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Ya (Indic)

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Ya
Ya
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseYa
TibetanYa
TamilYa
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiYa
DevanagariYa
Cognates
Hebrewי
GreekΙ
LatinI, J
CyrillicІ, Ї, Ы, Ю
Properties
Phonemic representation/j/
IAST transliterationy Y
ISCII code pointCD (205)

Ya is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ya is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of य are:[1]

  • [jə] = 30 (३०)
  • यि [jɪ] = 3,000 (३ ०००)
  • यु [jʊ] = 300,000 (३ ०० ०००)
  • यृ [jri] = 30,000,000 (३ ०० ०० ०००)
  • यॢ [jlə] = 3×109 (३×१०)
  • ये [je] = 3×1011 (३×१०११)
  • यै [jɛː] = 3×1013 (३×१०१३)
  • यो [joː] = 3×1015 (३×१०१५)
  • यौ [jɔː] = 3×1017 (३×१०१७)

Historic Ya

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ya as found in standard Brahmi, Ya was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Ya. The Tocharian Ya Ya did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ya, in Kharoshthi (Ya) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ya

The Brahmi letter Ya, Ya, is probably derived from the Aramaic Yodh , and is thus related to the modern Latin I and J and Greek Iota.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ya can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ya historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Ya

The Tocharian letter Ya is derived from the Brahmi Ya, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ya with vowel marks
Ya Yi Yu Yr Yr̄ Ye Yai Yo Yau

Kharoṣṭhī Ya

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Yodh , and is thus related to I, J and Iota, in addition to the Brahmi Ya.[2]

Devanagari Ya

Ya () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘧.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, य is pronounced as [jə] or [j] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari य with vowel marks
Ya Yi Yu Yr Yr̄ Yl Yl̄ Ye Yai Yo Yau Y
या यि यी यु यू यृ यॄ यॢ यॣ ये यै यो यौ य्

Conjuncts with य

Half form of Ya.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of य

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya:

  • य্ (y) + न (na) gives the ligature yna:

  • य্ (y) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature yra:

  • छ্ (ch) + य (ya) gives the ligature chya:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ḍʱya:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ḍya:

  • द্ (d) + द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature ddya:

  • द্ (d) + व্ (v) + य (ya) gives the ligature dvya:

  • द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature dya:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋya:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ठ্ (ṭh) + य (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭhya:

  • ठ্ (ṭh) + य (ya) gives the ligature ṭhya:

Stacked conjuncts of य

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • ग্ (g) + न্ (n) + य (ya) gives the ligature gnya:

  • ग্ (g) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature grya:

  • ह্ (h) + य (ya) gives the ligature hya:

  • ज্ (j) + ज্ (j) + य (ya) gives the ligature jjya:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष্ (ṣ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋkṣya:

  • त্ (t) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature trya:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ṭya:

  • य্ (y) + च (ca) gives the ligature yca:

  • य্ (y) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature yḍa:

  • य্ (y) + ज (ja) gives the ligature yja:

  • य্ (y) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature yjña:

  • य্ (y) + ल (la) gives the ligature yla:

  • य্ (y) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature yŋa:

  • य্ (y) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature yña:

Bangla Ya

The Bangla script য is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, य. Unlike most other Indic scripts and like Odia, the Bangla য is pronounced as a voiced postalveolar affricate (similar to the English "j" sound). The "y" sound is represented by the related letter য়. In addition to this, the inherent vowel of Bangla consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter য will sometimes be transliterated as "jo" instead of "ya". Adding o-kar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /dʒo/. Like all Indic consonants, য can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bangla য with vowel marks
ja ji ju jr jr̄ je jai jo jau j
যা যি যী যু যূ যৃ যৄ যে যৈ যো যৌ য্

য in Bangla-using languages

য is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bangla script orthographies, including Bangla and Assamese.

Conjuncts with য

Bangla য exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

Bangla Ya-phala

Bangla Ya-phala

The letter য has a special form when used as the last letter of a conjunct called "Ya-phala" (or "Jô-fôla"). This reduced form of য is appended to the right of the preceding letter or conjunct, with vowel signs falling outside of the ya-phala as in most conjuncts.[6] The use of a reduced Ya-phala is similar to the Ra-phala and Va-phala forms, which attach to the bottom of a letter or conjunct. Unlike these other reduced consonant forms, ya-phala can be appended to the independent A vowel character. In representing Bangla text on computer systems, the Zero-width joiner is used to suppress formation of ya-phala in certain contexts, as Hasant + Ya is realized as ya-phala by default.

  • ভ্ (bh) + য (ya) gives the ligature bhya:

  • ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature bya:

  • চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives the ligature cya:

  • ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ḍʱya:

  • ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ḍya:

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature dʱya:

  • দ্ (d) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature drya, with ra phala in addition to ya phala:

  • দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature dya:

  • গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature gdʱya:

  • ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ɡʱya:

  • গ্ (g) + ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature gnya:

  • গ্ (g) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature grya, with ra phala in addition to ya phala:

  • গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature gya:

  • জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature jya:

  • খ্ (kh) + য (ya) gives the ligature khya:

  • ক্ (k) + শ্ (ʃ) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature kʃmya:

  • ক্ (k) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature kṣya:

  • ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature kya:

  • ল্ (l) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature lkya:

  • ল্ (l) + য (ya) gives the ligature lya:

  • ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature mya:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndʱya:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndya:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋɡʱya:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋgya:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋkya:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇḍya:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ঠ্ (ṭh) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇṭhya:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇya:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntrya, with ra phala in addition to ya phala:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntya:

  • ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature nya:

  • প্ (p) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with ra phala in addition to ya phala

  • প্ (p) + য (ya) gives the ligature pya:

  • র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature rbya, with the repha prefix in addition to ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives the ligature rcya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rḍʱya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡʱya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + হ্ (h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rhya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature rjya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + খ্ (kh) + য (ya) gives the ligature rkhya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature rkya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature rmya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṇya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rʃya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṣya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + থ্ (th) + য (ya) gives the ligature rthya, with repha and ya phala:

  • র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature rtya, with repha and ya phala:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ʃya:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ঠ্ (ṭh) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭhya:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭya:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣya:

  • স্ (s) + থ্ (th) + য (ya) gives the ligature sthya:

  • স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature stya:

  • স্ (s) + য (ya) gives the ligature sya:

  • থ্ (th) + য (ya) gives the ligature thya:

  • ত্ (t) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature tmya:

  • ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature trya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

  • ট্ (ṭ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṭya:

  • ত্ (t) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature ttya:

  • ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature tya:

  • য্ (y) + য (ya) gives the ligature yya:

Other conjuncts of য

Ya-phala is almost universal, and its suppression generally only happens in order to express a repha on য instead.

  • র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature rya, with the repha prefix:

Gujarati Ya

Gujarati Ya.

Ya () is the twenty-sixth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ya Ya with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Ya.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ય is pronounced as [yə] or [y] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ya Yi Yu Yr Yl Yr̄ Yl̄ Ye Yai Yo Yau Y
Gujarati Ya syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ય

Half form of Ya.

Gujarati ય exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ય (ya) gives the ligature RYa:

  • ય્ (y) + ર (ra) gives the ligature YRa:

  • ય્ (y) + ન (na) gives the ligature YNa:

Javanese Ya

Telugu Ya

Telugu Ya
Telugu subjoined Ya
Telugu independent and subjoined Ya.

Ya () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Y. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bangla letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ya

Malayalam letter Ya

Ya () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Y, via the Grantha letter Ya Ya. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ya matras: Ya, Yā, Yi, Yī, Yu, Yū, Yr̥, Yr̥̄, Yl̥, Yl̥̄, Ye, Yē, Yai, Yo, Yō, Yau, and Y.

Conjuncts of യ

Malayalam letter Chillu Y

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • യ് (y) + ക (ka) gives the ligature yka:

  • യ് (y) + ത (ta) gives the ligature yta:

  • യ് (y) + യ (ya) gives the ligature yya:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Ye

, , and are the base characters "Ye", "Yi", "Yo" and "Ya" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant (Y) is a small version of the A-series letter ᔭ, although the Western Cree letter ᕀ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for Y. The character ᔦ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter य, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.[7][8] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant E-series I-series O-series A-series Other
Y + vowel -
Ye Yi Yo Ya -
Related small -
- Sayasi Yi Bible-Cree Y Y West Cree Y
Y with long vowels - - -
- Cree Cree -
Y + W-vowels -
Ywe Cree Ywe Ywi Cree Ywi Ywo Cree Ywo Ywa Cree Ywa -
Y + long W-vowels - -
- Ywī Cree Ywī Ywō Cree Ywō Ywā Naskapi Ywā Cree Ywā -
Y with ring diacritic - -
- Yāi Yoy Yay -

Odia Jya

Odia independent letter Jya
Odia independent Jya.

Jya () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Y, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ya Ya. Unlike the cognate letter in many other Indic scripts and similar to the Bangla letter, Odia Jya is pronounced as a voiced postalveolar affricate, same as "J" in English. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ya with vowel matras
Jya Jyā Jyi Jyī Jyu Jyū Jyr̥ Jyr̥̄ Jyl̥ Jyl̥̄ Jye Jyai Jyo Jyau Jy
ଯା ଯି ଯୀ ଯୁ ଯୂ ଯୃ ଯୄ ଯୢ ଯୣ ଯେ ଯୈ ଯୋ ଯୌ ଯ୍

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. ଯ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures.

Odia Ya

Odia independent letter Ya
Odia subjoined letter Ya
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ya.

Ya () is the second "Y" consonant of the Odia abugida. Unlike its relative, it retains the palatal approximant pronunciation "y". It is descended from the Brahmi and Siddhaṃ letter a, the same as ଯ. Like other Odia consonants, ୟ has an inherent "a" vowel, and takes one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Yva with vowel matras
Ya Yi Yu Yr̥ Yr̥̄ Yl̥ Yl̥̄ Ye Yai Yo Yau Y
ୟା ୟି ୟୀ ୟୁ ୟୂ ୟୃ ୟୄ ୟୢ ୟୣ ୟେ ୟୈ ୟୋ ୟୌ ୟ୍

Conjuncts of ୟ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of is unique in appearing to the right of the preceding letters, rather than below. This postfixed form of Ya is called "Ya Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଧ୍ (dʱ) + ୟ (ya) gives the ligature dʱya:

Comparison of Ya

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ya, are related as well.

Comparison of Ya in different scripts
Aramaic
Ya
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨩
Ashoka Brahmi
Ya
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Ya
Tocharian[b]
Ya
Gupta Brahmi
Ya
Pallava
Ya
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰧
Siddhaṃ
Ya
Grantha
𑌯
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Ya
Newa
𑐫
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
Ya
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤥
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑩻
Khmer
Tamil
Ya
Chakma
𑄠
Tai Tham
ᨿ / ᩀ
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
ຍ / ຽ / ໟ / ຢ
Tai Le
Marchen
𑲉
Tirhuta
𑒨
New Tai Lue
ᦍ / ᦊ
Tai Viet
ꪤ / ꪥ
Aksara Kawi
Ya
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆪
Rejang
ꤿ
Batak
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
𑨪
Bengali-Assamese
Ya
Takri
𑚣
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
𑻬
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠣
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
Modi
𑘧
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈥
Khudabadi
𑋘
Mahajani
-
Tagbanwa
Devanagari
Ya
Nandinagari
𑧇
Kaithi
𑂨
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊡
Buhid
Canadian Syllabics[f]
Soyombo[g]
𑩻
Sylheti Nagari
-
Gunjala Gondi
𑵬
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴥
Hanuno'o
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Ya

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ya in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ya from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER YA BENGALI LETTER YA TAMIL LETTER YA TELUGU LETTER YA ORIYA LETTER YA KANNADA LETTER YA MALAYALAM LETTER YA GUJARATI LETTER YA GURMUKHI LETTER YA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2351 U+092F 2479 U+09AF 2991 U+0BAF 3119 U+0C2F 2863 U+0B2F 3247 U+0CAF 3375 U+0D2F 2735 U+0AAF 2607 U+0A2F
UTF-8 224 164 175 E0 A4 AF 224 166 175 E0 A6 AF 224 174 175 E0 AE AF 224 176 175 E0 B0 AF 224 172 175 E0 AC AF 224 178 175 E0 B2 AF 224 180 175 E0 B4 AF 224 170 175 E0 AA AF 224 168 175 E0 A8 AF
Numeric character reference य य য য ய ய య య ଯ ଯ ಯ ಯ യ യ ય ય ਯ ਯ
ISCII 205 CD 205 CD 205 CD 205 CD 205 CD 205 CD 205 CD 205 CD 205 CD


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨩 𑌯
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER YA KHAROSHTHI LETTER YA SIDDHAM LETTER YA GRANTHA LETTER YA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69676 U+1102C 68137 U+10A29 71079 U+115A7 70447 U+1132F
UTF-8 240 145 128 172 F0 91 80 AC 240 144 168 169 F0 90 A8 A9 240 145 150 167 F0 91 96 A7 240 145 140 175 F0 91 8C AF
UTF-16 55300 56364 D804 DC2C 55298 56873 D802 DE29 55301 56743 D805 DDA7 55300 57135 D804 DF2F
Numeric character reference 𑀬 𑀬 𐨩 𐨩 𑖧 𑖧 𑌯 𑌯


Character information
Preview 𑨪 𑐫 𑰧 𑆪
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER YA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER YA PHAGS-PA LETTER YA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER YA NEWA LETTER YA BHAIKSUKI LETTER YA SHARADA LETTER YA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3937 U+0F61 4017 U+0FB1 43095 U+A857 72234 U+11A2A 70699 U+1142B 72743 U+11C27 70058 U+111AA
UTF-8 224 189 161 E0 BD A1 224 190 177 E0 BE B1 234 161 151 EA A1 97 240 145 168 170 F0 91 A8 AA 240 145 144 171 F0 91 90 AB 240 145 176 167 F0 91 B0 A7 240 145 134 170 F0 91 86 AA
UTF-16 3937 0F61 4017 0FB1 43095 A857 55302 56874 D806 DE2A 55301 56363 D805 DC2B 55303 56359 D807 DC27 55300 56746 D804 DDAA
Numeric character reference ཡ ཡ ྱ ྱ ꡗ ꡗ 𑨪 𑨪 𑐫 𑐫 𑰧 𑰧 𑆪 𑆪


Character information
Preview ᨿ
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER YA TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH YA TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OY NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW YA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH YA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4122 U+101A 6719 U+1A3F 6720 U+1A40 6765 U+1A6D 6541 U+198D 6538 U+198A
UTF-8 225 128 154 E1 80 9A 225 168 191 E1 A8 BF 225 169 128 E1 A9 80 225 169 173 E1 A9 AD 225 166 141 E1 A6 8D 225 166 138 E1 A6 8A
Numeric character reference ယ ယ ᨿ ᨿ ᩀ ᩀ ᩭ ᩭ ᦍ ᦍ ᦊ ᦊ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER YO THAI CHARACTER YO YAK TAI VIET LETTER LOW YO TAI VIET LETTER HIGH YO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6041 U+1799 3618 U+0E22 43684 U+AAA4 43685 U+AAA5
UTF-8 225 158 153 E1 9E 99 224 184 162 E0 B8 A2 234 170 164 EA AA A4 234 170 165 EA AA A5
Numeric character reference យ យ ย ย ꪤ ꪤ ꪥ ꪥ
  • See further below for Lao codepoints.


Character information
Preview 𑄠 𑄡 𑤥
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER YAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER YA CHAKMA LETTER YYAA CHAKMA LETTER YAA TAI LE LETTER YA DIVES AKURU LETTER YA SAURASHTRA LETTER YA CHAM LETTER YA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3514 U+0DBA 43291 U+A91B 69920 U+11120 69921 U+11121 6485 U+1955 71973 U+11925 43179 U+A8AB 43554 U+AA22
UTF-8 224 182 186 E0 B6 BA 234 164 155 EA A4 9B 240 145 132 160 F0 91 84 A0 240 145 132 161 F0 91 84 A1 225 165 149 E1 A5 95 240 145 164 165 F0 91 A4 A5 234 162 171 EA A2 AB 234 168 162 EA A8 A2
UTF-16 3514 0DBA 43291 A91B 55300 56608 D804 DD20 55300 56609 D804 DD21 6485 1955 55302 56613 D806 DD25 43179 A8AB 43554 AA22
Numeric character reference ය ය ꤛ ꤛ 𑄠 𑄠 𑄡 𑄡 ᥕ ᥕ 𑤥 𑤥 ꢫ ꢫ ꨢ ꨢ


Character information
Preview 𑘧 𑧇 𑩻 𑵬 𑂨
Unicode name MODI LETTER YA NANDINAGARI LETTER YA SOYOMBO LETTER YA GUNJALA GONDI LETTER YA KAITHI LETTER YA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71207 U+11627 72135 U+119C7 72315 U+11A7B 73068 U+11D6C 69800 U+110A8
UTF-8 240 145 152 167 F0 91 98 A7 240 145 167 135 F0 91 A7 87 240 145 169 187 F0 91 A9 BB 240 145 181 172 F0 91 B5 AC 240 145 130 168 F0 91 82 A8
UTF-16 55301 56871 D805 DE27 55302 56775 D806 DDC7 55302 56955 D806 DE7B 55303 56684 D807 DD6C 55300 56488 D804 DCA8
Numeric character reference 𑘧 𑘧 𑧇 𑧇 𑩻 𑩻 𑵬 𑵬 𑂨 𑂨


Character information
Preview 𑒨 𑲉
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER YA LEPCHA LETTER YA LIMBU LETTER YA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER YANG MARCHEN LETTER YA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70824 U+114A8 7194 U+1C1A 6421 U+1915 43980 U+ABCC 72841 U+11C89
UTF-8 240 145 146 168 F0 91 92 A8 225 176 154 E1 B0 9A 225 164 149 E1 A4 95 234 175 140 EA AF 8C 240 145 178 137 F0 91 B2 89
UTF-16 55301 56488 D805 DCA8 7194 1C1A 6421 1915 43980 ABCC 55303 56457 D807 DC89
Numeric character reference 𑒨 𑒨 ᰚ ᰚ ᤕ ᤕ ꯌ ꯌ 𑲉 𑲉


Character information
Preview 𑚣 𑠣 𑈥 𑋘 𑊡
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER YA DOGRA LETTER YA KHOJKI LETTER YA KHUDAWADI LETTER YA MULTANI LETTER YA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71331 U+116A3 71715 U+11823 70181 U+11225 70360 U+112D8 70305 U+112A1
UTF-8 240 145 154 163 F0 91 9A A3 240 145 160 163 F0 91 A0 A3 240 145 136 165 F0 91 88 A5 240 145 139 152 F0 91 8B 98 240 145 138 161 F0 91 8A A1
UTF-16 55301 56995 D805 DEA3 55302 56355 D806 DC23 55300 56869 D804 DE25 55300 57048 D804 DED8 55300 56993 D804 DEA1
Numeric character reference 𑚣 𑚣 𑠣 𑠣 𑈥 𑈥 𑋘 𑋘 𑊡 𑊡


Character information
Preview 𑻬 ꤿ
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER YA BATAK LETTER YA BUGINESE LETTER YA JAVANESE LETTER YA MAKASAR LETTER YA REJANG LETTER YA SUNDANESE LETTER YA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6956 U+1B2C 7131 U+1BDB 6672 U+1A10 43434 U+A9AA 73452 U+11EEC 43327 U+A93F 7066 U+1B9A
UTF-8 225 172 172 E1 AC AC 225 175 155 E1 AF 9B 225 168 144 E1 A8 90 234 166 170 EA A6 AA 240 145 187 172 F0 91 BB AC 234 164 191 EA A4 BF 225 174 154 E1 AE 9A
UTF-16 6956 1B2C 7131 1BDB 6672 1A10 43434 A9AA 55303 57068 D807 DEEC 43327 A93F 7066 1B9A
Numeric character reference ᬬ ᬬ ᯛ ᯛ ᨐ ᨐ ꦪ ꦪ 𑻬 𑻬 ꤿ ꤿ ᮚ ᮚ


Character information
Preview 𑴥
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER YA TAGBANWA LETTER YA BUHID LETTER YA HANUNOO LETTER YA MASARAM GONDI LETTER YA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5900 U+170C 5996 U+176C 5964 U+174C 5932 U+172C 72997 U+11D25
UTF-8 225 156 140 E1 9C 8C 225 157 172 E1 9D AC 225 157 140 E1 9D 8C 225 156 172 E1 9C AC 240 145 180 165 F0 91 B4 A5
UTF-16 5900 170C 5996 176C 5964 174C 5932 172C 55303 56613 D807 DD25
Numeric character reference ᜌ ᜌ ᝬ ᝬ ᝌ ᝌ ᜬ ᜬ 𑴥 𑴥
Character information
Preview
Unicode name CANADIAN SYLLABICS YE CANADIAN SYLLABICS YI CANADIAN SYLLABICS YO CANADIAN SYLLABICS YA CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5414 U+1526 5416 U+1528 5418 U+152A 5421 U+152D 5438 U+153E
UTF-8 225 148 166 E1 94 A6 225 148 168 E1 94 A8 225 148 170 E1 94 AA 225 148 173 E1 94 AD 225 148 190 E1 94 BE
Numeric character reference ᔦ ᔦ ᔨ ᔨ ᔪ ᔪ ᔭ ᔭ ᔾ ᔾ
  • The full range of yE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 1526-153E, 141E, 142B-142E, 18B0-18B3, 18DC-18DD.


Character information
Preview
Unicode name LAO LETTER NYO LAO SEMIVOWEL SIGN NYO LAO LETTER KHMU NYO LAO LETTER YO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3725 U+0E8D 3773 U+0EBD 3807 U+0EDF 3746 U+0EA2
UTF-8 224 186 141 E0 BA 8D 224 186 189 E0 BA BD 224 187 159 E0 BB 9F 224 186 162 E0 BA A2
Numeric character reference ຍ ຍ ຽ ຽ ໟ ໟ ຢ ຢ

References

  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  6. ^ Jain & Cardona, Danesh & George (Jul 26, 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 9781135797119.
  7. ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
  8. ^ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".