Turin King List
The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is a hieratic papyrus thought to date from the reign of Ramesses II, now in the Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum)[1] at Turin. The papyrus is believed to be the most extensive list of kings compiled by the Egyptians, and is the basis for most chronology before the reign of Ramesses II.
Contents |
[edit] Creation and use
The papyrus is believed to date from the reign of Ramesses II, during the middle of the New Kingdom, or the 19th Dynasty. The beginning and ending of the list are now lost; there is no introduction, and the list does not continue after the 19th Dynasty. The composition may thus have occurred at any subsequent time, from the reign of Ramesses II to as late as the 20th Dynasty.
The papyrus lists the names of rulers, the lengths of reigns in years, and months and days for individual kings. In some cases they are grouped together by family, which approximately corresponds to the dynasties of Manetho’s outline. The list includes the names of ephemeral rulers or those ruling over small territories that may be unmentioned in other sources.
The list also is believed to contain kings from the 15th Dynasty, which were the Hyksos ruling Lower Egypt and the Delta. Although the Hyksos rulers do not have cartouches, a hieroglyphic sign is added to indicate that they were foreigners. Typically on King Lists foreign rulers are not listed.
The papyrus was originally a tax roll, but on its back is written a list of rulers of Egypt – encompassing gods, demi-gods, spirits, and human kings. That the back of an older papyrus was used may indicate that the list was not of great formal importance to the writer, although the primary function of the list is thought to have been as an administrative aid. The papyrus, being a king list, is not supposed to be biased against certain rulers and is believed to contain all the kings of Egypt up through at least the 19th Dynasty.
[edit] Discovery and reconstruction
The papyrus was found by the Italian traveler Bernardino Drovetti in 1820 at Luxor (Thebes), Egypt and was acquired in 1824 by the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy and was designated papyrus no. 1874. When the box in which it had been transported to Italy was unpacked, the list had disintegrated into small fragments. Jean-Francois Champollion, examining it, could recognize only some of the larger fragments containing royal names, and produced a drawing of what he could decipher. A reconstruction of the list was created to better understand it and to aid in research.
The Saxon researcher Gustav Seyffarth re-examined the fragments, some only one square centimeter in size, and made a more complete reconstruction of the papyrus based only on the papyrus fibers, as he could not yet determine the meaning of the hieratic characters. Subsequent work on the fragments was done by the Munich Egyptologist Jens Peter Lauth, which largely confirmed the Seyffarth reconstruction.
In 1997 prominent Egyptologist Kim Ryholt published a new and better interpretation of the list in his book, "The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c.1800-1550 B.C." Following another study of the papyrus, an updated version from Ryholt is expected. Egyptologist Donald Redford has also studied the papyrus and has noted that although much of the list’s names correspond to monuments and documents, there are some discrepancies. Not all of the names on the list line up with monuments and documents, questioning the absolute reliability of the document as the foundation of pre-Ramessses II chronology.
Despite attempts at reconstruction, approximately 50% of the papyrus remains missing. This papyrus as presently constituted is 1.7 m long and 0.41 m high, broken into over 160 fragments. In 2009 previously unpublished fragments were discovered in the storage room of the Egyptian Museum of Turin, in good condition [1]. A new edition of the papyrus is expected.
[edit] Contents of the papyrus
The papyrus is divided into eleven columns, distributed as follows. The names and positions of several kings are still being disputed, since the list is so heavily damaged.
- Column 1 — Gods of Ancient Egypt
- Column 2 — Rows 1-10 Spirits and mythical kings
- Column 2 — Rows 11-25 (Dynasties 1-2)
- Column 3 — Rows 1-25 (Dynasties 2-5)
- Column 4 — Rows 1-26 (Dynasties 6-8/9/10)
- Column 5 — Rows 12-25 (Dynasties 11-12)
- Column 6 — Rows 1-2 (Dynasties 12-13)
- Column 7 — Rows 1-23 (Dynasty 13)
- Column 8 — Rows 1-27 (Dynasty 13-14)
- Column 9 — Rows 1-30 (Dynasty 14)
- Column 10 — Rows 1-30 (Dynasties 14-15)
- Column 11 — Rows 1-17 (Dynasties 16-17)
These are the actual names written on the papyrus, omitting the years, summations and headings:
| Second Column | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Row | Common name | Name in list | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 11 | Menes | Meni | mni | <-Y5:N35-M17-> | 𓏠𓈖𓇋 |
| 12 | Hor-Aha | Teti | ttij | <-X1:X1-M17-Z4-> | 𓏏𓏏𓇋𓏭 |
| 13 | Djer | Iti, Ita | iti | <-M17-X1-//-G7-> | 𓇋𓏏…𓅆 |
| 15 | Djet | Itui | ı͗jtjwi | <-//-G4#12-M17-> | …𓅂𓇋 |
| 16 | Den | Qenti | qntj | <-Aa8:X1*Z4-> | 𓐖𓏏𓏭 |
| 17 | Anedjib | Merbiapen | mrbiꜣpnı͗j | <-U7:D21-U17-Q3:N35-//-> | 𓌻𓂋𓍅𓊪𓈖… |
| 18 | Semerkhet | Semsem | smsm | <-S29-G17-S29-G17-> | 𓋴𓅓𓋴𓅓 |
| 19 | Qa'a | (Qe)beh | ı͗jbḥ | <-//-D58-V28-G7-> | …𓃀𓎛𓅆 |
| 20 | Hotepsekhemwy | Baunetjer | bꜣwnṯr | <-//-G30-R4:Q3-G7-> | …𓅢𓊵𓊪𓅆 |
| 21 | Nebre | Kakau | kꜣkꜣw | <-//-E2-D52:Z1*Z1*Z1-G7-> | …𓃓𓂸𓏤𓏤𓏤𓅆 |
| 22 | Nynetjer | ..netjeren | ı͗jnṯrrn | <-//-R8-D21:N35-G7-> | …𓊹𓂋𓈖𓅆 |
| 23 | Wadjnes | ..s | ı͗js | <-//-//-S29-G7-> | … …𓋴𓅆 |
| 24 | Senedj | Sened.. | snḏı͗j | <-G54-//-> | 𓅾… |
| 25 | Neferkara I | Aaka | ꜥꜣkꜣ | <-O29-D28-Z1-> | 𓉼𓂓𓏤 |
| Third Column | |||||
| Row | Common name | Name in list | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 2 | Neferkasokar | Neferkasokar | nfrkꜣskr | <-F35-D28-Z1-O34:V31:D21-Z5-G7-> | 𓄤𓂓𓏤𓊃𓎡𓂋𓏯𓅆 |
| 3 | Khasekhemwy | Bebti | bbtj | <-D58-D58-N21-G7-> | 𓃀𓃀𓈅𓅆 |
| 4 | Sanakhte | Nebka | nbkꜣ | <-V30-D28-Z1-> | 𓎟𓂓𓏤 |
| 5 | Djoser | Djoser..it | ḏsr..it | <-D45:D21-M17-.:X1#12-G7-> | 𓂦𓂋𓇋𓏏𓅆 |
| 6 | Sekhemkhet | Djoserti | ḏsrti | <-D45:D21-X1:Z4-G7-> | 𓂦𓂋𓏏𓏭𓅆 |
| 7 | Khaba | Hudjefa | ḥwḏfꜣ | <-O34-I10-S29-> | 𓊃𓆓𓋴 |
| 8 | Huni | Huni | ḥwni | <-V28-Z5-A25-//-G7-> | 𓎛𓏯𓀝…𓅆 |
| 9 | Sneferu | Senefer | snfr | <-S29-F35-I9:D21-G7-> | 𓋴𓄤𓆑𓂋𓅆 |
| 10 | Khufu | — | — | //-// | … … |
| 11 | Djedefre | — | — | <-//-//-G7-> | … …𓅆 |
| 12 | Khafre | ..kha.. | ı͗jḫꜥı͗j | <-//-N28-D36-//-G7-> | …𓈍𓂝…𓅆 |
| 13 | Baka | — | — | <-//-//-G7-> | … …𓅆 |
| 14 | Menkaure | — | — | <-//-//-G7-> | … …𓅆 |
| 15 | Shepseskaf | — | — | <-//-//-G7-> | … …𓅆 |
| 16 | Unknown | — | — | — | — |
| 17 | Userkaf | ..kaf | ı͗jkaf | <-//-//-D28:I9-G7-> | … …𓂓𓆑𓅆 |
| 18 | Sahure | — | — | — | — |
| 19 | Neferirkare | — | — | — | — |
| 20 | Shepseskare | — | — | — | — |
| 21 | Neferefre | — | — | — | — |
| 22 | Nyuserre | — | — | — | — |
| 23 | Menkauhor | Menkahor | mnkꜣḥr | G5-<-G7-Y5:N35-D28-Z1-G7-> | 𓅃𓅆𓏠𓈖𓂓𓏤𓅆 |
| 24 | Djedkare | Djed | ḏd | <-R11-R11-> | 𓊽𓊽 |
| 25 | Unas | Unis | wnis | <-E34:N35-M17-S29-> | 𓃹𓈖𓇋𓋴 |
| Fourth Column | |||||
| Row | Common name | Name in list | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | |
| 1 | Teti | — | — | — | |
| 2 | Userkare | — | — | — | |
| 3 | Pepi | — | — | — | |
| 4 | Merenre Nemtyemsaf I | — | — | — | |
| 5 | Pepi II | — | — | — | |
| 6 | Merenre Nemtyemsaf II | — | — | — | |
| 7 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 8 | Neterikare | Neitiqerty | ntiqrti | <-N35:X1*Z5-M17-N29-D21:X1*Z4-G7-> | |
| 9 | Menkare | Neferka | nfrkꜣ | <-F35-D28-Z1-G7-> | |
| 10 | Neferkare | Nefer | nfr | <-F35-I9:D21-G7-> | |
| 11 | Ibi | Ibi | ibj | <-M17-D58-E8-> | |
| 12 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 13 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 18 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 19 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 20 | Neferkare | Neferkare | nfrkꜣrꜥ | <-N5-F35-D28-Z1-G7#12-> | |
| 21 | Khety | Khety | ẖti | <-F32:X1-A50-M17-M17-G7-> | |
| 22 | Senenh.. | Senenh.. | snnhı͗j | <-S29-M22-M22-N35:N35-A53-.:O4-//> | |
| 23 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 24 | Mer.. | Mer.. | mrrı͗j | <-U7:D21-//-> | |
| 25 | Shed.. | Shed.. | šdı͗j | <-F30:D46#24-//-> | |
| 26 | H.. | H.. | ḥı͗j | <-V28-//-> | |
| Fifth Column | |||||
| Row | Common name | Name in list | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | |
| 1 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 2 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 3 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 4 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 5 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 6 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 7 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 8 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 9 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 12 | Mentuhotep I | Wah.. | wꜣḥı͗j | <-V28#1234-//-> | |
| 13 | Intef I | — | — | — | |
| 14 | Intef II | ..n.. | ı͗jnı͗j | <-//-N35-//-> | |
| 15 | Intef III | — | — | — | |
| 16 | Mentuhotep II | Nebhepetre | nbhptrꜥ | <-N5:V30-P8-> | |
| 17 | Mentuhotep III | Seankhkare | sꜥnḫkꜣı͗j | <-S29#34-S34#34-N35:Aa1-D28#34-> | |
| 20 | Amenemhat I | ..pib.. | ı͗jpibı͗j | <-//-.:Q3-.:F34-.:Z1-G7-> | |
| 21 | Sesostris I | ..ka.. | ı͗jkꜣı͗j | <-//-D28-Z1-> | |
| 22 | Amenemhat II | — | — | — | |
| 23 | Sesostris II | — | — | — | |
| 24 | Sesostris III | — | — | — | |
| 25 | Amenemhat III | — | — | — | |
| Sixth Column | |||||
| Row | Common name | Name in list | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | |
| 1 | Amenemhet IV | Maakherure | mꜣꜥḫrwrꜥ | <-N5-U5:D36-P8-V1-A2-> | |
| 2 | Sobekneferu | Sobeknefrure | |||
| 5 | Wegaf | Khutawire | ḫwtꜣwirꜥ | <-N5-D43:N17:N17#1234-> | |
| 6 | Amenemhat V | Sekhemkare | sḫmkꜣrꜥ | <-N5#123-Y8#1234-D28#1234-Z1-> | |
| 7 | Amenemhat | Amenemhat..re | rꜥı͗jmnnḥꜣt | N5-Y5:.#34-G17-F4:X1*Z1-G7 | |
| 8 | Sehetepibre II | Sehetepibre | shtpibrꜥ | N5-S29-R4:X1*Q3-F34 | |
| 9 | Iufni | Iufeni | iwfni | i-Z7-f-n:A1 | |
| 10 | Amenemhet VI | Seankhibre | sꜥnḫibrꜥ | ra-s-anx-ib | |
| 11 | Semenkare | Semenkare | smnkꜣrꜥ | ra-s-mn:n-kA | |
| 12 | Sehetepibre III | Sehetepibre | sḥtpibrꜥ | N5-s-R4:t*p-ib-Z1 | |
| 13 | Sewadjkare | Sewadjkare | swꜣḏkꜣrꜥ | ra-s-wAD-kA | |
| 14 | Nedjemibre | Nedjemibre | ndmibrꜥ | ra-nDm-m-mDAt-ib | |
| 15 | Sobekhotep I | Sebek..p..re | sbkı͗jpı͗jrꜥ | //-N5-I4-// | |
| 16 | Renseneb | Renseneb | rn..nbw | r:n-A2-//-n:b-Y1 | |
| 17 | Awybre Hor I | Autibre | ꜣwtibrꜥ | ra-Aw-Z7:t-Y1:Z2-ib-Z1 | |
| 18 | Amenemhat VII | Sedjefakare | sḏfꜣı͗jkꜣrꜥ | ra-s-D:f-A-//-kA | |
| 19 | Sobekhotep II | Amenemhatsebekhotep | imnmhꜣtsbkḥtp | M17-Y5:N35-G17-F4:X1-I4-R4:X1-Q3 | |
| 20 | Khendjer | User..re ..djer | wsrı͗jrꜥı͗jḫnḏr | N5-F12-//-Z1-N5:N35-M36:D21 | |
| 21 | Imyremeshaw | ..kare | ı͗jkꜣrꜥ | <-N5-//-D28-G7-> | |
| 22 | Intef IV | ..re | ı͗jre | //-D28-Z1-G7-W25:N35-X1:I9-G7 | |
| 23 | Seth | ..ibre..seth | ..ibrꜥ..stẖ | //-F34-Z1-G7-C7-G7 | |
| 24 | Sobekhotep III | Sekhem..re..sebekhotep | sḫmı͗jrꜥı͗jsbkḥtp | N5-Y8-//-I5-Htp:t-p | |
| 25 | Neferhotep I | Khamaatreneferhotep | ḫꜥmꜣꜥtrꜥnfrḥtp | N5-N28:D36:Y1-//-F35-R4:X1-Q3 | |
| 26 | Sahathor | (Re)Sahathor | rꜥsꜣḥtḥr | <-N5-O6-X1:O1-G5-G7-G38-Z1-G7-> | |
| 27 | Sobekhotep IV | Khaneferre-Sobekhotep | ḫꜥnfrrꜥsbkḥtp | <-N5-N28:D36-Y1-F35-I3-R4:X1-Q3-> | |
| Seventh Column | |||||
| Row | Common name | Name in list | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | |
| 1 | Sobekhotep V | Khaheteprehotep | ḫꜥḥtprꜥḥtp | N5-N28:D36*Y1-R4:X1-Q3-G7 | |
| 2 | Wahibre Ibiau | Wahibreibiau | wꜣḥibrꜥibiaw | ra-wAH-H-Y1-ib-Z1-i-a:mw-A24-ib-Z1 | |
| 3 | Merneferre Ay | Merneferre | mrnfrrꜥ | N5-U7:D21-F35 | |
| 4 | Sebekhotep VI | Merhetepre | mriḥtprꜥ | N5-U6-R4:X1*Q3 | |
| 5 | Sankhenre Sewadjtu | Seankhenresewadjtu | sꜥnḫnrꜥswꜣḏtw | ra-s-anx-n:x-n-s-wAD-t-Z7 | |
| 6 | Neferhotep II | Mersekhemre Ined | mrsḫmrꜥind | ra-U7:r-sxm-Z1-i-in:n-d:wr | |
| 7 | Hori | Sewadjkare Hori | swꜣḏkꜣrꜥḥri | N5-S29-M13-S28-Z1-G7-G5-M17 | |
| 8 | Sebekhotep VII | Merkaure Sebek.. | mrkꜣwrꜥsbkı͗j | N5-U7:D21-Z1-D28-Z1-//-I3-// | |
| 9 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 10 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 11 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 12 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 13 | Djedneferre Dedumose | ..mose | ı͗jmss | //-F31-S29-Z5 | |
| 14 | Ibi | ..maat..re Ibi | ı͗jmꜣꜥtrꜥibi | <-N5-//-X1-H6->-G7-M17-E8-M17-A1 | |
| 15 | Hor | ı͗jwebenre Hor | rꜥı͗jwbn ḥr | <-N5-//-G43-D58-N35:N5->-G7-G5 | |
| 16 | Se..kare | Se?..kare | ı͗jkꜣrꜥ | N5-S29-//-D28-Z1-G7 | |
| 17 | Senebmiu | ..enre | ..enrꜥ | N5-//-Y1:N35 | |
| 18 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 19 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 20 | Sekhaenre | ? | ? | <-//-Y1:.#34-G7-> | |
| 21 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 22 | Merkheperre | Merkheperre | mrḫprrꜥ | N5-U7:D21-L1 | |
| 23 | Merkare | Merka.. | //-U7:.#234-D28-Z1 | ||
| Eighth Column | |||||
| Row | Common name | Name in list | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | |
| 1 | Nehesy | Nehesy | nḥsi | G21-V28-S29-Z4-T14 | |
| 2 | Khatyre | Khatyre | ḫꜥititrꜥ | N5-N28:D36*Y1-U33-Z4 | |
| 3 | Nebfautre | Nebfaure | nbfꜣwrꜥ | N5-V30:I9-F40-Z7:X1-Y1:Z2 | |
| 4 | Sehabre | Sehabre | sḥbrꜥ | N5-S29-V28-b-W3:N5 | |
| 5 | Merdjefare | Merdjefare | mrḏfꜣrꜥ | N5-U7:D21-G42-G41:G37 | |
| 6 | Sewadjkare | Sewadjkare | swꜣḏkꜣrꜥ | N5-S29-M13-D28-Z1 | |
| 7 | Nebdjefare | Neb("erased")re | nbḏfꜣwrꜥ | N5-N5:V30-I10:I9-G42-Z7-G41:G37 | |
| 8 | Webenre | Webenre | wbnrꜥ | N5-Z7-D58-N35:N5-G7 | |
| 9 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 10 | ..re | ("erased")re | rꜥı͗jḏfꜣw | N5-//-G41:G37 | |
| 11 | ..webenre | ı͗jwbnı͗j | //-D58#3-N35:N5-G7 | ||
| 12 | Autibre | Autibre | ꜣwtibrꜥ | N5-F40-Z7:X1-Y1:Z2-F34-Z1 | |
| 13 | Heribre | Heribre | hribrꜥ | N5-O4-D21:Y1-F34-Z1 | |
| 14 | Renebsen | Renebsen | nbsnrꜥ | N5-V30-S29-N35:Z2 | |
| 15 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 16 | Sekheperenre | Sekheperenre | sḫprnrꜥ | N5-S29-L1-D21:N35 | |
| 17 | Djedkherure | Djedkherure | ḏdḫrwrꜥ | N5-R11-G7-P8-Z7 | |
| 18 | Seankhibre | Seankhibre | sꜥnḫibrꜥ | N5-S29-S34-N35:Aa1-F34-Z1 | |
| 19 | Kanefertemre | (Ka)nefertemre | ı͗jnfrtmrꜥ | N5-F35-X1:U15-//-G7 | |
| 20 | Sekhem..re | Sekhem..re | sḫmı͗jrꜥ | N5-S42-G17-// | |
| 21 | Kakemure | Ka..kemure | kꜣı͗jkmwrꜥ | N5-D28-D52:E1-//-I6-Z7:X1-E1 | |
| 22 | Neferibre | Neferib..re | rꜥnfribı͗j | N5-F35-F34-// | |
| 23 | I..re | I..re | iı͗jrꜥ | N5-M17-A2-// | |
| 24 | Kha..re | Kha..re | ḫaı͗jrꜥı͗j | N5-N28:D36*Y1-// | |
| 25 | Aakare | Aakare | ꜥꜣkꜣrꜥ | N5-O29v-D28-// | |
| 26 | Semen..re | Semen..re | smnı͗jrꜥı͗j | N5-S29-Y5:N35-// | |
| 27 | Djed..re | Djed..re | ḏdı͗jrꜥ | <-N5-R11-R11-// | |
| Ninth Column | |||||
| Row | Common name | Name in list | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | |
| 1 | Lost | — | — | N5-// | |
| 2 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 3 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 4 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 5 | Lost | — | — | N5-// | |
| 6 | Lost | — | — | N5-// | |
| 7 | Senefer..re | Senefer..re | snfrı͗jrꜥ | N5-S29-F35-// | |
| 8 | Men..re | Men(ib)..re | mnı͗jraı͗j | N5-Y5:N35-ib*Z1#1234 | |
| 9 | Djed.. | Djed.. | ḏdı͗j | R11*R11#34-// | |
| 10 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 11 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 12 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 13 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 14 | Inenek | Inenek | innkı͗j | M17-K1:N35:V31A-// | |
| 15 | Ineb | Ineb | inbı͗j | M17-A1-V30-// | |
| 16 | Ip.. | Ip.. | ipı͗j | M17-A1-Q3-// | |
| 17 | Hab | Hab | hꜣb | M17-O4-G1-D58 | |
| 18 | Sa | Sa | sꜣ | G39-Z1 | |
| 19 | Hepu | Hepu | ḥpw | Aa5:Q3-Z7-E1 | |
| 20 | Shemsu | Shemsu | šmsw | T18-S29-Z7-D54 | |
| 21 | Meni | Meni | mni | Y5:N35-M17-// | |
| 22 | Werqa.. | werqa.. | wrkꜣı͗j | G36:D21-N29-A28 | |
| 23 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 24 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 25 | ..ka | ..ka | ı͗jkꜣ | <-//-A2-D28-Z1-> | |
| 26 | ..ka | ..ka | ı͗jkꜣ | <-//-D28-Z1-> | |
| 27 | Lost | .. | ı͗j | <-//-Z1-G7-> | |
| 28 | ..ren..hepu | ..ren..hepu.. | ḥpwı͗j | <-//-D21:N35->-G7-Aa5:Q3-Z7-Y1 | |
| 29 | Anati | Anati | ꜥꜣnꜣti | <-//-D28-Z1-G7->-G7-V30:N35-N35:G1-U33-M17-D54 | |
| 30 | ..ka.. Bebenem | ..ka.. Bebnem | ı͗jkꜣı͗jbbnm | <-//-D28-Z1-G7->-G7-D58-D58-N35:Z2-G17-D54 | |
| 31 | Lost | .. | ı͗j | ı͗j | |
| Tenth Column | |||||
| Row | Common name | Name in list | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | |
| 1 | I.. | I.. | M17-// | ||
| 2 | Seth II | Seth | stẖ.. | <-C7-G7-//-> | |
| 3 | Sunu.. | Sunu.. | swnw | <-T11-W24-Z7-//-> | |
| 4 | Hor.. | Hor.. | ḥrı͗j | <-G5-G7://-//-> | |
| 5 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 6 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 7 | Nib.. | Nob.. | nibwmw.. | <-D35-M17-D58-E8-N35A#24-/-> | |
| 8 | Mer..en.. | Mer..en.. | <-U6://-N35://-G7-> | ||
| 9 | Penensetensepet | Penensetensepet | pnnsttnspt | Q3:N35:N35-S29-K3:X1*X1-N35-S29-Q3:X1 | |
| 10 | Kherethebshepesu | Kherethebshepesu | <-T28:D21-W3:X1*B1-Z3A-A50-Z3A-//-> | ||
| 11 | Khut..hemet | Khut..hemet | <-Aa1:D43-Z7-//-N42:X1-B1-//-> | ||
| 12 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 15 | Salitis | — | — | — | |
| 16 | Beon | — | — | — | |
| 17 | Sakir-Har | — | — | — | |
| 18 | Khyan | — | — | — | |
| 19 | Apepi | — | — | — | |
| 20 | Khamudi | Khamudi | ḫꜣmdw | xA-A-m-Z7-d:y-T14 | |
| 23 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 24 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 25 | Zeket.. | Zeket.. | sktı͗j | <-O34:V31:X1*Z5-//-Z1-G7-//-> | |
| 26 | Ar.. | Ar.. | <-D36:D21-//-> | ||
| 27 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 28 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 29 | ..nia.. | ..nia.. | ı͗jniꜣı͗j | //-G7-N35-M17-G1-// | |
| Eleventh Column | |||||
| Row | Common name | Name in list | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | |
| 1 | Sekhem..re | Sekhem..re | sḫmı͗jrꜥ | <-N5-S42-Z1-//-> | |
| 2 | Sekhem..re | Sekhem..re | sḫmı͗jrꜥ | <-N5-S42-Z1-G7-//-> | |
| 3 | Sekhemre S.. | Sekhemre S.. | sḫmı͗jrꜥsı͗j | <-N5-S42-Z1-G7-S29-//-> | |
| 4 | Sewadjenre | Sewadjenre.. | swꜣḏnrꜥ.. | <-N5-S29-M13-N35:.#234-//-> | |
| 5 | Nebiriaure | Nebiriaure | nbirjꜣwtrꜥ | #b-<-N5-V30-M17-D21:Z4-F40-Z7-Y1:Z2->#e | |
| 6 | Nebiretaure | Nebiretaure | nbirjꜣwtrꜥ | #b-<-N5-V30-M17-D21:Z4-X1:.-F40-Z7-Y1:Z2->#e | |
| 7 | Semenre | Semenre | smnrꜥ | #b-<-N5-S29-Y5:N35-U32-Y1:.*Z1->#e | |
| 8 | Seuserre.. | Seuserre.. | #b-<-N5-S29-F12-S29-D21:D36->#e | ||
| 9 | Sekhemre Shedwaset | Sekhemre Shedwaset | sḫmrꜥšdwꜣst | <-N5-S42-F30:D46-A24-R19-X1:O49-G7-> | |
| 10 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 11 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 12 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 13 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 14 | Lost | — | — | — | |
| 16 | User..re | User..re | <-N5-F12-D21:.#1234-//-> | ||
| 17 | User.. | User.. | <-F12#3-//-> | ||
- The transliteration use the unicode character ⟨ꜣ⟩ as ⟨A⟩ (uppercase a), and ⟨ꜥ⟩ as ⟨a⟩ (lowercase a).
- The Manuel de Codage text was written using the Open Source hieroglyphic editor JSesh.
[edit] Bibliography
- Alan Gardiner, editor. Royal Canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, 1959. (Reprint 1988. ISBN 0-900416-48-3)
- Beckerath, Jürgen von. “Some remarks on Helck's 'Anmerkungen zum Turiner Konigspapyrus‘.“ Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 81, (1995): 225-227.
- Beckerath, Jürgen von. “The Date of the End of the Old Kingdom of Egypt.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 21, no. 2 (April 1962): 140-147.
- Bennett, Chris. “A Genealogical Chronology of the Seventeenth Dynasty.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 39, (2002): 123-155.
- George Adam Smith, "Chaldean Account of Genesis" (Whittingham & Wilkins, London, 1872) (Reprint 2005. Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 1-4021-8590-1) p290 Contains a different translation of the Turin Papyrus in a chart about "dynasty of gods".
- Kenneth A. Kitchen "King Lists" The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford. Copyright © 2001, 2005 by Oxford University Press, Inc.. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.
- K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997. ISBN 87-7289-421-0.
- Málek, Jaromír. “The Original Version of the Royal Canon of Turin.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 68, (1982): 93-106.
- Spalinger, Anthony. “Review of: ‘The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800-1550 B. C.’ by K.S.B. Ryholt.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60, no. 4 (October 2001): 296-300.
[edit] See also
- List of lists of ancient kings
- List of pharaohs
- Palermo stone (An older fragmented king list)
[edit] References
- ^ "Museo Egizio homepage". http://www.museoegizio.it/. Retrieved 20 December 2010. (Italian) (English)
[edit] External links
- Description and Translation of the king list.
