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Basilisk

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This article is about the legendary creature. For the actual lizards, see Basiliscus (genus). For other uses, see Basilisk (disambiguation).

Basilisk
Woodblock print of a basilisk from Ulisse Aldrovandi, Serpentum, et draconum historiae libri duo, 1640
Sub groupingMythological hybrids
Similar entitiesDragon, Cockatrice, Sea serpent, Giant anaconda, Venomous Mythical Snake
FolkloreEuropean

In European bestiaries and legends, a basilisk (/ˈbæsɪlɪsk/ or /ˈbæzɪlɪsk/[1]) is a legendary reptile reputed to be a serpent king, who causes death to those who look into its eyes. According to the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder, the basilisk of Cyrene is a small snake, "being not more than twelve inches in length",[2] that is so venomous, it leaves a wide trail of deadly venom in its wake, and its gaze is likewise lethal.

According to Pliny, the basilisk's weakness is the odor of a weasel. The weasel was thrown into the basilisk's hole, recognizable because some of the surrounding shrubs and grass had been scorched by its presence. It is possible that the legend of the basilisk and its association with the weasel in Europe was inspired by accounts of certain species of Asiatic and African snakes (such as cobras) and their natural predator, the mongoose.

Etymology

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The word originates from the Greek form basilískos (Greek: βασιλίσκος; Latin: basiliscus), which means "little king", "little prince", "chieftain", or "young ruler", from two components, βᾰσῐλεύς (basileús, "king") and -ῐ́σκος (-ískos, diminutive[3]). It was also considered to be synonymous with the cockatrice.[4]

Accounts

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City seal of Zwolle from 1295 with the Archangel Michael killing a basilisk

The basilisk is sometimes referred to as "king" because it has been reputed to have a mitre or crown-shaped crest on its head. Stories of the basilisk show that it is not completely distinguished from the cockatrice. The basilisk is alleged to be hatched by a cockerel from the egg of a serpent or toad (the reverse of the cockatrice, which was hatched from a cockerel's "egg" incubated by a serpent or toad). In Medieval Europe, the description of the creature began taking on features from cockerels. It has a venomous strike, and in some versions of the myth, it has the ability to breathe fire.

One of the earliest accounts of the basilisk comes from Pliny the Elder's Natural History, written in roughly 79 AD. He describes the catoblepas, a monstrous cow-like creature of which "all who behold its eyes, fall dead upon the spot",[5] and then goes on to say,

There is the same power also in the serpent called the basilisk. It is produced in the province of Cyrene, being not more than twelve fingers in length. It has a white spot on the head, strongly resembling a sort of a diadem. When it hisses, all the other serpents fly from it: and it does not advance its body, like the others, by a succession of folds, but moves along upright and erect upon the middle. It destroys all shrubs, not only by its contact, but those even that it has breathed upon; it burns up all the grass, too, and breaks the stones, so tremendous is its noxious influence. It was formerly a general belief that if a man on horseback killed one of these animals with a spear, the poison would run up the weapon and kill, not only the rider, but the horse, as well. To this dreadful monster the effluvium of the weasel is fatal, a thing that has been tried with success, for kings have often desired to see its body when killed; so true is it that it has pleased Nature that there should be nothing without its antidote. The animal is thrown into the hole of the basilisk, which is easily known from the soil around it being infected. The weasel destroys the basilisk by its odour, but dies itself in this struggle of nature against its own self.[6]

The basilisk and the weasel, by Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder. The cockatrice (pictured) became seen as synonymous with the basilisk when the "basiliscus" in Bartholomeus Anglicus's De proprietatibus rerum (ca 1260) was translated by John Trevisa as "cockatrice" (1397).

Isidore of Seville defined the basilisk as the king of snakes because of its killing glare and poisonous breath.[7] The Venerable Bede was the first to attest to the legend of the birth of a basilisk from an egg by an old cockerel; other authors added the condition of Sirius being ascendant. Alexander Neckam (died 1217) was the first to say that not the glare but the "air corruption" was the killing tool of the basilisk, a theory developed a century later by Pietro d'Abano.

Theophilus Presbyter gave a long recipe in his book, the Schedula diversarum artium, for creating a compound to convert copper into "Spanish gold" (De auro hyspanico). The compound was formed by combining powdered basilisk blood, powdered human blood, red copper, and a special kind of vinegar.

Albertus Magnus, in the De animalibus, wrote about the killing gaze of the basilisk, but he denied other legends, such as the rooster hatching the egg. He gave as source of those legends Hermes Trismegistus, who is credited also as the creator of the story about the basilisk's ashes being able to convert silver into gold. The attribution is absolutely incorrect, but it shows how the legends of the basilisk were already linked to alchemy in the 13th century.

A putto kills a basilisk, symbolic of Swedish occupiers and Protestant heresy, on the Mariensäule, Munich, erected in 1638.

Geoffrey Chaucer featured a so-called basilicok (likely a portmanteau of “basilisk” and “cock”) in his Canterbury Tales. According to some legends, basilisks can be killed by hearing the crow of a rooster or gazing at itself in a mirror.[8][9] This method of killing the beast is featured in the legend of the basilisk of Warsaw, killed by a man carrying a set of mirrors. According to the popular urban legend, it was a terrifying creature, described as a rooster, snake or turkey, with a snake's tail and the eyes of a frog.[10][11] It guarded hidden treasures in the Warsaw's Old Town underground and killed intruders with its eyes. It died outwitted by a young journeyman who went underground carrying a mirror in front of him. According to Artur Oppman, Bazyliszek lived in the basement of one of the tenement houses on Krzywe Koło street in Warsaw.[10]

Stories gradually added to the basilisk's deadly capabilities, such as describing it as a larger beast, capable of breathing fire and killing with the sound of its voice. Some writers even claimed it could kill not only by touch, but also by touching something that is touching the victim, like a sword held in the hand. Also, some stories claim its breath is highly toxic and will cause death, usually immediately. The basilisk is also the guardian creature and traditional symbol of the Swiss city Basel (Latin: Basilea). Canting basilisks appear as supporters in the city's arms.[12]

Leonardo da Vinci included a basilisk in his Bestiary, saying “it is so utterly cruel that when it cannot kill animals by its baleful gaze, it turns upon herbs and plants, and fixing its gaze on them, withers them up.”[citation needed] In his notebooks, he describes the basilisk in an account clearly dependent directly or indirectly on Pliny's:

This is found in the province of Cyrenaica and is not more than 13 fingers long. It has on its head a white spot after the fashion of a diadem. It scares all serpents with its whistling. It resembles a snake, but does not move by wriggling but from the centre forwards to the right. It is said that one of these, being killed with a spear by one who was on horse-back, and its venom flowing on the spear, not only the man but the horse also died. It spoils the wheat and not only that which it touches, but where it breathes the grass dries and the stones are split.

Then Leonardo noted of the weasel, "this beast finding the lair of the basilisk kills it with the smell of its urine, and this smell, indeed, often kills the weasel itself."

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa wrote that “[the basilisk] is alwayes, and cannot but be a male, as the more proper receptacle of venome and destructive qualities."[13]

According to the tradition of the Cantabrian mythology, the ancient Basiliscu has disappeared in most of the Earth but still lives in Cantabria, although it is rare to see it. This animal is born from an egg laid by an old cock just before his death exactly at midnight on a clear night with a full moon. Within a few days, the egg shell, which is not hard, but rather soft and leathery, is opened by the strange creature, which already has all the features of an adult: legs, beak, cockscomb, and reptilian body. Apparently, the creature has an intense and penetrating fire in its eyes such that any animal or person gazing directly upon it would die. The weasel is the only animal that can face and even attack it. It can only be killed with the crowing of a rooster, so, until very recent times, travelers carried a rooster when they ventured into areas where it was said that the basilisks lived.[14]

A basilisk is said to have terrorised the inhabitants of Vilnius, Lithuania, during the reign of King of Poland and Grand Duke Sigismund August. In his book Facies rerum Sarmaticarum,[15] 17th century Vilnius University historian Professor Adam Ignacy Naramowski describes how boughs of rue, a plant believed to have the power to repel basilisks, were lowered into the creature's lair. The first two boughs lowered into the lair turned white, indicating that the creature remained alive, but the third bough retained its characteristic green colour, indicating the basilisk had been killed. Nineteenth-century historian Teodoras Narbutas (Teodor Narbutt) claimed the location of the creature's lair had been at the intersection of Bokšto, Subačiaus, and Bastėjos streets, near Subačius Gate. Legend has it the basilisk haunts the bastion of the city wall located there.[16]

Origin

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Coat of arms, the biscione of the House of Visconti, on the Archbishops' palace in Piazza Duomo, Milan. The arms bear the initials IO.[HANNES] of Archbishop Giovanni Visconti (1342–1354).

Some have speculated that accounts and descriptions of cobras may have given rise to the legend of the basilisk. Cobras can maintain an upright posture, and, as with many snakes in overlapping territories, are often killed by mongooses. The Indian cobra has a crown-like symbol on its head. Several species of spitting cobras can incapacitate from a distance by spitting venom, and may well have been confused with other cobra species by their similar appearance. The Egyptian cobra lives in the desert and was employed as a symbol of royalty.[17]

Historical literary references

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The basilisk appears in the English Revised Version of the Bible in Isaiah 14:29 in the prophet's exhortation to the Philistines reading, "Rejoice not, O Philistia, all of thee, because the rod that smote thee is broken: for out of the serpent's root shall come forth a basilisk, and his fruit shall be a fiery flying serpent." The King James version of the Bible states, "out of the serpent's root shall come forth a cockatrice, and his fruit shall be a fiery flying serpent".

The basilisk is mentioned in Psalm 91:13,[18] which reads "super aspidem et basiliscum ambulabis, et conculcabis leonem et draconem" in the Latin Vulgate, literally "You will tread on the asp and the basilisk,/ and you will trample the lion and the dragon underfoot." This is translated in the King James Version as "Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder: the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet". Other modern versions, such as the New International Version have a "cobra" for the basilisk, which may be closest to the Hebrew pethen.[19] The basilisk appears in the Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, though not most English translations, which gave rise to its inclusion in the subject in Early Medieval art of Christ treading on the beasts.

The basilisk is mentioned in The Inscription on the Kosovo Marble Column, a poem/epitaph written by Stefan Lazarević, the Despot of Serbia, chronicling the Battle of Kosovo. In one part, the Serbian army is praised for killing ''Amurat and his son, spawns of viper and adder, whelps of lion and basilisk...''[20]

The basilisk appears in On the Jews and Their Lies by theologian Martin Luther:

Wherever you see or hear a Jew teaching, do not think otherwise than that you are hearing a poisonous Basiliskus who with his face poisons and kills people.[21]

In William Shakespeare's Richard III, the recently widowed Anne Neville, on hearing seductive compliments on her eyes from her husband's murderer (Richard, Duke of Gloucester), retorts that she wishes they were those of a basilisk, that she might kill him.[22] In Act II, Scene 4 of Shakespeare's Cymbeline, a character says about a ring, "It is a basilisk unto mine eye, Kills me to look on't."

Similarly, Samuel Richardson wrote in his novel Clarissa; or the History of a Young Lady: "If my eyes would carry with them the execution which the eyes of the basilisk are said to do, I would make it my first business to see this creature".[23]

Another reference to the basilisk is found in John Gay's "The Beggar's Opera" (Act II, Air XXV):

Man may escape from Rope and Gun;
Nay, some have out liv'd the Doctor's Pill;
Who takes a Woman must be undone,
That Basilisk is sure to kill.

[24]

Jonathan Swift alluded to the basilisk in a poem:

See how she rears her head,
And rolls about her dreadful eyes,
To drive all virtue out, or look it dead!
'Twas sure this basilisk sent Temple thence …

[25]

Robert Browning included the basilisk as a figure in "A Light Woman".

For see, my friend goes shaking and white;
He eyes me as the basilisk:
I have turned, it appears, his day to night,
Eclipsing his sun's disk.

[26]

Alexander Pope wrote, "The smiling infant in his hand shall take/ The crested basilisk and speckled snake" (Messiah, lines 81–82). In the chapter XVI of The Zadig, Voltaire mentions a basilisk, "an Animal, that will not suffer itself to be touch'd by a Man".[27]

Percy Bysshe Shelley in his "Ode to Naples" alludes to the basilisk:

Be thou like the imperial basilisk,
 Killing thy foe with unapparent wounds!
 Gaze on oppression, till at that dread risk,
 Aghast she pass from the earth’s disk.
 Fear not, but gaze,– for freemen mightier grow,
 And slaves more feeble, gazing on their foe.

[28]

Shelley also referred to the basilisk in his poem "Queen Mab":

Those deserts of immeasurable sand,
Whose age-collected fervors scarce allowed
Where the shrill chirp of the green lizard's love
Broke on the sultry silentness alone,
Now teem with countless rills and shady woods,
Cornfields and pastures and white cottages;
And where the startled wilderness beheld
A savage conqueror stained in kindred blood,
A tigress sating with the flesh of lambs
The unnatural famine of her toothless cubs,
Whilst shouts and howlings through the desert rang, –
 Sloping and smooth the daisy-spangled lawn,
Offering sweet incense to the sunrise, smiles
To see a babe before his mother's door,
Sharing his morning's meal
with the green and golden basilisk
That comes to lick his feet.

— Part VIII

17th century Vilnius University historian Professor Adomas Ignacas Naramovskis (Adam Ignacy Naramowski) wrote of the basilisks that were said to have lived in Warsaw and Vilnius in his book Facies rerum Sarmaticarum.[15] Romantic historian Teodoras Narbutas (Teodor Narbutt) describes the location of the Vilnius basilisk's lair as having been near Subačius Gate.

Bram Stoker alludes to the creature in Chapter 4 of his 1897 novel Dracula, when Jonathan Harker encounters the vampire Count Dracula sleeping in his crypt and makes a futile attempt to destroy him:

A terrible desire came upon me to rid the world of such a monster. There was no lethal weapon at hand, but I seized a shovel which the workman had been using to fill the cases, and lifting it high, struck, with the edge downward, at the hateful face. But as I did so the head turned, and the eyes fell upon me, with all their blaze of basilisk horror. The sight seemed to paralyze me, and the shovel turned in my hand and glanced from the face, merely making a deep gash above the forehead.

See also

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References

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  • (in Italian) Il sacro artefice, Paolo Galloni, Laterza, Bari 1998 (about the historical background of basiliscus during the Middle Ages).
  1. ^ "basilisk definition". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  2. ^ Pliny, Natural History, vol. 8, translated by Rackham
  3. ^ Meluzzi, Chiara (30 September 2017). "Diminutives in Ancient Greek". In Maria Napoli; Miriam Ravetto (eds.). Exploring Intensification: Synchronic, diachronic and cross-linguistic perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 127. ISBN 978-90-272-6512-8.
  4. ^ Alexander, R. McN. (1962). "The Evolution of the Basilisk". Greece & Rome. 10 (2): 170–181. doi:10.1017/S0017383500013589. JSTOR 642817. S2CID 162846974.
  5. ^ Pliny, Natural History (in English and Latin), vol. 8, translated by Rackham
  6. ^ Pliny the Elder, ed. (1855). "The Natural History". Translated by John Bostock; H.T. Riley. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  7. ^ Isidore of Seville (2006). The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville. Cambridge University Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-139-45616-6.
  8. ^ Knight, Charles (1854). The English Cyclopaedia: a new dictionary of Universal Knowledge. Bradbury and Evans. pp. 51–52.
  9. ^ "Basilisk: Myths and Legends of the World". Enotes.com. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Bazyliszek (Oppman) - Wikiźródła, wolna biblioteka". pl.wikisource.org (in Polish). Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  11. ^ "Basilisk Legend". Go To Warsaw. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  12. ^ Als Schildhalter dient seit dem Ende des 15. Jh. ein Fabelwesen: der Basilisk. Er hat die Gestalt eines Hahnes mit Adlerschnabel, Drachenflügeln und Eidechsenschwanz. (in German)
  13. ^ Peterson, Joseph H. "Agrippa: Declamatio de nobilitate & precellentia Fœminei sexus.(1529)". Esotericarchives.com (in Latin and English). Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  14. ^ Fernández, Pollux (1994). Monstruos, duendes, y seres fantásticos de la Mitología cántabra (in Spanish). Madrid: Anaya. ISBN 978-84-207-5630-1.
  15. ^ a b Naramowski, Adam (1724), Facies rerum Sarmaticarum (in Latin), OCLC 613362454
  16. ^ National Museum of Lithuania (in English and Lithuanian)
  17. ^ Peter Costello (1979). The Magic Zoo: The Natural History of Fabulous Animals. Sphere Ltd. p. 129.
  18. ^ Psalm 91 in the Hebrew/Protestant numbering, 90 in the Greek/Catholic liturgical sequence – see Psalms#Numbering
  19. ^ "biblelexicon" (in English and Hebrew).
  20. ^ "Despot Stefan: Reci sa stuba na Kosovu". www.rastko.rs (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  21. ^ Luther, Martin (1543). On The Jews and Their Lies. Christian Nationalist Crusade. p. 22.
  22. ^ Colbert, David, The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter, p. 36
  23. ^ Richardson, Samuel. "Clarissa, Or, The History of a Young Lady".
  24. ^ gay, john. "The Beggar's Opera". Archived from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  25. ^ Swift, Jonathan (29 October 2023). "The Select Works of Jonathan Swift". p. 27.
  26. ^ "Classic Literature". Classiclit.about.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2005. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  27. ^ "Zadig; Or, The Book of Fate by Voltaire" (TXT). Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  28. ^ "The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe by Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to Naples". Online-literature.com. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
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