Kernicterus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kernicterus
Classification and external resources
Bilirubin
ICD-10	P57.
ICD-9	773.4, 774.7
DiseasesDB	7161
MedlinePlus	003243
eMedicine	ped/1247
MeSH	D007647

Kernicterus is damage to the brain centers of infants caused by increased levels of unconjugated-indirect bilirubin which is free (not bound to albumin). This may be due to several underlying pathologic processes. Newborn babies are often polycythemic. When they break down the erythrocytes, one of the byproducts is bilirubin, which circulates in the blood and causes jaundice. Alternately, Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus may cause hemolysis of fetal red blood cells, thereby releasing unconjugated bilirubin into the fetal blood. Since the fetal blood brain barrier is not fully formed, some of this released bilirubin enters the brain and interferes with normal neuronal development. Kernicterus may also be found in infants as a symptom of Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I, a hereditary hyperbilirubinemia that is fatal within 18 months of life.

In adults and older children, jaundice is harmless in and of itself. However, the tissues protecting the brain (the blood-brain barrier) are immature in newborns. Bilirubin penetrates the brain and is deposited in cell bodies (gray matter), especially the basal ganglia, causing irreversible damage. Depending on the level of exposure, the effects range from unnoticeable to severe brain damage.

Some medications, such as the antibiotic co-trimoxazole (a combination of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) may induce this disorder in the baby, either when taken by the mother or given directly to the baby, due to displacement of bilirubin from binding sites on serum albumin. The bilirubin is then free to pass into the Central Nervous System, because the baby's blood-brain barrier is not fully developed.

The word origantes from the Dutch kern, nucleus, kernel, and the Greek ikterus, jaundice.^[1]

[edit] References

1. ^ Anja M. Hafkamp (2006). "Oral treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia" (PDF). PhD thesis. Department of Pediatrics; Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases; University Medical Center Groningen. p. 21. http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/medicine/2006/a.m.hafkamp/01_1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-06. 

[edit] External links

• BiliTool - Hyperbilirubinemia Risk Assessment for Newborns
• CDC’s National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
• PICK - Parents of Infants and Children with Kernicterus

v • d • e Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease (P, 760-779) Maternal factors and complications placenta (Placenta praevia, Placental insufficiency) · Chorion/Amnion/Umbilical cord Chorioamnionitis  · Umbilical cord prolapse · Nuchal cord  · Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome Length of gestation and fetal growth Small for gestational age · Large for gestational age · Preterm birth · Postmature birth Birth trauma Cephalhematoma · Brachial plexus lesion (Erb's palsy, Klumpke paralysis) By system Respiratory Intrauterine hypoxia · Infant respiratory distress syndrome · Transient tachypnea of the newborn · Meconium aspiration syndrome · pleural disease (Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum) · Wilson-Mikity syndrome · Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Cardiovascular Pneumopericardium · Persistent fetal circulation Haemorrhagic and haematological/ hematologic disease Vitamin K deficiency (Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn) · Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO HDN • Anti-Kell HDN • Rhesus c HDN • Rhesus D HDN • Rhesus E HDN) · Rh disease · Hydrops fetalis · Hyperbilirubinemia (Kernicterus, Neonatal jaundice) Velamentous cord insertion Digestive system Ileus · Necrotizing enterocolitis · Meconium peritonitis Integument and temperature regulation Erythema toxicum Nervous system Periventricular leukomalacia Musculoskeletal system Gray baby syndrome · muscle tone (Congenital hypertonia, Congenital hypotonia) Other disorders Perinatal infection (Congenital rubella syndrome, Neonatal herpes simplex) · Omphalitis · Neonatal sepsis (Group B streptococcal infection) Stillbirth/Perinatal mortality obstetric navs: pregnancy, conditions of mother/fetus/maternal transmission, eponymous signs, proc