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C9 League

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For the eSports team, see Cloud9 League of Legends.
C9 League
Formation4 May 1998; 26 years ago (1998-05-04)
Founded atPeking University, Beijing, China
Legal statusMinistry of Education of the People's Republic of China
HeadquartersBeijing, China
Region served
China
Membership
Official language
Chinese
Websitewww.c9league.com

The C9 League (Chinese: 九校联盟; pinyin: Jiǔ xiào liánméng) is an alliance of nine universities in China, initiated by the Chinese Central Government to promote the development and reputation of higher education in China in 2009.[1] Collectively, universities in the C9 League account for 3% of the country's researchers, but receive 10% of national research expenditures.[2] They produce 20% of the nation's academic publications and 30% of total citations.[3] People's Daily, an official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party, refers to the C9 League as China's Ivy League.[4]

The C9 members are viewed as some of the most prestigious universities of all Chinese universities and consistently rank among the best in the world.[4][5] All nine universities ranked in the top 11, including seven at the top of the 2021 Best Chinese University Rankings, a sub-ranking of Academic Rankings of World Universities (ARWU).[6] Since 2019, two of the C9 members (Tsinghua and Peking) have been ranked the two best universities in Asia-Oceania region and emerging countries, according to the THE World University Rankings.[7][8][9] In the 2023 QS World University Rankings, two C9 Leagues rank in the top 15 globally (Peking 12th and Tsinghua 14th).[10]

The grouping has been compared to other elite university groupings around the world, such as the Ivy League, AAU, Oxbridge, U15, and Group of Eight.[11]

Membership

The C9 league comprises China's leading public research universities.[3] Its members are:

C9 League schools are allocated special resources, and have special arrangements for sharing resources with one another.[4] They have a higher fraction of elite academics who have been awarded one of China's top academic honors, the Thousand Talents Plan Professorship and the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Professorship, and often have a few who have been awarded both.[1] C9 League schools receive substantial funding from both national and local governments in order to build new research centers, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad.[12]

On November 7, 2014, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) officially participated in the activities of the C9 League. The C9 Alliance’s standard will be used as a criteria for evaluating the external admissions score of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), which has actually become a tenth member. However, it was not an official member. The Alliance is still called C9 League, which means that the total number of member universities is 9.[13]

All the C9 League schools are members of several categories of national key universities, including the former Project 211, the former Plan 111, the former Project 985 and the current Double First Class University Plan, representing China's most prestigious universities.[14][15]

Admissions

The C9 members' undergraduate program is highly competitive. Seven of the C9 members are at the top as the hardest universities to get into, namely Peking University, Tsinghua University, Fudan University, Nanjing University, Zhejiang University, University of Science and Technology of China, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University.[16] Only less than 0.2% of National Higher Education Entrance Examination ("Gaokao") takers get admitted every year (as a comparison to 0.6% of SAT-takers accepted in the five most selective Ivy League schools in 2012).[17] Over ten million students take the Gaokao every year, and less than 2.2 million take the SAT: these rates are not directly comparable.[18][19]

Rankings and reputation

The C9 members are viewed as some of the most prestigious universities of all Chinese universities and consistently rank among the best in the world.[4][5] All nine universities ranked in the top 11, including seven at the top of the 2021 Best Chinese University Rankings, a sub-ranking of Academic Rankings of World Universities (ARWU).[6] Since 2019, two of the C9 members (Tsinghua and Peking) have been the two best universities in the whole of Asia-Oceania region and emerging countries, according to the THE World University Rankings, THE Asia University Rankings and the THE Emerging Economies University Rankings.[8][9][20] Moreover, the C9 league has dominated the QS BRICS University Rankings and the THE Emerging Economies University Rankings, claiming seven of the top 10 spots for both rankings.[21][9] In the QS Asia University Rankings, five of the C9 universities appear in the Asia Top 10.[22]

All the C9 members are ranked in the world's top 100 universities according to the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities, the University Ranking by Academic Performance, and the SCImago Rankings.[23][24][25] All the C9 members are ranked in the world's top 150 universities in the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the Nature Index Annual Tables.[5][26] Seven of the C9 universities are ranked among the top 150 universities in the world according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the QS World University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking.[27][28][5][29] The C9 League as a grouping has been rapidly catching up with other elite groupings in terms of global rankings, even collectively passing Canada’s U15 and the UK's Russell Group within the ARWU league table in 2015.[11][30]

Internationally, Tsinghua and Peking were regarded as the two most reputable Chinese universities by THE World Reputation Rankings, where they ranked 9th and 13th in the world as of 2022, respectively, together with Shanghai Jiao Tong and Fudan in the top 40, University of Science and Technology of China, Zhejiang and Nanjing in the top 100, and Xi'an Jiaotong and Harbin Institute of Technology in the global top 200 universities.[31]

Tsinghua and Peking graduates are highly desired worldwide, with its Graduate Employability rankings placed at 6th and 19th in the world respectively in 2020 QS Graduate Employability Rankings, together with Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Zhejiang University in the Global Top 50th Universities with high-achieving graduates every year.[32]

University Year Founded City QS

(2023)[33]

THE

(2023)[34]

ARWU

(2022)[35]

USNWR

(2023)[29]

CWTS(2022)[36][note 1] Scimago(2022)[37] URAP(2022)[24] Nature

(2022)[38]

NTU(2021)[23] Average
Original 9 members
Tsinghua University 1911 Beijing 14 16 26 23 5 3 10 7 14 13
Peking University 1898 Beijing 12 17 34 39 28 15 22 6 23 22
Zhejiang University 1897 Hangzhou =42 67 36 93 16 7 15 11 19 33
Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1896 Shanghai 46 52 54 89 24 9 11 17 17 35
Fudan University 1905 Shanghai =34 51 67 116 68 45 45 15 47 57
University of Science and Technology of China 1958 Hefei 94 74 62 102 37 68 62 5 57 62
Nanjing University 1902 Nanjing 133 95 101-150 123 90 81 81 8 88 89
Harbin Institute of Technology 1920 Harbin 217 351-400 151-200 196 44 35 75 108 95 141
Xi'an Jiaotong University 1896 Xi'an 302 501-600 101-150 219 49 42 63 90 81 161
Observer and Dialogue member[13]
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 1978 Beijing N/A N/A N/A 112 48 5 N/A 4 18 37

International Connections

The C9 League is a signatory member of the worldwide association of leading research universities, including the Association of American Universities (USA), the League of European Research Universities (Europe) and the Group of Eight (Australia), that signed the prestigious Hefei Statement (the ten characteristics of contemporary research universities) in 2013.[39]

History

The Chinese government made several categories of national key universities in history. One of the earlier groups is the Project 211, which was established in 1995 to strengthen research standards in China’s top universities, with universities that exceed a threshold receiving significantly increased funds.[2] By 2008, 116 higher education institutions were members of the Project 211.[2][15]

Another more selective group is the Project 985, established in 1998. The Chinese government included 39 high-level research universities offering comprehensive and leading education in the Project 985, and capped their memberships to these 39 in 2011.[2][15]

The most selective group is the C9 League, established by the Chinese central government at the 100th anniversary of Peking University on May 4, 1998, as part of the Project 985 with the goal of advancing Chinese higher education by formalizing an elite group of universities to foster better students and share resources.[4] Nine universities were selected and allocated funding, and on October 10, 2009, the relationship between these nine universities was formalized into China's C9 League.[40][41] Inspired by the C9 league universities, the Excellence League, a similar alliance of leading Chinese universities with strong backgrounds in engineering, was also established in 2010.[42]

The current project, established in 2015, is the Double First Class University Plan to create 42 world-class universities by 2050.[43][15]

In October 2015, the State Council of the People's Republic of China published the 'Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First Class Universities and First Class Disciplines' (Double First Class University Plan), which made new arrangements for the development of higher education in China, comprehensively integrating previous projects including C9 League, Project 211, Project 985, etc.[44] In September 2017, the full list of the universities and their disciplines of the Double First Class University Plan was released by the Ministry of Education of China, the Ministry of Finance of China and the National Development and Reform Commission of China.

According to the list, 140 universities have been approved as ‘Double First Class Universities’ by the central government of China. The Double First Class University Plan underlines that driving the overall development of universities by building and strengthening their faculties and departments, and eventually developing the 140 listed elite universities into world-class universities by 2050.[44][45]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Measured by number of top 1% publication P(top 1%), ordered by P(top 1%) using fractional counting.

References

  1. ^ a b Li F, Miao Y, Yang C (2015). "How do alumni faculty behave in research collaboration? An analysis of Chang Jiang Scholars in China". Research Policy. 44 (2): 438–450. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.09.002.
  2. ^ a b c d "Best universities in China 2018". Times Higher Education. 6 September 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Eastern stars: Universities of China's C9 League excel in select fields". Times Higher Education.
  4. ^ a b c d e "China's Ivy League: C9 League". People's Daily. Retrieved 17 Apr 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2021". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Archived from the original on 2021-08-15. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  6. ^ a b "中国大学排名". www.shanghairanking.cn. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  7. ^ "THE World University Rankings 2020: reaching critical mass". Times Higher Education (THE). 2019-09-11. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
  8. ^ a b "Asia University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 2020-05-28. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  9. ^ a b c "Emerging Economies". Times Higher Education (THE). 2020-01-22. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  10. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  11. ^ a b Allen R (2017). "A Comparison of China's "Ivy League" to Other Peer Groupings Through Global University Rankings". Journal of Studies in International Education. 21 (5): 395–411. doi:10.1177/1028315317697539. S2CID 152166068.
  12. ^ Allen, Ryan M. (November 2017). "World Education News & Reviews". Journal of Studies in International Education. 21 (5): 395–411. doi:10.1177/1028315317697539. S2CID 152166068.
  13. ^ a b "我校承办2014年度C9 高校研究生学位、学籍学生事务和奖助管理工作交流会". 2014-11-13. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  14. ^ "China to develop 42 world-class universities - People's Daily Online". en.people.cn. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  15. ^ a b c d Li, Jian; Xue, Eryong (2021), Li, Jian; Xue, Eryong (eds.), "The Policy Analysis of Creating World-Class Universities in China", Creating World-Class Universities in China : Ideas, Policies, and Efforts, Exploring Education Policy in a Globalized World: Concepts, Contexts, and Practices, Singapore: Springer, pp. 1–33, doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6726-8_1, ISBN 978-981-16-6725-1, S2CID 240467383
  16. ^ "中国最难考的十所大学排名-中国最难考的大学排行榜_实力". www.sohu.com. 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  17. ^ Staff Writers (2012-08-14). "15 Facts About China's Grueling College Entrance Exam -". collegestats.org. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  18. ^ "Explainer: Everything You Need to Know About the Gaokao". That's Online. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  19. ^ "Nearly 2.2 Million Students in the Class of 2020 Took the SAT at Least Once – Newsroom".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 2020-08-25. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  21. ^ "QS University Rankings: BRICS 2019". Top Universities. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  22. ^ "QS University Rankings: Asia 2021". Top Universities. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
  23. ^ a b "World University Rankings 2021". nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw. Archived from the original on 2020-10-13. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  24. ^ a b "University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP) announced 2021-2022 World University Ranking". University Ranking by Academic Performance. 15 December 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  25. ^ "University Rankings 2021". www.scimagoir.com. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
  26. ^ "2020 tables: Institutions | 2020 tables | Institutions | Nature Index". www.natureindex.com. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  27. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2021". Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  28. ^ "World University Rankings 2021". Times Higher Education. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  29. ^ a b "Top World University Rankings | US News Best Global Universities 2023". www.usnews.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-29. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  30. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  31. ^ "World Reputation Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
  32. ^ "Graduate Employability Rankings 2020". Top Universities. 2019-09-10. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  33. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  34. ^ "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  35. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2022". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  36. ^ "CWTS Leiden Ranking 2022 - P (top 1%)". CWTS Leiden Ranking. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  37. ^ "University Rankings 2022". www.scimagoir.com. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  38. ^ "2022 tables: Institutions - academic | Annual tables | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  39. ^ "Hefei Statement". LERU. October 2013. Archived from the original on 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
  40. ^ "九校高校签订《一流大学人才培养合作与交流协议书》". Archived from the original on 2012-08-05.
  41. ^ Sainsbury, Michael (4 November 2009). "China establishes group of Ivy League universities". The Australian.
  42. ^ "History and Milestones-Tianjin University:". www.tju.edu.cn. Retrieved 2022-10-01. In December, 2010, Tianjin University signed the Agreement on Cooperation of Talent Cultivation framework, with nine other universities, setting up the Excellence Alliance (China) (9 excellent engineering universities, or E9 in short) to prompt communication and cooperation for the innovative cultivation of talent.
  43. ^ "China to develop 42 world-class universities". People's Daily. 21 September 2017.
  44. ^ a b "国务院关于印发统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案的通知_政府信息公开专栏". www.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  45. ^ "教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
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