Ex-gay

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Ex-gay is a term and concept used to describe persons who once identified as gay or lesbian (or any orientation other than heterosexual), but have since chosen to identify as heterosexual, or some other sexual orientation. The Ex-Gay Movement consists of people and organisations trying to change the sexual orientation of people who are not heterosexual. Some ex-gays enter into opposite-sex relationships, while others remain celibate. While "ex-gays" may report a reduction in same-sex desires, they may also continue to experience same-sex attraction [1][2][3] even though they do not identify as "gay".

When the term "ex-gay" was introduced to professional literature in 1980, Dr. E. Mansell Pattison defined it as someone who had "experienced a basic change in sexual orientation from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality."[4]

Alan Chambers, president of Exodus International, has publicly denounced the term's usage.[5] Other than Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays, organizations that practice ex-gay initiatives do not label themselves as such, but rather label themselves as restorative psychology groups.[citation needed]

Contents

[edit] The ex-gay movement and conversion therapy

See also: Conversion therapy

Exodus International argues that conversion therapy, specifically reparative therapy, may be a useful tool for decreasing homosexual desire[6]. Despite a popular perception within the established medical and scientific consensus that conversion therapy is potentially harmful, the American Psychiatric Association stated in 2000 that "there are no scientifically rigorous outcome studies to determine either the actual efficacy or harm of reparative treatments."[7] The APA issued a statement stating "some people believe that sexual orientation is innate and fixed; however, sexual orientation develops across a person’s lifetime."[8] In the United States, the American Psychiatric Association issued a statement in 2006, backed by numerous other mainstream medical organizations, which stated: "There is simply no sufficiently scientifically sound evidence that sexual orientation can be changed."[9] The statement went on to say that positions espoused by ex-gay organizations "are not supported by the science." Clinical psychologist Douglas Haldeman has identified conversion therapy as a pseudoscience.[10]

Proponents of conversion therapy argue that it is possible for a person's sexual orientation to be changed,[11] and cite research in support of that contention.[12][13][14] Focus on the Family, which advocates conversion therapy, points to Ex-Gays? A Longitudinal Study of Religiously Mediated Change in Sexual Orientation, a 2009 book published by researchers Stanton Jones and Mark Yarhouse.[15] The American Psychological Association has refused to comment on the study.[16] A 2008 pamphlet produced by the American Psychological Association urges that mental health organizations should respect clients' right to self-determination and "be sensitive to the client’s race, culture, ethnicity, age, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic status, language, and disability status when working with that client; and eliminate biases based on these factors."[17] An earlier American Psychological Association article from 2002 states regarding sexual orientation that "change over time is not theoretically unfounded or empirically unprecedented" [18] Ex-gay groups assert that the scientific community has taken its stances on homosexuality due to political, and not scientific, considerations.[19][20] However, mainstream mental health organizations have rejected this assertion since the mid-1970s.[10]

[edit] Definition of change

Exodus describes change as "attaining abstinence from homosexual behaviors, lessening of homosexual temptations, strengthening their sense of masculine or feminine identity, correcting distorted styles of relating with members of the same and opposite gender."[21] Some ex-gays advocate entering (or remaining) in a heterosexual marriage as part of the process. Some in opposite-sex marriages acknowledge that their sexual attractions remain primarily homosexual, but seek to make their marriages work anyway.[22] The president of Exodus said he agrees that people can't necessarily change their sexual orientation, but he said they can "live in accord with their beliefs and faith" by renouncing homosexuality and not engaging in same-sex relationships.[23]

[edit] Joint statement from ex-gay organizations

In a joint coalition, several ex-gay organizations expressed their views that, for those with same-sex attractions, they support:

  • Personal choice in their sexual identity and behavior.
  • Right to know of alternatives to living a homosexual life.
  • Individual self-determination to seek counseling and determine the direction of that therapy
  • Compassion and respect to live in their choices as they see fit, without discrimination, ridicule, marginalization, or being the target of hate speech.
  • Policy neutrality, especially in the freedom to speak about freely chosen alternatives to homosexuality.
  • Equal access to public forums to raise awareness of alternative responses to a homosexual identity and lifestyle.[24]

[edit] People

[edit] Americans associated with the ex-gay movement

 The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (July 2009)
  • Stephen Bennett[25] is the President, Founder, and Executive Director of Stephen Bennett Ministries, Inc., an international nonprofit Christian organization that speaks out against homosexuality, assists persons seeking "freedom from homosexuality," and provides resources for parents whose children identify as gay or lesbian.[26] Bennett is also a Christian songwriter and recording artist.[27] He has been married since 1993 and he and his wife have two children.[28]
  • Alan Chambers is the president of Exodus International. He often speaks at ex-gay events and has written several books. He is politically active, and promotes legislation against same-sex marriage.[29]
  • Richard Cohen is the former president of Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays and was the subject of an interview by Jason Jones on the March 19, 2007 episode of The Daily Show. After this appearance, NARTH and Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays removed all references to Cohen from their website[30] and Exodus International issued a position statement distancing themselves from him.[31]
  • Andrew Comiskey is the founder and leader of Desert Stream Ministries.[32] Founded in 1980, Desert Stream Ministries states that its mission is to "equip the body of Christ to minister healing to the sexually and relationally broken through healing groups and leadership training for the local church."[32] Comiskey has authored a number of books, including Pursuing Sexual Wholeness: How Jesus Heals the Homosexual and The Kingdom of God and the Homosexual.[33]
  • Charlene Cothran is a former editor of Venus, a magazine for African-American lesbians. Following her conversion to Christianity in 2006, she changed the editorial policy of the magazine to support the ex-gay movement.[34][35]
  • Joe Dallas[36] is the Program Director of Genesis Counseling. He has written six books on human sexuality.[37]
  • Rev. Darryl Foster of the Restoration Sanctuary International Church is a Christian pastor who works mainly with ex-homosexual people of color. He opposes the comparison of sexual orientation to race.[38]
  • Melissa Fryrear, Gender Issues Analyst in Focus on the Family’s Legislative and Cultural Affairs Department,[39] identified as a lesbian for 10 years before her conversion to Christianity and subsequent years of therapy, which she says made her life "fuller and happier."[40] She now says "I'm changed. I'm a heterosexual woman now. I'm not sexually attracted to women."[41]
  • Michael Glatze [42] is a former gay rights activist and former publisher of Young Gay America YGA Magazine.[43] Glatze recently revealed that he had eschewed his gay identity, and he has become an outspoken critic of homosexuality.[44]
  • Mike Haley, Youth and Gender Analyst for Focus on the Family,[45] identifies as a gay man for 12 years, and at one point was arrested for gay prostitution. He began to identify as heterosexual when he was 28.[46] After what he calls a long and painful struggle, he chose to identify as heterosexual. He is married with three children.[47]
  • James Hartline , San Diego Christian activist and founder of [48], spent over thirty years in the homosexual lifestyle. James speaks at many churches, youth groups and civic events. He is a regular commentator on radio, television and news programs on issues of moral consequence in America. James has also started a Christian, non-profit ministry, The Hillcrest Mission, to help those struggling with homosexuality and AIDS in the gay community in San Diego, California.
  • Dennis Jernigan is a singer-songwriter of contemporary Christian music. He describes his experience of "deliverance from homosexuality" during his concerts.[49]
  • David Matheson admitted to himself that he was attracted to men when he was 22 and married. After seven years of therapy, he claims that he has changed his sexual orientation.[50] He has since become a licensed professional counselor and focusing on "helping men who want to diminish unwanted homosexuality and feel whole as men."[51] He is the clinical director of the Center for Gender Wholeness, co-creator of the Journey into Manhood weekend, and a director of People Can Change.[52] He has written the Evergreen Workbook for Men, Four Principles of Growth[53], and has made several media appearances talking about overcoming homosexual attractions. He does not claim to be completely straight, but rather "straight enough".[54]
  • Alan Medinger[[55] is a former director of Exodus International,[56] and is the Founder and Executive Director Emeritus[57] of Regeneration Ministies, a Christian organization which deals with pornography and homosexuality.[58] Medinger is the author of Growth Into Manhood.[56] He recommends that a subject who finds him or herself attracted to someone of the same sex should "immediately look around for someone of the opposite sex... and start searching for the beauty in that person"; a subject should disentangle sexual desire from the desire for affection or affirmation; and a subject should repent and confess his or her sins.[59]
  • Sy Rogers was selected as one of '50 Up & Coming Evangelical Leaders Under 40' by Christianity Today. He has served for over two decades in ministry as a pastoral care specialist regarding sexuality. He has spoken at ex-gay conferences throughout the world.
  • Randy Thomas, Executive Vice President of Exodus International,[60] was in gay relationships since he was a teenager, but stopped when he became a Christian in his mid-20s.[61] He later stated, "I am 15 years on the other side of identifying as gay. I have had a sexual orientation shift, and I'm not gay."[62]
  • Chad Thompson is the founder of Inqueery,[63] a website addressing ex-gay issues among high school students, and author of the book Loving Homosexuals as Jesus Would.[64] Thompson claims that there is bigotry among gays against those who do not accept their orientation.[65] However, he has also criticized Christians who show hostility against gay rights but not compassion for gays.[66]
  • Rich Wyler is the founder and executive director of People Can Change, and co-creator and leader of Journey into Manhood. He established Higher Path Life Coaching and began coaching professionally in 2005.[67] He leads telephone-based coaching group called "A Wife's Journey: Caring for Yourself and Your Family When Your Husband Struggles With Homosexuality or Addiction."[68]

[edit] Non-Americans associated with the ex-gay movement

  • Giuseppe Povìa is an Italian singer, who said he had a gay phase, which lasted seven months, and then he got over it, as well as helping two friends who believed they were gay to get married.[69] He came under fire for a magazine interview in which he said "people aren't gay, they become gay on the basis of who they spend time with."[70] He later wrote and performed a song about a gay man who became straight, entitled Luca Era Gay, for which he won second place in the San Remo Festival.[71] Povia says the song is about Luca Tolve, who he says has been cured of his homosexuality thanks to the therapies of Joseph Nicolosi.[69]
  • Víctor Jorquera is the online editor of GayChile.com. It served as an important source of information for Chile's gay community, frequently publishing details about upcoming pro-homosexual marches or meetings.[72] In 2007, he says that he came to believe God wanted him to stop pursuing same-sex relationships.[73] The focus of the web site changed, and now focuses on messages that tell people that they adapt their life to a conservative view of the Bible by stopping same-sex relationships.[74]

[edit] Persons no longer supporting the ex-gay movement

Main article: Ex-ex-gay
  • Günter Baum originally founded an ex-gay ministry in Germany. Ultimately, he formed another ministry, Zwischenraum, which helps gay Christians to accept their sexuality and to reconcile it with their beliefs.
  • Michael Bussee and Gary Cooper, co-founders of Exodus International, left the group and in 1979, held a life commitment ceremony together. Bussee went on to become an outspoken critic of Exodus and the ex-gay movement.[75] He flatly rejects therapies designed to change or "cure" gay people, but recently acknowledged potential for therapy that "does not promise change, but instead offers patients help in managing their desires and modifying their behavior to match their religious values -- even if that means a life of celibacy".[76] In June 2007 Bussee issued an apology for his part in the ex-gay movement.[77]
  • Ben Gresham is a 20 year old Australian man who went through 3 years of ex-gay therapy, entering his first one at 16 years of age. His appearance on ABC TV’s 'The Hack Half Hour', 'SX News' and Triple J radio have helped many become aware of the dangers of these ex-gay programs and the psychological harm associated with them. Along with this, Gresham is a part of Freedom 2 b(e) which offers support to GLBT people from church backgrounds and is also the co-founder of ‘The Hope Alliance‘ which takes on the growing number of ex-gay programs in Australia and offers hope to ex-gay survivors. [78]
  • Anthony Venn-Brown is a former Australian evangelist in the Assemblies of God and the author of an autobiography, “A Life of Unlearning” which detailed his struggle to reconcile his faith and sexuality including spending 6 months in Australia’s first ex-gay program . Anthony is also the co-founder of Freedom 2 b[e] which offers support to GLBT people from church backgrounds and ex gay survivors . In 2007 he co-ordinated the release of a statement from 5 Australian ex-gay leaders who publicly apologized for their past actions . .[79]
  • Noe Gutierrez appeared in Warren Throckmorton's ex-gay video I Do Exist in 2004. This garnered some notice, as Gutierrez had previously appeared in a video for gay youth known as It's Elementary. Gutierrez later left the ex-gay movement and wrote about his experience. [80]
  • Peterson Toscano is an actor who was involved in the ex-gay movement for 17 years. He performs a related one-man satire titled Doin' Time in the Homo No Mo Halfway House, and with Christine Bakke co-runs Beyond Ex-Gay, a support website for people coming out of ex-gay experiences.

[edit] Controversies and scandals

[edit] Controversies involving minors

One of the most controversial aspects of the ex-gay movement has been the focus of some ex-gay organizations on teenagers,[citation needed] including occasions where teenagers have been forcibly treated in ex-gay camps. A 2006 report outlined evidence that ex-gay and conversion therapy groups were at the time increasingly focusing on children.[81] Several legal researchers have responded to these events by arguing that parents who force their children into aggressive conversion therapy programs are committing child abuse under various state statutes.[82][83]

Some youths have sought emancipation from their parents due to parental attempts to force their children to undergo conversion therapy.[84] One such case involved Lyn Duff. In 1991, at age 14, Duff came out publicly as a lesbian. Concerned about her daughter's sexual orientation, Duff's mother had her taken by force from her grandparents' home to Rivendell Psychiatric Center, a residential treatment center near Salt Lake City. [85] Duff's placement was paid for by the State of California through special education funds on the basis of her diagnosis with Gender Identity Disorder.[citation needed] Her treatment reportedly included shock therapy, aversion therapy, psychotropic drugs, hypnosis, and behavioral counseling.[86][87][88][89] After 168 days in Rivendell, Duff escaped.[90] In 1992, she initiated legal action against the facility and her mother.[91]

The ex-gay organization Love in Action has been involved in controversy surrounding youth. In July 2005, The New York Times ran a feature story about 16-year-old Zachary Stark, whose parents forced him to attend an ex-gay camp run by the group.[92] In July 2005, Stark was released from the camp.[93] An investigation of the camp did not uncover signs of child abuse, but in September 2005, the camp was shut down when Tennessee authorities discovered that unlicensed staff had been administering prescription drugs to children.[94]

In October 2005, the father of 17-year old DJ Butler reportedly drove his son to a Love in Action camp in handcuffs.[95] In February 2006, Tennessee authorities, unwilling to pursue further actions against Love in Action, closed its case regarding this incident.[95]

[edit] Other controversies and scandals

  • Christopher Austin was an ex-gay counselor who was sentenced to 10 years in prison in 2007 for sexually assaulting a male client. Austin was affiliated with and gave presentations at NARTH and Evergreen International, which describes him as "a therapist specializing in homosexual and sexual addiction recovery [and] the creator of RENEW, a multi-dimensional treatment approach for men struggling with homosexuality".[96][97]
  • Colin Cook, founder of Homosexuals Anonymous, was in 1986 discovered to be engaging in sexual acts with his patients. He claimed that the nude massages of other men should desensitize them against homosexual desires. In 1987, he was expelled from Homosexuals Anonymous for sexual activity, and in 1995 a similar scandal happened with his newly founded group FaithQuest Colorado. Cook had engaged in phone sex, practiced long and grinding hugs, and asked patients to bring gay pornography to sessions so that he could help desensitize them against it.[98]
  • Michael Johnston, an HIV-positive man who is featured in the film It's Not Gay, promoted by the American Family Association, had frequently been interviewed on U.S. television and radio regarding his claimed change in sexuality, and even featured in a national television advertising campaign in 1998 stating that Jesus Christ empowered him to leave his homosexual past. In 2002, he was exposed as having recently resumed having sex with men, and he admitted to having had unprotected sex with multiple male partners without disclosing his HIV-positive status, despite knowing he that he was HIV-positive, for over a period of two years.[99]
  • Terrance Lewis was a minister and former counselor at Providence Bible College in Winnipeg, Canada who was found guilty in February 2008 for sexually assaulting a young man who sought counseling to make him heterosexual. The victim, now 29, told court he started meeting Lewis for counseling sessions in early 2000 after his parents caught him viewing gay pornography on the family computer. The man said Lewis started a program of “touch therapy,” which included the two kissing and fondling each other and engaging in sexual roleplaying. [100][101]
  • John Paulk, then leader of Focus on the Family's Love Won Out conference and chairman of the board for Exodus International North America, was spotted visiting a Washington, D.C gay bar in September 2000 . He was photographed outside of the bar from behind by Wayne Besen, [102] and later stepped down from the two organizations.[103]

[edit] Ex-gay organizations

Ex-gay organizations began in the U.S. with Evangelical Christians, but have since spread to include Catholic, LDS, Jewish, Muslim and non-religious groups in several countries across the world.

[edit] North and South America

The first ex-gay ministry was formed in 1973, called Love in Action.[104] Three years later, they joined with other ex-gay organizations to form Exodus International. Exodus is the largest ex-gay organization, and has grown to include over 120 local ministries in the U.S. and Canada.[105] Exodus International is the largest organization under the Exodus Global Alliance. Many other ex-gay organizations have been formed to cater to a specific religious group, such as Courage for Catholics, Evergreen International for Mormons (LDS), OneByOne for Presbyterians, Transformation Congregations[106] for Methodists and JONAH for Jews.

Other organizations have formed to meet specific needs. Witness Freedom Ministries caters to people of color with same-sex attractions.[107] Exodus Youth is a group specifically designed for youth,[108] and the NEA Ex-Gay Educators Caucus is a group formed to help ex-gay teachers and students.[109] Others form after a specific technique, such as Homosexuals Anonymous[110] which was modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous' 12 step program and International Healing Foundation was modeled after Richard Cohen's methods. People Can Change[111] and PFOX are two other ex-gay organizations in North America. A major Web site that supports these efforts is Same-sex Attraction.

In 1994, Esly Carvalho began Exodus Latino America.[112] In 2002, Exodus Brasil[113] separated as a separate organization under Global Exodus Alliance. Other groups in Latin America include Courage Latino[114] for Catholics, Elías S.O.S[115] in Argentina, and Camino de Salida[116] in Ecuador. Es Posible el Cambio[117] is an interdenominational group that advocates conversion therapy.

[edit] Europe

In 1975, Johan van de Sluis began EHAH (in English: Evangelical Counseling for Homosexuals) in the Netherlands.[118] After visiting an Exodus conference in America, he combined his organization with others to form Exodus Europe in 1982.[118] Exodus Europe included True Freedom Trust in the UK, Medvandrarna[119] in Sweden, Til Helhet[120] in Norway, Basis[121] in Denmark, Aslan[122] in Finland, Different (the old EHAH)[123] in Belgium and Onze Weg[124] in the Netherlands. In April 2007, Exodus Europe decided to break away from the Global Exodus Alliance because it was too affected by American thinking.[125] These ministries are now part of LINC (Live in Christ). [126] The United Kingdom also has Encourage [127] for Catholics and StraightWay Foundation[128] for Muslims.

[edit] Australia and Asia

In 1978, Peter Lane began the first ex-gay group in Australia, which was called Liberty Ministry.[118] In 1987, it joined with other ministries to form Exodus Asia Pacific.[129] In 1990 Frank Worthen went to the Philippines and formed Bagong Pag-asa.[130] Other significant ex-gay groups under Exodus Asia Pacific include Liberty Christian Ministries[131] in Australia, Rainbow 7[132] in Taiwan, Liberty League[133] in Singapore and Pursuing Liberty Under Christ [134] in Malaysia.

Ex-gay organizations in the Middle East include Atzat Nefesh[135] for Jews and Al-Tawbah[136] for Muslims.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Yarhouse, Mark (Summer 1998). "When Clients Seek Treatment for Same-Sex Attractions: Ethical Issues in the "Right to Choose" Debate". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 35 (2): 248–259. doi:10.1037/h0087753. 
  2. ^ Haldeman, Douglas (2004). "When Sexual and Religious Orientation Collide:Considerations in Working with Conflicted Same-Sex Attracted Male Clients". The Counseling Psychologist (The Counseling Psychologist) 32 (5): 691. doi:10.1177/0011000004267560. http://tcp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/5/691?ck=nck. 
  3. ^ Drescher, Jack (2001). "Ethical Concerns Raised When Patients Seek to Change Same-Sex Attractions". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy 5 (3/4): 183. Haworth Press.
  4. ^ Throckmorton, Warren (June 2002). "Initial empirical and clinical findings concerning the change process for ex-gays". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice (American Psychological Association) 33 (3): 242–248. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.242. http://www.drthrockmorton.com/article.asp?id=1. 
  5. ^ http://www.alanchambers.org/just_think/2008/03/great-thread-at.html A BLOG BY ALAN CHAMBERS: Great Thread at ExGay Watch
  6. ^ Exodus International Policy Statements, Exodus International. Retrieved 04-07-2007.
  7. ^ "Position Statement on Therapies Focused on Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation (Reparative or Conversion Therapies)" (PDF). American Psychiatric Association. May 2000. http://archive.psych.org/edu/other_res/lib_archives/archives/200001.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. 
  8. ^ American Psychiatric Association (May 2000). "Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues". Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrics. http://www.aglp.org/pages/cfactsheets.html#Anchor-Gay-14210. 
  9. ^ APA Discredits 'Ex-Gay' Movement, 365Gay Newscenter, 8-11-2006. Retrieved on 04-14-2007.
  10. ^ a b "The Pseudo-science of Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapy". ANGLES, the policy journal of the Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies (IGLSS), www.iglss.org. 1999. http://www.iglss.org/media/files/Angles_41.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-04-04. 
  11. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/12/nyregion/12group.html?pagewanted=print
  12. ^ Can Some Gay Men and Lesbians Change Their Sexual Orientation? 200 Participants Reporting a Change from Homosexual to Heterosexual Orientation (Archives of Sexual Behavior, October 2003, p.403-417) PMID 14567650
  13. ^ http://www.pointofview.net/site/News2?news_iv_ctrl=-1&page=NewsArticle&id=6702
  14. ^ http://www.upcsa.org.za/assembly_papers/Human_sexuality/Attempts%20to%20Modify%20Sexual%20Orientation.pdf
  15. ^ {{cite news - |url = http://www.denverpost.com/popular/ci_6922237 - |title = Focus on Family: Sexual orientation can change - |last = Draper - |first = Electra - |date = 2007-09-18 - |publisher = The Denver Post - |accessdate = 2007-10-29 - }}
  16. ^ {{cite news - |url=http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/324337.aspx - |title=Study Says Gays Can Change Orientation - |last=Sells - |first=Heather - |date=2008-02-23 - |publisher=Christian Broadcasting Network}}
  17. ^ Answers to Your Questions For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation & Homosexuality
  18. ^ http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=2002-01066-002
  19. ^ USA - Gay Conversion. Retrieved on 2006-06-22.
  20. ^ Satinover, Jeff. Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth (1996) Baker
  21. ^ "What's your "success rate" in changing gays into straights?". http://exodus.to/content/view/43/87/. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. 
  22. ^ No easy victory
  23. ^ [Ex-gay or just exploited? http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/homepage/abox/article_1732269.php]
  24. ^ PATH: Positive Alternatives To Homosexuality
  25. ^ God's Amazing Grace: The Testimony of Stephen Bennett
  26. ^ About the Ministries of SBM
  27. ^ SBM Online Members
  28. ^ Cooper, Anderson (2003-06-18). "Interview with Elizabeth Birch, Stephen Bennett". CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0306/18/se.16.html. 
  29. ^ A Blog By Alan Chambers
  30. ^ NARTH and PFOX Quietly Rid Themselves of Richard Cohen (blog entry), Ex-Gay Watch, 03-31-2007. Retrieved on 04-07-2007.
  31. ^ Exodus International Policy Statements, Exodus International. Retrieved on 04-07-2007.
  32. ^ a b Desert Stream Ministries: Ministering the life of Jesus to the sexually and relationally broken
  33. ^ Andrew Comiskey at Desert Stream Press Online Store
  34. ^ Interview with ChristianityToday
  35. ^ Interview with Clay Cane
  36. ^ Kwon, Lillian (2007-06-25). "Exodus Freedom Speaker Warns of 'The Gay Gospel'". Christian Post. http://www.christianpost.com/article/20070625/28160_Exodus_Freedom_Speaker_Warns_of_'The_Gay_Gospel'.htm. 
  37. ^ Joe Dallas l Genesis Counseling l Sexual Addiction Recovery
  38. ^ African-American Ex-Gay Pastor Explodes The Myth That Homosexuality Is No Different Than Race
  39. ^ Exodus International - Melissa Fryrear
  40. ^ Palazzolo, Rose (2005-07-28). "'Ex-Gay' Camps, Therapy Programs Attract Controversy". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Health/story?id=983209. Retrieved on 2007-10-29. 
  41. ^ Gandossy, Taylor (2007-06-30). "Gay man, former lesbian on whether they can change". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2007/LIVING/personal/06/29/poll.reaction/index.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-29. 
  42. ^ MassResistance: Michael Glatze Interview with NARTH
  43. ^ John Cloud (2005-05-10). "The Battle Over Gay Teens". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1112856-10,00.html. 
  44. ^ Michael Glatze (2007-07-03). "How a 'gay rights' leader became straight". WorldNetDaily. http://wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=56487. 
  45. ^ Exodus International - Mike Haley
  46. ^ Rodríguez, Cindy (2006-07-24). ""Ex-gay" stood by to testify at Dobson vigil". The Denver Post. http://www.denverpost.com/lifestyles/ci_4089806. 
  47. ^ Cooper, Anderson (2007-04-05). "Sex and Salvation". Anderson Cooper 360°. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0704/05/acd.01.html. 
  48. ^ The James Hartline Report
  49. ^ Dennis Jernigan :: Shepherd's Heart Music
  50. ^ David Matheson
  51. ^ Center for Gender Wholeness - About Us
  52. ^ Popular Speakers
  53. ^ Four Principles
  54. ^ YouTube - Coqui Zen Entertainment
  55. ^ INTERVIEW: Alan Medinger
  56. ^ a b RandomHouse.ca | Author Spotlight: Alan Medinger
  57. ^ Grace: The Risk We Need to Take - November / December 2007 Newsletter
  58. ^ Regeneration Ministries - About Us
  59. ^ Medinger, Alan (2002). "A Realistic Approach to Attractions". Exodus International. http://exodus.to/content/view/51/55/. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. 
  60. ^ Exodus International - 'Gay Gene?' No Big Deal, Says Ex-Gay
  61. ^ Wen, Patricia (2005-10-28). "'Ex-gay' ministry reaches out to Hub". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/10/28/ex_gay_ministry_reaches_out_to_hub/. 
  62. ^ Green, Joanne (2007-07-12). "Scared Straight". Miami New Times. http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2007-07-12/news/scared-straight. 
  63. ^ Inqueery
  64. ^ [www.lovinghomosexuals.com/ Loving Homosexuals as Jesus Would]
  65. ^ Cloud, John (2007-10-02). "The Battle Over Gay Teens". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1112771-2,00.html. 
  66. ^ Thompson, Chad W. (2004-08-01). "Banning Gay Marriage Is Not The Answer". Christianity Today. http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2004/augustweb-only/8-30-22.0.html. 
  67. ^ New Page 1
  68. ^ NW World News Prayer Network: #4680
  69. ^ a b Gay row hits Sanremo festival Group threatens to disrupt event over 'gay convert' song
  70. ^ Sanremo Songfest Open Amid Protests
  71. ^ “Luca era gay”. Tra le polemiche, seconda classificata al Festival di Sanremo 2009
  72. ^ Movilh Targets "Homophobic" Gay Web Site
  73. ^ Editor del portal GayChile.com cambia su portal y ahora cree que el cambio es posible
  74. ^ Queer Editor Goes Ex-Gay
  75. ^ Their story is one of the foci of the documentary One Nation Under God (1993), directed by Teodoro Maniaci and Francine Rzeznik.
  76. ^ Simon, Stephanie (2007-06-18). "Approaching agreement in debate over homosexuality; More conservative Christians say being gay isn't a choice that can be changed by prayer". Los Angeles Times. 
  77. ^ "Apology from Former Ex-Gay Leaders". 2007-06-27. http://www.beyondexgay.com/article/apology. Retrieved on 2009-01-06. 
  78. ^ http://thejoshy.com/?p=100/
  79. ^ | http://www.soulforce.org/article/1296
  80. ^ http://www.exgaywatch.com/wp/2008/05/noe-gutierrez-what-i-learned-from-ex-gay-ministry/
  81. ^ Cianciotto, J.; Cahill, S. (2006). "Youth in the crosshairs: the third wave of ex-gay activism" (pdf). National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/reports/reports/YouthInTheCrosshairs.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-08-29. 
  82. ^ Talbot, T. Reparative therapy for homosexual teens: the choice of the teen should be the only choice discussed, 27 J. Juv. L. 33. 2006.
  83. ^ Cohan, J. Parental Duties and the Right of Homosexual Minors to Refuse "Reparative" Therapy, 11 Buff. Women's L.J. 67, 2002.
  84. ^ Melzer, Eartha (2005-07-01). "Tenn. opens new probe of ‘ex-gay’ facility: Experts say children should not be forced into counseling". Washington Blade. http://www.washblade.com/2005/7-1/news/national/tenopen.cfm. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. 
  85. ^ Right-Wing Christians and the Anti-Gay Agenda Accessed July 10, 2007
  86. ^ Defending the Right to Pleasure Accessed July 10, 2007
  87. ^ Subject: A Lesbian & Gay Youth Detention Center in Utah Accessed July 10, 2007
  88. ^ Imprint Online Accessed July 10, 2007
  89. ^ ABOUT EX-GAY MINISTRIES by David Williams, Accessed July 10, 2007
  90. ^ Controlling Desires: Sexual Orientation Conversion and the Limits of Knowledge and Law By David B. Cruz, Accessed July 10, 2007
  91. ^ Family Law, Public Policy and New Federalism by Steven K. Wisensale, Accessed July 10, 2007
  92. ^ Williams, Alex (2005-07-17). "Gay Teenager Stirs a Storm". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B00E4DA1E3DF934A25754C0A9639C8B63. Retrieved on 2007-10-06. 
  93. ^ Zach's Release from "Love in Action" Imminent
  94. ^ Tennessee closes down Christian ex-gay camp for treating mental illness without a license, WikiNews, 09-21-2005. Retrieved on 2007-02-08.
  95. ^ a b Popper, Ben (2006-02-10). "Love in Court: Gay-to-straight ministry and the state go to court". Memphis Flyer. http://memphisflyer.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A12034. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. 
  96. ^ Melloy, Killan (2007-09-13). ""Ex-Gay" Counselor Convicted of Sexual Assault on Man". EDGE Boston. http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=23018. Retrieved on 2007-08-21. 
  97. ^ "Keynote Speakers and Frequent Presenters". Evergreen International. http://www.evergreeninternational.org/Speakers.htm. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. 
  98. ^ Culver, V. (1995-10-27). "Sessions with gays criticized: Former minister's counseling methods brought reprimands". Denver Post. 
  99. ^ Douglas-Brown, Laura (2003-08-08). "Ex-gay leader Johnston allegedly had sex with men without disclosing he is HIV-positive". Southern Voice. http://www.sovo.com/2003/8-8/news/national/exgay.cfm. Retrieved on 2007-08-29. 
  100. ^ winnipegsun.com - Winnipeg News - Man found guilty in gay "therapy" case
  101. ^ CANOE - CNEWS - Crime: Bible college counsellor accused as gay predator
  102. ^ Evangelical Press with additional reporting by Jody Veenker (2000-10-01). "Ex-Gay Leader Disciplined for Gay Bar Visit". Christianity Today. http://www.ctlibrary.com/ct/2000/octoberweb-only/53.0.html. Retrieved on 2007-08-29. 
  103. ^ Besen, Wayne (2003). Anything but Straight: Unmasking the Scandals and Lies Behind the Ex-Gay Myth. Harrington Park Press. ISBN 1560234458. 
  104. ^ History retrieved April 14, 2007
  105. ^ Who we areRetrieved April 14, 2007
  106. ^ Index
  107. ^ WitnessfortheWorld.org - Changing the World with Truth
  108. ^ Exodus Youth
  109. ^ NEA Ex-Gay Educators Caucus
  110. ^ Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services - Home
  111. ^ People Can Change - An alternative, healing response to unwanted homosexual desires
  112. ^ Exodus Latinoamerica
  113. ^ Exodus.Brasil
  114. ^ Courage Latino - Inicio
  115. ^ Elías S.O.S Homepage
  116. ^ Camino De Salida
  117. ^ Es posible el cambio
  118. ^ a b c Our History
  119. ^ Medvandrarna
  120. ^ Til Helhet
  121. ^ basis - Foreningen AGAPE's arbejde blandt mennesker med problemfyldt seksualitet
  122. ^ Aslan - kohti eheyttä
  123. ^ http://www.totheildesvolks.nl/engels/ehah.htm
  124. ^ Webpagina van stichting Onze Weg
  125. ^ Exodus European Member Ministries Secede | Ex-Gay Watch
  126. ^ LINC - Live IN Christ
  127. ^ Encouragetrust
  128. ^ StraightWay - The Straight Struggle
  129. ^ welcome to EXODUS ASIA PACIFIC
  130. ^ Bagong Pagasa
  131. ^ Liberty Christian Ministries Inc. - Home
  132. ^ 歡迎您來到台灣走出埃及關懷輔導協會
  133. ^ Non-profit group gets grant to promote 'healthy gender identity'
  134. ^ Asian Beacon
  135. ^ Atzat-Nefesh
  136. ^ Home

[edit] External links

[edit] Ex-gay organizations and advocacy groups

[edit] Sites critical of ex-gay movement

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