Jewish Communist Labour Bund (Ukraine): Difference between revisions

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|split = [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia]]
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The '''Jewish Communist Labour Bund''' ({{yi|ײדישער קאמוניסטישנ ארבעטער בונד}}, 'Idishe Kommunistishe Arbeiter-Bund'), or the '''''Kombund''''', was a [[Jew]]ish [[Communist]] [[political party]] in [[Ukraine]], formed after a split in the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|General Jewish Labour Bund]] (''Bund''). [[Moisei Rafes]] was the leader of the party. Rafes had been a leading figure in the Bund in [[Ukraine]].<ref name="levin"/>
The '''Jewish Communist Labour Bund''' ({{lang-yi|ײדישער קאמוניסטישנ ארבעטער בונד}}, 'Idishe Kommunistishe Arbeiter-Bund'), or the '''''Kombund''''', was a [[Jew]]ish [[Communist]] [[political party]] in [[Ukraine]], formed after a split in the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|General Jewish Labour Bund]] (''Bund''). [[Moisei Rafes]] and {{ill|Aleksandr Chemerisky|fr|Aleksander Chemeriskii}} were the main leaders of the party.<ref name="levin"/><ref name="Goldman1960">{{cite book|author=Guido G. Goldman|title=Zionism Under Soviet Rule, 1917-1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKI9AAAAMAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Herzl Press|page=45}}</ref><ref name="Schwarz1951">{{cite book|author=Solomon M. Schwarz|title=The Jews in the Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcdtAAAAMAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Syracuse University Press|page=98}}</ref>


At a meeting of the Bund branch in [[Kiev]] on February 18, 1919, held on the eve of the Third All-Ukrainian Conference of the Bund, the majority voted for a motion tabled by Rafes whereby the Kiev branch declared itself the Kiev branch of the Jewish Communist Labour Bund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/><ref name="McGeever2019">{{cite book|author=Brendan McGeever|title=The Bolshevik Response to Antisemitism in the Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lm-rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|date=26 September 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-19599-8|page=142, 145}}</ref> Rafes' motion obtained 135 votes, against 79 votes for a motion reaffirming the affiliation with international [[social democracy]] and the all-Russian Bund party and 27 abstension. At the end of the vote, the Kiev Bund branch had split into two separate party organizations.<ref name="Gitelman2015b">{{cite book|author=Zvi Gitelman|title=Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufZ9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|date=8 March 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6913-8|page=174-176}}</ref> Around the same time a similar split occured in the [[Ekaterinoslav]] branch of the Bund (with 130 votes to become part a Kombund, against 108 votes against).<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/> The [[Poltava]] branch of the Bund voted, almost unanimously, to become part of a Kombund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/> In [[Kharkov]] two separate meetings were held, at the latter a majority voted to become a Kombund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/>
At a meeting of the Bund branch in [[Kiev]] on February 18, 1919, held on the eve of the Third All-Ukrainian Conference of the Bund, the majority voted for a motion tabled by Rafes whereby the Kiev branch declared itself the Kiev branch of the Jewish Communist Labour Bund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/><ref name="McGeever2019">{{cite book|author=Brendan McGeever|title=The Bolshevik Response to Antisemitism in the Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lm-rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|date=26 September 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-19599-8|page=142, 145}}</ref> Rafes' motion obtained 135 votes, against 79 votes for a motion reaffirming the affiliation with international [[social democracy]] and the all-Russian Bund party and 27 abstension. At the end of the vote, the Kiev Bund branch had split into two separate party organizations.<ref name="Gitelman2015b">{{cite book|author=Zvi Gitelman|title=Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufZ9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|date=8 March 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6913-8|page=174-176}}</ref> Around the same time a similar split occured in the [[Ekaterinoslav]] branch of the Bund (with 130 votes to become part a Kombund, against 108 votes against) in March 1919.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/><ref name="Smith1999">{{cite book|author=J. Smith|title=The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917–23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSZ9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|date=13 January 1999|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37737-0|page=113}}</ref> The [[Poltava]] branch of the Bund voted, almost unanimously, to become part of a Kombund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/> In [[Kharkov]] two separate meetings were held, at the latter a majority voted to become a Kombund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/>


The ''Kombund'' supported Jewish national autonomy.<ref name="levin">{{cite book|last=Levin|first=Nora|title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|year=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nz0N5GBW6MC|accessdate=2009-11-10 | isbn=978-0-8147-5051-3}}</ref><ref name="hist">Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC A History of the Jewish People]''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976. p. 966</ref><ref>Pinkus, Benjamin. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC Jews of the Soviet Union: A History of a National Minority]''. [S.l.]: Cambridge, 1990. p. 128</ref> The ''Kombund'' was internally divided on tactics visavi the Communist Party.<ref name="McGeever2019"/> The ''Kombund'' wasn't completely committed to the [[Bolshevik]] line as such, but supported the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] side in the [[Russian Civil War]].<ref name="McGeever2019"/><ref>Wood, Elizabeth A. ''[https://archive.org/details/performingjustic00wood Performing Justice: Agitation Trials in Early Soviet Russia]''. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005. p. 261</ref><ref name="geg">Ben-Śaśon, Ḥayim Hilel, and Michael Brenner. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3cSytf4nC_4C Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes: von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart]''. München: Beck, 2007. p. 1186</ref> Generally a movement of younger bundists, the ''Kombund'' had only fifteen members aged 35 years and above.<ref name="Gitelman2015">{{cite book|author=Zvi Gitelman|title=Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufZ9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|date=8 March 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6913-8|page=197}}</ref>
The ''Kombund'' supported Jewish national autonomy.<ref name="levin">{{cite book|last=Levin|first=Nora|title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|year=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nz0N5GBW6MC|accessdate=2009-11-10 | isbn=978-0-8147-5051-3}}</ref><ref name="hist">Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC A History of the Jewish People]''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976. p. 966</ref><ref>Pinkus, Benjamin. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC Jews of the Soviet Union: A History of a National Minority]''. [S.l.]: Cambridge, 1990. p. 128</ref> The ''Kombund'' was internally divided on tactics visa-vi the Communist Party.<ref name="McGeever2019"/> The ''Kombund'' wasn't completely committed to the [[Bolshevik]] line as such, but supported the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] side in the [[Russian Civil War]].<ref name="McGeever2019"/><ref>Wood, Elizabeth A. ''[https://archive.org/details/performingjustic00wood Performing Justice: Agitation Trials in Early Soviet Russia]''. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005. p. 261</ref><ref name="geg">Ben-Śaśon, Ḥayim Hilel, and Michael Brenner. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3cSytf4nC_4C Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes: von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart]''. München: Beck, 2007. p. 1186</ref> Generally a movement of younger bundists, the ''Kombund'' had only fifteen members aged 35 years and above.<ref name="Gitelman2015">{{cite book|author=Zvi Gitelman|title=Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufZ9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|date=8 March 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6913-8|page=197}}</ref>


At the Third Conference of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)|Communist Party (bolsheviks) of Ukraine]], held in March 1919, voted to refuse the''Kombund'' 'group entry' into the party (101 voted to refuse the ''Kombund'' to merge with the party, 96 votes in favour of a merger).<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/> Whilst the CP(b)U recognized the need to collaborate with the Ukrainian Kombund, they refused to recognize the Kombund as a communist party. CP(b)U held that the Kombund was a middle class movement and its members were not given responsibilities in different Soviets.<ref name="Gurevitz1980">{{cite book|author=Baruch Gurevitz|title=National Communism in the Soviet Union, 1918-28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EjI5CvKH94C&pg=PA31|date=15 September 1980|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=978-0-8229-7736-0|pages=31}}</ref> At the local level, the relationship between the Communist Party and the ''Kombund'' was often hostile.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/>
At the Third Conference of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)|Communist Party (bolsheviks) of Ukraine]], held in March 1919, voted to refuse the''Kombund'' 'group entry' into the party (101 voted to refuse the ''Kombund'' to merge with the party, 96 votes in favour of a merger).<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/> Whilst the CP(b)U recognized the need to collaborate with the Ukrainian Kombund, they refused to recognize the Kombund as a communist party. CP(b)U held that the Kombund was a middle class movement and its members were not given responsibilities in different Soviets.<ref name="Gurevitz1980">{{cite book|author=Baruch Gurevitz|title=National Communism in the Soviet Union, 1918-28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EjI5CvKH94C&pg=PA31|date=15 September 1980|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=978-0-8229-7736-0|pages=31}}</ref> At the local level, the relationship between the Communist Party and the ''Kombund'' was often hostile.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/>


In the wake of the {{ill|Grigoriev uprising|ru|Григорьевское восстание|uk|Григор'ївське повстання|pl|Powstanie Hryhorjewa}}, the ''Kombund'' was given representation in the [[All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]].<ref name="McGeever2019"/> In the midst of the peak of pogroms in central and southern Ukraine, unity talks between the ''Kombund'' and the [[United Jewish Communist Party]] intensified.<ref name="McGeever2019"/> The [[Yevsektsiya]] (the Jewish section of the Communist Party) oversaw meetings between the two parties.<ref name="McGeever2019"/> In May 23, 1919 the ''Kombund'' and the United Jewish Communist Party merged, forming the Jewish Communist League - '[[Komfarband]]'.<ref name="McGeever2019"/><ref name="levin"/><ref name="hist"/><ref name="geg"/><ref>Gilboa, Jehoshua A. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8RaS7tCRt20C A Language Silenced: The Suppression of Hebrew Literature and Culture in the Soviet Union]. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1982. p. 282</ref>
In the wake of the {{ill|Grigoriev uprising|ru|Григорьевское восстание|uk|Григор'ївське повстання|pl|Powstanie Hryhorjewa}}, the ''Kombund'' was given representation in the [[All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]].<ref name="McGeever2019"/> In the midst of the peak of pogroms in central and southern Ukraine, unity talks between the ''Kombund'' and the [[United Jewish Communist Party]] (the ''Komfareynikte'') intensified.<ref name="McGeever2019"/><ref name="Goldman1960"/> The [[Yevsektsiya]] (the Jewish section of the Communist Party) oversaw meetings between the two parties.<ref name="McGeever2019"/> In May 23, 1919 the ''Kombund'' and the United Jewish Communist Party merged, forming the Jewish Communist League - '[[Komfarband]]'.<ref name="McGeever2019"/><ref name="levin"/><ref name="hist"/><ref name="geg"/><ref>Gilboa, Jehoshua A. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8RaS7tCRt20C A Language Silenced: The Suppression of Hebrew Literature and Culture in the Soviet Union]. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1982. p. 282</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 15:12, 1 May 2020

Communist Bund of Ukraine
Founded1919
Split fromGeneral Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia
Merged intoKomfarband
IdeologyCommunism

The Jewish Communist Labour Bund (Yiddish: ײדישער קאמוניסטישנ ארבעטער בונד, 'Idishe Kommunistishe Arbeiter-Bund'), or the Kombund, was a Jewish Communist political party in Ukraine, formed after a split in the General Jewish Labour Bund (Bund). Moisei Rafes and Aleksandr Chemerisky [fr] were the main leaders of the party.[1][2][3]

At a meeting of the Bund branch in Kiev on February 18, 1919, held on the eve of the Third All-Ukrainian Conference of the Bund, the majority voted for a motion tabled by Rafes whereby the Kiev branch declared itself the Kiev branch of the Jewish Communist Labour Bund.[4][5] Rafes' motion obtained 135 votes, against 79 votes for a motion reaffirming the affiliation with international social democracy and the all-Russian Bund party and 27 abstension. At the end of the vote, the Kiev Bund branch had split into two separate party organizations.[4] Around the same time a similar split occured in the Ekaterinoslav branch of the Bund (with 130 votes to become part a Kombund, against 108 votes against) in March 1919.[4][6] The Poltava branch of the Bund voted, almost unanimously, to become part of a Kombund.[4] In Kharkov two separate meetings were held, at the latter a majority voted to become a Kombund.[4]

The Kombund supported Jewish national autonomy.[1][7][8] The Kombund was internally divided on tactics visa-vi the Communist Party.[5] The Kombund wasn't completely committed to the Bolshevik line as such, but supported the Soviet side in the Russian Civil War.[5][9][10] Generally a movement of younger bundists, the Kombund had only fifteen members aged 35 years and above.[11]

At the Third Conference of the Communist Party (bolsheviks) of Ukraine, held in March 1919, voted to refuse theKombund 'group entry' into the party (101 voted to refuse the Kombund to merge with the party, 96 votes in favour of a merger).[4] Whilst the CP(b)U recognized the need to collaborate with the Ukrainian Kombund, they refused to recognize the Kombund as a communist party. CP(b)U held that the Kombund was a middle class movement and its members were not given responsibilities in different Soviets.[12] At the local level, the relationship between the Communist Party and the Kombund was often hostile.[4]

In the wake of the Grigoriev uprising [ru; uk; pl], the Kombund was given representation in the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee.[5] In the midst of the peak of pogroms in central and southern Ukraine, unity talks between the Kombund and the United Jewish Communist Party (the Komfareynikte) intensified.[5][2] The Yevsektsiya (the Jewish section of the Communist Party) oversaw meetings between the two parties.[5] In May 23, 1919 the Kombund and the United Jewish Communist Party merged, forming the Jewish Communist League - 'Komfarband'.[5][1][7][10][13]

References

  1. ^ a b c Levin, Nora (1990). The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5051-3. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
  2. ^ a b Guido G. Goldman (1960). Zionism Under Soviet Rule, 1917-1928. Herzl Press. p. 45.
  3. ^ Solomon M. Schwarz (1951). The Jews in the Soviet Union. Syracuse University Press. p. 98.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Zvi Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930. Princeton University Press. p. 174-176. ISBN 978-1-4008-6913-8.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Brendan McGeever (26 September 2019). The Bolshevik Response to Antisemitism in the Russian Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 142, 145. ISBN 978-1-107-19599-8.
  6. ^ J. Smith (13 January 1999). The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917–23. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-230-37737-0.
  7. ^ a b Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel. A History of the Jewish People. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976. p. 966
  8. ^ Pinkus, Benjamin. Jews of the Soviet Union: A History of a National Minority. [S.l.]: Cambridge, 1990. p. 128
  9. ^ Wood, Elizabeth A. Performing Justice: Agitation Trials in Early Soviet Russia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005. p. 261
  10. ^ a b Ben-Śaśon, Ḥayim Hilel, and Michael Brenner. Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes: von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. München: Beck, 2007. p. 1186
  11. ^ Zvi Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930. Princeton University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-4008-6913-8.
  12. ^ Baruch Gurevitz (15 September 1980). National Communism in the Soviet Union, 1918-28. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8229-7736-0.
  13. ^ Gilboa, Jehoshua A. A Language Silenced: The Suppression of Hebrew Literature and Culture in the Soviet Union. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1982. p. 282
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