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Western Local Escort Force

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Western Local Escort Force (WLEF) referred to the organization of anti-submarine escorts for World War II trade convoys from North American port cities to the Western Ocean Meeting Point (WOMP or WESTOMP) near Newfoundland where ships of the Mid-Ocean Escort Force (MOEF) assumed responsibility for safely delivering the convoys to the British Isles.[1][2]

HMCS Sackville, preserved at Halifax Harbour, is believed to be the only survivor of the Canadian Flower-class corvettes providing the backbone of the WLEF.

Background

On the basis of experience during World War I, the Admiralty instituted trade convoys in United Kingdom coastal waters from September 1939.[3] Convoys gradually extended westward until HX 129 left Halifax, Nova Scotia on 27 May 1941 as the first convoy to receive escort for the entire trip from Canada.[4] The American Neutrality Zone offered some protection in North American coastal waters until United States declaration of war in December 1941.[5]

Organization

The Royal Canadian Navy organized the Halifax-based Western Local Escort Force in February 1942 as German U-boats began patrolling North American coastal waters during the "second happy time".[6] The Royal Navy provided the WLEF with twelve old, short-range destroyers well-equipped for anti-submarine warfare and manned by experienced personnel.[6] Newly commissioned Canadian Flower-class corvettes and Bangor-class minesweepers were assigned to the WLEF.[7] Town-class destroyers St. Clair, Columbia, and Niagara were assigned to the WLEF after their endurance proved inadequate for MOEF assignments.[7] During the winter of 1942–43, some of these destroyers were organized into Western Support Force (WSF) groupings of three ships to augment protection of convoys coming under attack in the western Atlantic.[8]

Operations

The WLEF was theoretically organized into eight escort groups[1] able to provide an escort of four to six ships to each convoy.[9] WLEF escort group assignments were more dynamic than the MOEF escort groups, and WLEF escorts seldom worked with the same team of ships through successive convoys.[10] A WLEF escort group would typically meet a westbound ON convoy at WOMP and then individual WLEF ships would be detached with elements of the convoy proceeding separately to Halifax, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Quebec ports on the St. Lawrence River, Saint John, New Brunswick, Boston, Massachusetts, or New York City. Some WLEF escorts were assigned to coastal convoys reaching as far south as the Caribbean Sea.[11] Eastbound HX convoys and SC convoys worked in reverse forming with a few WLEF escorts in New York City and picking up others as ships joined from New England ports or the Maritimes.[12] Short range escorts or escorts experiencing mechanical problems might be similarly detached and replaced at intermediate points between WOMP and New York City.[13] The most frequent location for escort exchanges was the Halifax Ocean Meeting Point (HOMP) off the WLEF home port of Halifax.[14]

The WLEF operated exclusively within range of anti-submarine patrol bombers; although weather often limited flight operations. U-boats were deployed cautiously in areas where air patrols were expected, so single U-boat encounters were more common than wolf pack engagements. The name was shortened to "Western Escort Force" (WEF) in the summer of 1943.[15]

Major combat event chronology

Convoy routes

  • AH – Aruba to Halifax Harbour a brief tanker series from July to September 1942
  • BS – Corner Brook, Newfoundland to Sydney, Nova Scotia
  • BW – Sydney, Nova Scotia to St. John's, Newfoundland
  • BX – Boston to Halifax Harbour
  • CL – St. John's, Newfoundland to Sydney, Nova Scotia
  • FH – Saint John, New Brunswick to Halifax Harbour
  • HA – Halifax Harbour to Curaçao (1942)
  • HF – Halifax Harbour to Saint John, New Brunswick
  • HHX – Halifax Harbour to meet HX convoys originating in New York City at the Halifax Ocean Meeting Point (HOMP)
  • HJ – Halifax Harbour to St. John's, Newfoundland
  • HON – Halifax Harbour to ON convoys at the Halifax Ocean Meeting Point (HOMP)
  • HS – Halifax Harbour to Sydney, Nova Scotia
  • HT – Halifax Harbour to Trinidad (replaced by HA convoys)
  • JH – St. John's, Newfoundland to Halifax Harbour
  • JN – St. John's, Newfoundland to Labrador
  • LC – Sydney, Nova Scotia to St. John's, Newfoundland
  • LN – St. Lawrence River to Labrador
  • NJ – Newfoundland coast to St. John's, Newfoundland
  • NL – Labrador to St. Lawrence River
  • QS – Quebec to Sydney, Nova Scotia
  • SB – Sydney, Nova Scotia to Corner Brook, Newfoundland
  • SH – Sydney, Nova Scotia to Halifax Harbour
  • SHX – Sydney, Nova Scotia to HX convoys
  • SQ – Sydney, Nova Scotia to Quebec
  • TH – Trinidad to Halifax Harbour
  • WS – Wabana, Newfoundland to Sydney, Nova Scotia
  • XB – Halifax Harbour to Boston[26]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Morison (1975) p. 319
  2. ^ Hague (2000) p. x
  3. ^ Hague (2000) p. 23
  4. ^ van der Vat (1988) p. 187
  5. ^ Hague (2000) p. 56
  6. ^ a b Milner (1985) p. 97
  7. ^ a b Milner (1985) p. 98
  8. ^ Milner (1985) p. 188
  9. ^ Milner (1985) p. 129
  10. ^ Middlebrook (1976) p. 91
  11. ^ Morison (1975) p. 349
  12. ^ Middlebrook (1976) pp. 98–109
  13. ^ Gretton (1974) pp. 31–32
  14. ^ Middlebrook (1976) p. 108
  15. ^ Milner (1985) p. 273
  16. ^ Blair (1996) p. 571
  17. ^ a b Rohwer & Hummelchen (1992) p. 149
  18. ^ Rohwer & Hummelchen (1992) p. 152
  19. ^ Rohwer & Hummelchen (1992) p. 160
  20. ^ a b c d e Rohwer & Hummelchen (1992) p. 158
  21. ^ Rohwer & Hummelchen (1992) p. 161
  22. ^ Runyan & Copes (1994) p. 199
  23. ^ Runyan & Copes (1994) p. 204
  24. ^ a b Runyan & Copes (1994) p. 206
  25. ^ McLean, Douglas M. "The battle of Convoy BX-141" (PDF). Northern Mariner. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  26. ^ Hague (2000) pp. 109–114

References

  • Blair, Clay (1996). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942. Random House. ISBN 0-394-58839-8.
  • Gannon, Michael (1989). Black May. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-017819-1.
  • Gretton, Peter (1974). Crisis Convoy. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-925-1.
  • Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-019-3.
  • Lenton, H.T. & Colledge J.J. (1968). British and Dominion Warships of World War II. Doubleday and Company.
  • Middlebrook, Martin (1976). Convoy. William Morrow and Company.
  • Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-450-0.
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot (1975). History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic 1939–1943. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Rohwer, J. & Hummelchen, G. (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-105-X.
  • Runyan, Timothy J. & Copes, Jan M. (1994). To Die Gallantly. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-2332-0.
  • van der Vat, Dan (1988). The Atlantic Campaign. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-015967-7.
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