Halberstadt D.II

Halberstadt D.II
Blue Halberstadt D.II flown by Boelcke
Role	Fighter
Manufacturer	Halberstädter Flugzeugwerke
Designer	Karl Theis
First flight	Late 1915
Introduction	Early 1916
Retired	1917
Primary user	Imperial German Army Air Service
Produced	1916
Number built	85

The Halberstadt D.II was a biplane fighter aircraft of the Luftstreitkräfte (Imperial German Army Air Service) that served through the period of Allied air superiority in early 1916, but had begun to be superseded in the Jagdstaffeln by the superior Albatros fighters by the autumn of that year.

Design and development

The D.II was the production version of the experimental D.I. Lightened to improve performance, it also featured staggered wings, and a more powerful 120 hp Mercedes D.II engine. The side and frontal radiators that had been tried in the D.I were replaced by a wing mounted radiator similar to that later used by the Albatros D.III and D.V. The two bay wings were very strongly braced, and the cockpit was raised in relation to where it had been on the D.I. This required a turtledeck to be built up on the rear fuselage to fair the cockpit into the lines of the fuselage. The wing trailing edge was a wooden member, as opposed to the wire common on contemporary German aircraft. Lateral control was by ailerons, but there were no fixed tail surfaces, and over-sensitive "Morane"-style balanced elevators similar to those employed by the Fokker Eindecker were retained. Although it must have shared the typical "Morane" elevator sensitivity, and the controls cannot have been well harmonised, it was very manoeuvrable in skilled hands, and could be dived safely at high speed. A single synchronised 7.92 mm (.312 in) lMG 08 "Spandau" machine gun fired through the propeller arc.

If the only performance figures available for the type are accurate, the Halberstadt fighter’s speed and climb were little better than the Eindecker’s, and inferior to such Allied contemporaries as the Nieuport 11 and the D.H.2, but it earned the respect of Allied fighter pilots, and was the preferred mount of the pilots of the early Jagdstaffeln, until the Albatros D.I became available.

Operational history

Like other early German fighter types, the D.II was at first supplied in ones and twos to the ordinary reconnaissance units or Fliegertruppe of the Luftstreitkräfte, then gathered into small specialised fighter units – the Kampfeinsitzerkommandos. When the first true fighter Jagdstaffeln were formed in mid-1916, the Halberstadt was initially the best fighter available, and was used by Oswald Boelcke to demonstrate his famous pioneering air fighting tactics (the Dicta Boelcke) to the new units (although he is also recorded as flying a Fokker D.III at this period). His Halberstadt was painted bright blue overall – probably the first instance of the gaudy personal finishes applied by German fighter pilots to their mounts for the remainder of the war.

As the new Albatros fighters came into service the Halberstadts were quickly replaced, although a few survived into early 1917. Manfred von Richthofen flew a red Halberstadt D.II for a few weeks in March 1917, after the spar of his Albatros D.III cracked in combat.

Armament and in-flight radio communication experiments

Believed to have been first tried within the first six months of 1916, future German rocketry pioneer Leutnant Rudolf Nebel, then flying as a fighter pilot with Jasta 5, one of the earliest German fighter squadrons within the Luftstreitkräfte, used a Halberstadt D.II aircraft of that unit in the first known German attempt at arming an aircraft with wing-mounted rockets as long range armament. Leutnant Nebel used a set of four improvised tubular launchers, two mounted per side on the wings, with a signal rocket being fired from each tube for the unofficial trial. According to Leutnant Nebel's apparently "undated" account, he took off on a defensive mission when 25 Allied aircraft appeared in the air near Jasta 5's base. He managed to fire his improvised rocket armament at a distance of 100 m (330 ft) from the Allied fighter formation, in a "head-on" attack at it and scared one British pilot into surrendering as the British aircraft landed safely in German territory, with Leutnant Nebel landing no more than 20 m (70 ft) away, to ensure the British pilot's capture. Just over a week later, Leutnant Nebel attempted to try his improvised rocket armament again and managed to blow the propeller off an Allied aircraft, causing it to crash land.

In mid-October 1916, another attempt was made to arm a Halberstadt D.II with rockets, this time for observation balloon attack with a more formalized method, using eight Le Prieur-like rockets mounted on the outer wing struts, the way that the French Nieuport 11 had been armed nearly a year earlier. Problems with the ignition system on the rockets prevented the system from being experimented with any further.

In late 1916, the Halberstadt D.II was the first known aeroplane for an official trial, with a special unit named the FT-Versuchsabteilung (Radio Telegraphy Experimental Detachment), with the "FT" possibly meaning Funk-Telegraphie, of air communications using radio communications (via Morse Code) in directing fighter aircraft. IdFlieg sanctioned the test, which resulted in the creation of a radio-telegraphy transceiver for the flight leader's aircraft, weighing 25–30 kg (55-60 lb) along with the battery, aircraft engine-driven generator and aerials. Receiving gear for the other aircraft in a combat formation was similarly devised, with the radio receiver weighing 12.5–15 kg (27.5-33 lb). By early 1917 the FT-Versuchsabteilung was making combat trials with the radio gear with Halberstadt D.III and D.V aircraft and by late September 1917 with the famous Jagdgeschwader I unit commanded by Manfred von Richthofen, especially Jasta 4. Later trials using the more advanced Albatros D.III and Albatros D.Va fighters used the gear for the first attempts at an air-based version of ground-controlled interception of Allied bomber aircraft, using visual ground spotters as the ground component by the home defense Kampfeinsitzerstaffel units.

Variants

Aviatik of Germany built the D.II under license. It was originally known as the Aviatik D.I (not to be confused with their Austrian subsidiary's independently-designed Aviatik (Berg) D.I), but was later designated the Halberstadt D.II(Av).

The Halberstadt D.III primarily differed from the D.II version in its substitution of the Argus As.II 90 kW (120 hp) straight-six engine, which differed from the usual Mercedes D.II powerplant in having its camshaft in the engine block, and using pushrods to operate the overhead valves, rather than having a camshaft running atop all of the cylinders as in a single overhead cam engine. A total of 50 D.III examples were built by Halberstadt, with the first 30 ordered in July 1916, and the last 20 ordered in August 1916.

The D.IV version, of which only three were built to an order placed in early March 1916, changed the wing bracing layout to a single bay, dispensed with the twin bracing struts for the "all moving" vertical tail rudder surface, and used a Benz Bz.III 110 kW (150 hp) straight-six engine for power, with a small conical spinner for better streamlining. Tested by IdFlieg in October 1916, this type was rejected for further evaluation due to a poor forward field of view for the pilot.

The D.V version was a less radical departure from the earlier D.II version, and mostly differed from the D.II in having its cabane strut structure supporting a central panel for the upper wing, rather than both upper wing panel's wing roots meeting along the centerline of the aircraft, for better forward pilot vision. It also used the D.III version's Argus As.II engine, and changed the mounting position of the aircraft's single 7.92 mm (.312 in) LMG 08/15 machine gun from the right to the left side of the nose. A total of 57 D.V aircraft were built, from orders placed in October 1916 and January–June 1917, with 31 of these being sent to Germany's ally in the Central Powers, the Ottoman Empire.

Operators

German Empire

• Luftstreitkräfte

Ottoman Empire

Halberstadt D-Series Production (D.I through D.V)

Halberstadt D-Series production:

Version	Halb	Av	Han	Total	IdFlieg Order date
D.I (single a/c) & initial D.II run	12			12	March 8, 1916
D.IV	3			3	March 8, 1916
D.II	24			24	May 1916
D.III	30			30	July 1916
D.II (Av)		30		30	July 1916
D.II (Han)			30	30	July 1916
D.III	20			20	August 1916
D.V	20			20	October 1916
D.V	12			12	January 1917
D.V	25			25	June 1917
Totals	146	30	30	206

Source: Halberstadt Fighters, Classics of WW1 Aviation, by Peter M. Grosz, page 46.

Specifications (D.II)

Data from Fighter Aircraft of the 1914–1918 War

General characteristics

• Crew: one, pilot
• Length: 7.3 m (23 ft 11 in)
• Wingspan: 8.8 m (28 ft 11 in)
• Height: 2.67 m (8 ft 9 in)
• Wing area: 23.6 m² (254 sq ft)
• Empty weight: 519 kg (1,144 lb)
• Loaded weight: 728.5 kg (1,606 lb)
• Powerplant: 1 × Mercedes D.II six cylinder in-line, 90 kW (120 hp)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 145 km/h (90 mph)
  
• Climb to 3,000 m (9,800 ft): 14 min 30 s
• Climb to 5,000 m (16,400 ft): 38 min 30 s

Armament

• 1 × forward-firing 7.92 mm (.312 in) lMG 08 "Spandau" machine gun

See also

Related lists

List of military aircraft of Germany

References

Bibliography

• Cheesman, E.F. (1960). Fighter Aircraft of the 1914-1918 War. Harleyford Publications. 
• Munson, Kenneth (1968). Fighters, Attack and Training Aircraft 1914-1919 War. Blndford Press. 
• Grey & Thetford (1962-70). German Aircraft of the First World War (2nd ed.). Putnam & Company. 
• Grosz, Peter M. (1996). Halberstadt Fighters-Classics of World War I Aviation. Albatros Publications. 
• Grosz, Peter M; Ferko, A. E. (1980). "Biplanes for the Fliegertruppe". Air Enthusiast (Fine Scroll) (Fourteen, December 1980–March 1981): pp. 57–67. ISSN 0143-5450.