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Ardalan

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Principality of Ardalan
میرنشینی ئەردەڵان‎
14th Century–1865/68
StatusVassaldom of various empires and dynasties including Qajar
CapitalSanandaj
Common languagesGorani, Kurdish
GovernmentPrincipality
Wali 
• ?-?
Bani Ardalan
• 1846-1848 1860-1867
Amanollah Khan Ardalan (last)
History 
• Established
14th Century
• Disestablished
1865/68
Succeeded by
Qajar
Today part ofKurdistan Province
Amanollah Khan Ardalan, Wali of Ardalan (1846–1848, 1860–1867)

Ardalan (Template:Lang-ku)[1] was a hereditary Kurdish vassaldom in western Iran from around the 14th century until 1865[2] or 1868[3] with Sanandaj as capital.[4] The territory corresponded roughly to present-day Kurdistan Province of Iran and the rulers were loyal to the Qajar Empire. Baban was its main rival. Gorani was the literary language and lingua franca.[4][5] When the vassaldom fell, literary work in Gorani ceased.[6]

History

The ruling family of Ardalan belonged to the Bani Ardalan tribe, whose name may has been suggested to have been acquired from a Turkic rank. The ruling family considered themselves to be descended from Saladin (r. 1174–1193), the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1260/1341). Other tribal folklore stories claim that they emerged during the Sasanian (244–651) or early Abbasid (750–1258) eras.[7] One source claims that the ruling family was descended from the first Sasanian monarch, Ardashir I (r. 224–242).[8] According to Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi, the renowned Kurdish historian, the earliest known leader of the tribe, Bani Ardalan, was a descendant of Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan, who was the ruler of Marwanid Emirate in 1011–1061 centered in Diyar Bakr. He settled down among the Goran Kurds in Kurdistan and toward the end of the Mongol period took over the Sharazor, where he established himself as an absolute ruler.[7][8]

See also

References

  1. ^ "میرنشینی ئەردەڵان، بابان، سۆران لە بەڵگەنامەکانی قاجاریدا 1799-1847" (PDF) (in Kurdish). 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ David Mcdowall (1996). The Kurds (PDF). Minority Rights Group International Report. p. 20. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  3. ^ Najat Abdulla-Ali (2006). Empire, frontière et tribu Le Kurdistan et le conflit de frontière turco-persan (1843-1932) (in French). p. 159.
  4. ^ a b Michael M. Gunter (2009). The A to Z of the Kurds. Scarecrow Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780810868182.
  5. ^ Jemal Nebez (2000). "The Kurdish Language from Oral Tradition to Written Language". Archived from the original on 2004-12-21. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  6. ^ Maisel, Sebastian (2018). The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. p. 166. ISBN 9781440842573.
  7. ^ a b Oberling 1988, pp. 693–694.
  8. ^ a b Frye 1960, p. 626.

Sources