Buildings
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See also
References
- ^ "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
- ^ Δήμητρος Ελευσινίας - Βικιθήκη [Orphic hymns / Demetrios Eleusinia]. el.wikisource.org (in Greek). Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ "Eleusis – Greek Mythology Link". www.maicar.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ "Kallikratis law" (PDF). Greece Ministry of Interior (in Greek). 11 August 2010.
- ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Gardner, Ernest Arthur (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 262.
- ^ a b Pausanias (1918). "38.7". Description of Greece. Vol. 1. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library.
- ^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. ix. p.397. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
- ^ Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Vol. 2.15.
- ^ Pausanias (1918). "38.3". Description of Greece. Vol. 1. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library.
- ^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. ix. p.395. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
- ^ Florin Curta; Andrew Holt (28 November 2016). Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History. ABC-CLIO. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-61069-566-4.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 9.65.
- ^ Xenophon. Hellenica. Vol. 2.4.8, et seq., 2.4.43.
- ^ Pausanias (1918). "38.6". Description of Greece. Vol. 1. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library.
- ^ Homeric Hymn to Artemis 450
- ^ a b Strabo. Geographica. Vol. ix. p. 395. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
- ^ Plutarch Per. 13.
- ^ Demosthenes, c. Callicl. p. 1279.
- ^ Euseb. Chron. p. 81
- ^ "History of the town of Eleusis".
- ^ "Museum of Greeks of Minor Asia".
- ^ Dahl, Roald (1986). Going Solo. Cape. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-224-02407-5.
- ^ a b "Hellenic Petroleum Refinery Upgrade – Environmental Impact Assessment" (PDF). European Investment Bank (in Greek). 14 June 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- ^ Kassomenos, P. A.; Katsoulis, B. D. (31 July 2006). "Mesoscale and macroscale aspects of the morning Urban Heat Island around Athens, Greece". Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics. 94 (1–4): 209–218. doi:10.1007/s00703-006-0191-x. ISSN 0177-7971.
- ^ "Elefsína, Greece Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
- ^ "Climatological Information for Elefsina, Greece". Hellenic National Meteorological Service. 16 July 2011. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "WMO Region VI (Europe, Continent only): Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- ^ 48 βαθμοί στην Αθήνα 10 Ιουλίου 1977 – Ένα αμφισβητήσιμο ρεκόρ θερμοκρασίας [48 degrees in Athens July 10, 1977 – A controversial temperature record]. Theodoros Kolidas – Meteorology & Climate (in Greek). 11 July 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|script-title=: missing prefix (help) - ^ "eleusis 2021" (PDF). p. 16.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Eleusis". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
External links
Places adjacent to Elefsina | ||||||||||||||||
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Administrative division of the Attica Region | ||
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| Regional unit of Central Athens |  | |
| Regional unit of North Athens | ||
| Regional unit of West Athens | ||
| Regional unit of South Athens | ||
| Regional unit of Piraeus | ||
| Regional unit of East Attica | ||
| Regional unit of West Attica | ||
| Regional unit of Islands | ||
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| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
