Haplogroup E1a (Y-DNA)
| Haplogroup E1a | |
| Possible time of origin | 40,000 - 45,000 years BP[citation needed] |
| Possible place of origin | Africa[citation needed] |
| Ancestor | E1 |
| Descendants | E1a1, E1a2, E1a3, E1a4 |
|---|---|
| Defining mutations | L633, M33, M132 |
| Highest frequencies | Fulbe (Cameroon) 53%[1], Dogon (Mali) 45%[2], Felupe-Djola (Guinea-Bissau) 34%[3], Papel-Manjaco-Mancanha (Guinea-Bissau) 20%[3], Tali (Cameroon) 20%[1], Hausa (Sudan) 16%[4], Nalú (Guinea-Bissau) 12%[3], Wolof (Senegambia) 12%[2], Balanta (Guinea-Bissau) 12%[3], Fulani (Sudan) 12%[4], Fulbe (Burkina Faso) 10%[1] |
In human genetics, Haplogroup E1a (M33) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E1a, along with haplogroup E1b, is one of the two main branches of the older E1. The E1a clade is divided into several subclades.
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[edit] Origins
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[edit] Distribution
E1a (E-M33) is found most often in West Africa, and today it is especially common in the region of Mali. One study has found haplogroup E1a-M33 Y-chromosomes in as much as 34% (15/44) of a sample of Malian men, including 2/44 E1a1-M44 and 13/44 E1a-M33/M132(xE1a1-M44).[5] In particular, the Dogon people of Mali have been found to carry haplogroup E1a-M33 with a frequency as high as 45.5% (25/55), making it perhaps the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in this population, though haplogroup E1b1a-P1 appears to be almost equally frequent among the Dogon (24/55 = 43.6%).[2] Another study has found haplogroup E1a-M33 in 15.6% (44/282) of a pool of seven samples of various ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau.[3] Haplogroup E1a also has been found in samples obtained from Moroccan Berbers, Sahrawis, Burkina Faso (including E1a-M33/M132(xE1a1-M44) in 2/20 = 10% Fulbe and 2/37 = 5.4% Rimaibe[1]), northern Cameroon (including E1a1-M44 in 9/17 = 53% Fulbe and E1a-M33/M132(xE1a1-M44) in 3/15 = 20% Tali[1]), Senegal (7/139 = 5.0%[6]), Ghana (1/29 = 3% Ga, 1/32 = 3% Fante[2]), Sudan (including 5/32 = 15.6% Hausa and 3/26 = 11.5% Fulani[4]), Egypt,[2][7] Calabria (including both Italian and Albanian inhabitants of the region), Italians from Trentino in northeastern Italy,[8] and Romanians from Constanţa.[9]
[edit] Subclades
[edit] Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[10] and subsequent published research.
- E1 (P147)
- E1a (L633, M33, M132)
- E1a1 (M44)
- E1a2 (P110)
- E1a3 (L94)
- E1a4 (L133)
- E1a (L633, M33, M132)
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e Fulvio Cruciani, Piero Santolamazza, Peidong Shen et al., "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes," American Journal of Human Genetics 70:1197–1214, 2002.
- ^ a b c d e Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret et al., "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 867–876. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies)
- ^ a b c d e Alexandra Rosa, Carolina Ornelas, Mark A Jobling et al., "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective," BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007, 7:124.
- ^ a b c Hisham Y. Hassan, Peter A. Underhill, Luca L. Cavalli-Sforza, and Muntaser E. Ibrahim, "Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History," American Journal of Physical Anthropology (2008).
- ^ Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin et al., "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," Nature Genetics, Volume 26, November 2000
- ^ Ornella Semino, A. Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti, Francesco Falaschi et al., "Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny," American Journal of Human Genetics 70:265–268, 2002.
- ^ J. R. Luis, D. J. Rowold, M. Regueiro, B. Caeiro, C. Cinnioğlu, C. Roseman, P. A. Underhill, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, and R. J. Herrera, "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations," American Journal of Human Genetics 74:532-544, 2004.
- ^ Vincenza Battaglia, Simona Fornarino, Nadia Al-Zahery et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," European Journal of Human Genetics (2008), 1 – 11
- ^ E. Bosch, F. Calafell, A. González-Neira et al., "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns," Annals of Human Genetics (2006) 70, 459–487
- ^ Karafet et al. 2008
[edit] See Also
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Evolutionary tree of Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups |
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| most recent common Y-ancestor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1b | A1a-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1a | A2-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2 | A3 | BT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B | CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | E | C | F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | H | IJK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IJ | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | J | LT | K(xLT) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | T | M | NO | P | S | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| O | N | Q | R | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
