Henry I of Navarre
| Henry I | |
|---|---|
 | |
| King of Navarre Count of Champagne | |
| Reign | 1270–1274 |
| Predecessor | Theobald II |
| Successor | Joan I |
| Born | c. 1244 |
| Died | 22 July 1274 Pamplona |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | Blanche of Artois |
| Issue | Prince Theobald Joan I |
| House | |
| Father | Theobald I of Navarre |
| Mother | Margaret of Bourbon |
Henry the Fat (Basque: Henrike I.a, Gizena, French: Henri le Gros, Spanish: Enrique el Gordo) (c. 1244 – 22 July 1274) was King of Navarre (as Henry I) and Count of Champagne and Brie (as Henry III) from 1270 until his death.
Early life
[edit]Henry was the youngest son of Theobald I of Navarre and Margaret of Bourbon.[1] During the reign of his childless older brother Theobald II he held the regency during many of Theobald's numerous absences. In 1269, Henry married Blanche of Artois, daughter of the then-reigning King Louis IX of France's brother Count Robert I of Artois.[2] He was thus in the "Angevin" circle in international politics.
Reign
[edit]
Recognized as heir presumptive during his brother's reign, Henry succeeded to the thrones of the Kingdom of Navarre and County of Champagne upon Theobald II's death in December 1270. Henry I's proclamation at Pamplona, however, did not take place until the following year, 1 March 1271,[3] and his coronation was delayed until May 1273. His first act was the swear to uphold the Fueros of Navarre and then go to perform homage to Philip III of France for Champagne.
Henry came to the throne at the height of an economic boom in Navarre that was not happening elsewhere in Iberia at as great a rate. But by the Treaty of Paris (1259), the English had been ceded rights in Gascony that effectively cut off Navarrese access to the ocean (since France, Navarre's ally, was at odds with England). Henry allowed the Pamplonese burg of Navarrería to disentangle itself from the union of San Cernin and San Nicolás, effected in 1266. He also granted privileges to the towns of Estella, Los Arcos, and Viana, fostering urban growth. His relations with the nobility were, on the whole, friendly, though he was prepared to maintain the peace of his realm at nearly any cost.
Henry initially sought to recover territory lost to Castile by assisting the revolt of King Alfonso X of Castile's brother Philip in 1270. He eventually declined, preferring to establish an alliance with Castile through the marriage of his son Theobald to Alfonso X's daughter Violant in September 1272.[4] This failed with the death of the young Theobald after he fell from a battlement at the castle of Estella in 1273.[5]
Death and legacy
[edit]Henry did not long outlive his son. He was suffocated, according to the generally received accounts, by his own fat.[6][7] His only legitimate child, a one-year-old daughter named Joan, succeeded him under the regency of her mother Blanche. Joan's marriage in 1284 to Philip the Fair, the future King of France,[8] in the same year united the crown of Navarre to that of France and saw Champagne devolve to the French royal domain.[9]
In the Divine Comedy, Dante Alighieri, a younger contemporary, sees Henry's spirit outside the gates of Purgatory, where he is grouped with a number of other European monarchs of the 13th century. Henry is not named directly, but is referred to as "the kindly-faced" and "the father-in-law of the Plague of France".[10]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Evergates 2007, p. 248.
- ^ Gee 2002, p. 141.
- ^ Procter 1980, p. 255.
- ^ Kinkade 1992, p. 294.
- ^ Woodacre 2013, p. 25.
- ^ Chisholm 1911.
- ^ The Divine Comedy, Dante
- ^ George 1875, p. table XXV.
- ^ Wood 1966, p. 47.
- ^ Alighieri 2003, p. 122.
References
[edit]- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Henry I. of Navarre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 293.
- Alighieri, Dante (2003). Durling, Robert M. (ed.). The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri : Volume 2: Purgatorio. Oxford University Press.
- Evergates, Theodore (2007). The Aristocracy in the County of Champagne, 1100-1300. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Gee, Loveday Lewes (2002). Women, Art, and Patronage from Henry III to Edward III: 1216-1377. Boydell & Brewer.
- George, Hereford Brooke (1875). Genealogical tables illustrative of modern history. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
- Kinkade, Richard P. (1992). "Alfonso X, Cantiga 235, and the Events of 1269-1278". Speculum. 67 (2): 284–323. doi:10.2307/2864374. JSTOR 2864374. S2CID 162457845.
- Procter, Evelyn S. (1980). Curia and Cortes in León and Castile 1072-1295. Cambridge University Press.
- Wood, Charles T. (1966). The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy, 1224-1326. Harvard University Press.
- Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512. Palgrave Macmillan.
Further reading
[edit]- Suárez Fernández, Luis. Historia de España: Edad Media. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1970.
