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==Relationship with humans==
==Relationship with humans==
Mongooses are a common spectacle at roadside shows in [[Pakistan]]. [[Snake charming|Snake charmers]] keep mongooses for mock fights with snakes. In the past, in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] (where mongooses were misguidedly brought in to control the local Habu snake), mongoose fights with the highly venomous habu snakes (''[[Ovophis okinavensis]]'' and ''[[Trimeresurus flavoviridis]]'') in a closed perimeter were presented as spectator events at such parks as Okinawa World; however, due to pressure from [[animal rights]] activists, the spectacle is less common today. <ref>Charles, Bill. "Okinawa World Presents Midsummer Thrills." Japan Update. 24 August 2012. http://www.japanupdate.com/archive/index.php?id=12558 .</ref>
Mongooses are a common spectacle at roadside shows in [[Pakistan]]. [[Snake charming|Snake charmers]] keep mongooses for mock fights with snakes. In the past, in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] (where mongooses were misguidedly brought in to control the local Habu snake), mongoose fights with the highly venomous habu snakes (''[[Ovophis okinavensis]]'' and ''[[Trimeresurus flavoviridis]]'') in a closed perimeter were presented as spectator events at such parks as Okinawa World; however, due to pressure from [[animal rights]] activists, the spectacle is less common today. <ref>Charles, Bill. "Okinawa World Presents Midsummer Thrills." Japan Update. 24 August 2012. http://www.japanupdate.com/archive/index.php?id=12558 .</ref>wow


According to Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] (1.35 & 1.87), Egyptians venerated native mongooses (''[[Herpestes ichneumon]]'') for their ability to handle venomous snakes and for their occasional diet of [[crocodile]] eggs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} The Buddhist god of wealth [[Vaiśravaṇa]], or Dzambala for Tibetans, is frequently depicted holding a mongoose that is spitting jewels from its mouth.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
According to Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] (1.35 & 1.87), Egyptians venerated native mongooses (''[[Herpestes ichneumon]]'') for their ability to handle venomous snakes and for their occasional diet of [[crocodile]] eggs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} The Buddhist god of wealth [[Vaiśravaṇa]], or Dzambala for Tibetans, is frequently depicted holding a mongoose that is spitting jewels from its mouth.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}

Revision as of 15:32, 8 November 2013

This article is about the mongoose family Herpestidae. For Malagasy mongooses, see Galidiinae. For other uses, see Mongoose (disambiguation).

Mongooses[1]
Common dwarf mongoose,
Helogale parvula
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Suborder:
Feliformia
Family:
Herpestidae

Bonaparte, 1845
Synonyms
  • Cynictidae Cope, 1882
  • Herpestoidei Winge, 1895
  • Mongotidae Pocock, 1920
  • Rhinogalidae Gray, 1869
  • Suricatidae Cope, 1882
  • Suricatinae Thomas, 1882

Mongooses are 33[2] living species of small carnivorans from southern Eurasia and mainland Africa of the family Herpestidae.[1] Four additional species from Madagascar in the subfamily Galidiinae, which were previously classified in this family, are also referred to as "mongooses" or "mongoose-like". Genetic evidence indicates the Galidiinae are more closely related to other Madagascar carnivorans in the family Eupleridae, which is the closest living group to the true mongooses.

Name

The word "mongoose" is derived from the Marathi name mungus (मुंगूस) (pronounced as [muŋɡuːs]), perhaps ultimately from Dravidian (cf. Telugu mungeesa (ముంగిస), Kannada mungisi (ಮುಂಗಿಸಿ)). The form of the English name (since 1698) was altered to its "-goose" ending by folk-etymology.[3] It has no etymological connection with the word goose. The plural form is mongooses,[4] or, rarely, mongeese.[5] It has also been spelled "mungoose".[6]

Description

Mongooses live in southern Asia, Africa, and southern Europe, as well in Puerto Rico and some Caribbean and Hawaiian islands, where they are an introduced species.

There are 33 species, ranging from 1 to 4 feet (0.30 to 1.22 m) in length. Mongooses range in weight from the common dwarf mongoose, at 10 oz (280 g), to the cat-sized white-tailed mongoose, at 9 lb (4.1 kg).

Some species lead predominantly solitary lives, seeking out food only for themselves, while others travel in groups, sharing food among group members.

Anatomy

Photo of long, flat, old and scarred skull
Herpestes lemanensis skull, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris

Mongooses bear a striking resemblance to mustelids, having long faces and bodies, small, rounded ears, short legs, and long, tapering tails. Most are brindled or grizzly; few have strongly marked coats. Their nonretractile claws are used primarily for digging. Mongooses, much like goats, have narrow, ovular pupils. Most species have a large anal scent gland, used for territorial marking and signaling reproductive status. The dental formula of mongooses is similar to that of viverrids: 3.1.3-4.1-23.1.3-4.1-2. Mongooses also have receptors for acetylcholine that, like the receptors in snakes, are shaped so it is impossible for snake neurotoxin venom to attach to them. Researchers are investigating whether similar mechanisms protect the mongoose from hemotoxic snake venoms.[7]

Life history

In contrast to the arboreal, nocturnal viverrids, mongooses are more commonly terrestrial and many are active during the day.

The Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) is sometimes held as an example of a solitary mongoose, though it has been observed to work in groups.[8]

The meerkat, or suricate (Suricata suricatta), a smaller species, lives in troops of 20 to 30 consisting of an alpha male and female, usually together with their siblings and offspring, in open country in Southern Africa (Angola, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa). The meerkat is a small, diurnal mammal that forages for invertebrates in open country. Its behavior and small size (it weighs less than 2 lb (0.91 kg)) make it vulnerable to larger carnivores and birds of prey. However, it eats small migrating birds.

To protect the foraging troops from predators, one meerkat serves as a lookout that climbs to a vantage point and watches for danger. If the sentinel detects a predator, it gives a loud alarm to warn the troop and indicate whether the threat comes from the air or the ground: if from the air, the meerkats rush to the nearest hole; if from the ground, the troop flees. They are more able to evade terrestrial predators than raptors.

Diet

Mongooses mostly feed on insects, crabs, earthworms, lizards, snakes, birds, and rodents. However, they also eat eggs and carrion.

The Indian gray mongoose and others are well known for their ability to fight and kill venomous snakes, particularly cobras. They are adept at such tasks due to their agility, thick coats, and acetylcholine receptors, which render them resistant or immune to snake venom.[9] However, they typically avoid the cobra and have no particular affinity for consuming its meat.[10]

Some species can learn simple tricks. They can be domesticated and are kept as pets to control vermin. However, they can be more destructive than desired; when imported into the West Indies to kill rats and snakes, they destroyed most of the small, ground-based fauna. For this reason, it is illegal to import most species of mongooses into the United States,[11] Australia, and other countries. Mongooses were introduced to Hawaii in 1883 and have had a significant negative effect on native species.[12]

Reproduction

The mongoose emits a high-pitched noise, commonly known as giggling, when it mates. Giggling is also heard during courtship.[13]

Relationship with humans

Mongooses are a common spectacle at roadside shows in Pakistan. Snake charmers keep mongooses for mock fights with snakes. In the past, in Okinawa (where mongooses were misguidedly brought in to control the local Habu snake), mongoose fights with the highly venomous habu snakes (Ovophis okinavensis and Trimeresurus flavoviridis) in a closed perimeter were presented as spectator events at such parks as Okinawa World; however, due to pressure from animal rights activists, the spectacle is less common today. [14]wow

According to Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (1.35 & 1.87), Egyptians venerated native mongooses (Herpestes ichneumon) for their ability to handle venomous snakes and for their occasional diet of crocodile eggs.[citation needed] The Buddhist god of wealth Vaiśravaṇa, or Dzambala for Tibetans, is frequently depicted holding a mongoose that is spitting jewels from its mouth.[citation needed]

All mongoose species, except for Suricata suricatta, are classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing them from being imported into the country.[15]

In popular culture

A well-known fictional mongoose is Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, who appears in a short story of the same title in The Jungle Book (1894) by Rudyard Kipling. In this tale set in India, the young mongoose saves his family from a krait and from Nag and Nagaina, two cobras. The story was later made into several films, and also a song by Donovan, among other references. A mongoose also features in Bram Stoker's novel, The Lair of the White Worm. The main character, Adam Salton, purchases one to independently hunt snakes.

Taxonomy

Dwarf mongoose (Helogale parvula)

Like other feliformian carnivorans, mongooses descended from the viverravines, which were civet- or genet-like mammals. Older classifications sometimes placed mongooses in the family Viverridae, but both morphological and molecular evidence speaks against the monophyly of this group, though they do have the same basic dental formula as the viverrids. Mongooses also have characteristic behavioral features that distinguish them from viverrids and other feliformian families. Less diverse than the viverrids, the mongoose family includes 14 genera and 33 species.

Mongooses are related to the other feliformian families, including Hyaenidae (hyenas), Viverridae (civets) and Felidae (cats). They are more distantly related to the caniformian carnivorans, including the family Mustelidae, which contains weasels, badgers and otters.

Genetic evidence indicates the family Eupleridae is the closest living group to mongooses. The Eupleridae contain the fossa and the other smaller Malagasy carnivorans.

Genetic evidence from several nuclear and mitochondrial genes argues against placing Malagasy galidiines in the mongoose family; instead, these species are more closely related to other Madagascar carnivorans, including the fossa and Malagasy civet.[16][17] As a result, this subfamily was moved from Herpestidae to Eupleridae.

Classification

The Sokoke bushy-tailed mongoose Bdeogale omnivora[18] has not been included in the above list as many authorities consider it to be a sub-species of the Bushy-tailed mongoose, Bdeogale crassicauda.

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 562–571. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Vaughan, Terry A.; James M. Ryan; Nicholas J. Czaplewski (2010). Mammalogy. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 300. ISBN 0-7637-6299-7
  3. ^ Forsyth, Mark (2012). The Etymologicon: A Circular Stroll Through the Hidden Connections of the English Language. Penguin. ISBN 1101611766. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  4. ^ "Dictionary.com: mongoose". Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  5. ^ "Merriam-Webster: mongoose". Retrieved 2006-04-12.
  6. ^ Lydekker, R. 1894. A hand-book to the Carnivora. Part 1, Cats, civets, and mungooses. London: Allen.
  7. ^ Hedges, Stephen. "Science: Mongoose's secret is to copy its prey"; New Scientist; 11 January 1997. Retrieved 16 November 2007.
  8. ^ "Animal Diversity Web: Herpestes ichneumon". Retrieved 2006-04-12.
  9. ^ "How the Mongoose Defeats the Snake". Retrieved 2010-10-25.
  10. ^ Mondadori, Arnoldo, ed. (1988). Great Book of the Animal Kingdom. New York: Arch Cape Press. p. 301.
  11. ^ "Animals whose importation is banned under the Lacey Act". Retrieved 2006-04-12.
  12. ^ "Star Bulletin: Traps set to catch mongoose on Kauai". Retrieved 2006-04-12.
  13. ^ http://www.buzzle.com/articles/mongoose-facts.html
  14. ^ Charles, Bill. "Okinawa World Presents Midsummer Thrills." Japan Update. 24 August 2012. http://www.japanupdate.com/archive/index.php?id=12558 .
  15. ^ "Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 - Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  16. ^ Yoder, A. D.; Zehr, Sarah; Delefosse, Thomas; Veron, Geraldine; Goodman, Steven M.; Flynn, John J.; et al. (2003). "Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor". Nature. 421 (6924): 434–437. doi:10.1038/nature01303. PMID 12610623. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last2= (help)
  17. ^ Flynn, J. J.; 2, JA; Zehr, S; 3, J; Nedbal, MA (2005). "Molecular Phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the Impact of Increased Sampling on Resolving Enigmatic Relationships". Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317–337. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326. PMID 16012099.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bdeogale omnivora

Further reading

  • Rasa, Anne (1986). Mongoose Watch: A Family Observed. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday & Co. ISBN 9780385231756. OCLC 12664019. Translation of Die perfekte Familie.
  • Hinton, H. E.; Dunn, A. M. S. (1967). Mongooses: Their Natural History and Behaviour. Berkeley: University of California Press. OCLC 1975837. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Herpestidae.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herpestidae.
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