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Matthew 20

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Matthew 20
The Latin text of Matthew 20:27-30 in Codex Claromontanus V, from 4th or 5th century
BookGospel of Matthew
CategoryGospel
Christian Bible partNew Testament
Order in the Christian part1

Matthew 20 is the twentieth chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Jesus continues his final journey through Perea and Jericho, heading towards Jerusalem, which he enters in the following chapter.

Text

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The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 34 verses.

Textual witnesses

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Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter include:

Structure

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Jesus healing blind Bartimaeus, by Johann Heinrich Stöver, 1861. Bartimaeus is not named in Matthew's narrative.

The New King James Version (NKJV) organises this chapter as follows:

Continuity with Matthew 19

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The parable of the workers in the vineyard illustrates the aphorism in Matthew 19:30: Many who are first will be last, and the last first.[1] Anglican theologian E. H. Plumptre argues that the division of the chapters at this point is "singularly unfortunate, as separating the parable both from the events which gave occasion to it and from the teaching which it illustrates. It is not too much to say that we can scarcely understand it at all unless we connect it with the history of the young ruler who had great possessions, and the claims which the disciples had made for themselves when they contrasted their readiness with his reluctance".[2] Lutheran Pietist Johann Bengel argues, likewise, that a link is to be made with Peter's enquiry in Matthew 19:27: "See, we have left all and followed You. Therefore what shall we have?" [3]

The appointment of Jesus' twelve disciples to "sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel" in "the regeneration" (Matthew 19:20–28) may also be contrasted with the request of the mother of Zebedee's children, possibly Salome, that the seats of Jesus' right and left in the kingdom of heaven to be allocated to James and John (Matthew 20:20–21).

Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard

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Main article: Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard
Johann Albrecht Bengel

This parable is only related by Matthew.[4] It asserts that "the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard".[5]

Verse 2

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Now when he [the landowner] had agreed with the laborers for a denarius a day, he sent them into his vineyard.[6]

Bengel notes that the landowner deals with the first group of labourers by legal contract, promising to pay an agreed sum, and with the others "more by mere liberality".[3]

Verses 9 through 12

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Many details of the parable, including when the workers receive their pay at the end of the day, the complaints from those who worked a full day, and the response from the king/landowner are paralleled in a similar parable found in tractate Berakhot in the Jerusalem Talmud.[7]

Verse 16

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So the last will be first, and the first last. For many are called, but few chosen.[8]

Dale Allison suggests a reading of this verse according to which Jesus himself is seen as "the last (in his sufferings and death) who will be the first (when God exalts him)".[9]

The second part of this verse, For many are called, but few [are] chosen, is not included in Codex Vaticanus, Codex Regius, Codex Dublinensis or Codex Sinaiticus.[4] The words are included in the Textus Receptus,[10] and by Scrivener,[11] and they appear in the King James Version, but they are omitted from the American Standard Version and the New International Version.

The journey towards Jerusalem

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Verse 17

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Now Jesus, going up to Jerusalem, took the twelve disciples aside on the road, and said to them,[12]

This verse continues the journey commenced in Matthew 19:1.[4] There are three typical readings of this verse:

Et ascendens Jesus Jerosolymam, assumpsit duodecim discipulos secreto, et ait illis:[14]

And Jesus going up to Jerusalem, took the twelve disciples apart, and said to them:[15]

Verses 18-19

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Main article: Jesus predicts his death § Gospel of Matthew

18 "Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be betrayed to the chief priests and to the scribes; and they will condemn Him to death, 19 and deliver Him to the Gentiles to mock and to scourge and to crucify. And the third day He will rise again."

This third announcement or prediction of the manner of Jesus' death follows on from Matthew 16:21 and 17:23.[16] The three classes of Jesus' antagonists have now been revealed: the Jewish leaders (16:21), one of the twelve, who will betray him (17:23), and (here) the Roman authorities.[17]

Verse 20

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Then the mother of Zebedee’s sons came to Him with her sons, kneeling down and asking something from Him.[18]

The mother of Zebedee's sons, James and John, is known to have been Salome, "as we learn by comparing Matthew 27:56 with Mark 15:40".[19] Her request is described as "ambitious".[20] Matthew's text here is "more graphic" and detailed than Mark's parallel (Mark 10:35).[19]

Verse 22

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But Jesus answered and said, "You do not know what you ask. Are you able to drink the cup that I am about to drink, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with?" They said to Him, "We are able."[21]

While this dialogue is initiated by Salome, Jesus directs his answer to James and John themselves.[19]

Departure from Jericho

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Matthew's narrative portrays the healing of two blind men taking place as Jesus, his disciples and a great multitude leave Jericho, although their passage back over the River Jordan and their arrival in Jericho are not described. The Ethiopic version, uniquely, reads here "as they went out from Jerusalem".[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Nicoll, W. R., Expositor's Greek Testament on Matthew 20, accessed 5 February 2017
  2. ^ Plumptre, E. H., in Ellicott's Commentary for Modern Readers on Matthew 20, accessed 5 February 2017
  3. ^ a b Bengel, J. A., Gnomon of the New Testament on Matthew 20, accessed 28 September 2019
  4. ^ a b c Meyer, H. A. W., Meyer's NT Commentary: Matthew 20, accessed 29 September 2019
  5. ^ Matthew 20:1: NKJV
  6. ^ Matthew 20:2: NKJV
  7. ^ intertextual.bible/text/matthew-20.9-jerusalem-berakhot-2.8
  8. ^ Matthew 20:16: NKJV
  9. ^ Allison, D., 56. Matthew, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 870
  10. ^ Matthew 20:16: Textus Receptus
  11. ^ Matthew 20:16: 1894 Scrivener New Testament
  12. ^ Matthew 20:17: NKJV
  13. ^ Various readings of Matthew 20:17 at BibleGateway.com
  14. ^ Matthew 20:17: Vulgate
  15. ^ Matthew 20:17: Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition
  16. ^ Marginal notes in the Jerusalem Bible (1966)
  17. ^ Gray, J. M. (c. 1915), Christian workers' commentary on the Old and New Testaments, arranged in sections with questions for use in family altars and in adult Bible classes, p. 502, accessed on 19 August 2024
  18. ^ Matthew 20:20: NKJV
  19. ^ a b c Carr, A., Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Matthew 20, accessed on 30 September 2019
  20. ^ "James (New Testament)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911.
  21. ^ Matthew 20:22: NKJV
  22. ^ Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible on Matthew 20, accessed 5 February 2017
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