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A hobby is considered to be a regular activity that is done for enjoyment, typically during one's leisure time. Hobbies include collecting themed items and objects, engaging in creative and artistic pursuits, playing sports, or pursuing other amusements. Participation in hobbies encourages acquiring substantial skills and knowledge in that area. A list of hobbies changes with renewed interests and developing fashions, making it diverse and lengthy. Hobbies tend to follow trends in society. For example, stamp collecting was popular during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as postal systems were the main means of communication; as of 2023^[update], video games became more popular following technological advances. The advancing production and technology of the nineteenth century provided workers with more leisure time to engage in hobbies. Because of this, the efforts of people investing in hobbies has increased with time.

Hobbyists may be identified under three sub-categories: casual leisure which is intrinsically rewarding, short-lived, pleasurable activity requiring little or no preparation, serious leisure which is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer that is substantial, rewarding and results in a sense of accomplishment, and finally project-based leisure which is a short-term, often one-off, project that is rewarding.^[1]

Etymology

In the 16th century, the term "hobby" had the meaning of "small horse and pony". The term "hobby horse" was documented in a 1557 payment confirmation for a "Hobbyhorse" from Reading, England.^[2] The item, originally called a "Tourney Horse", was made of a wooden or basketwork frame with an artificial tail and head. It was designed for a child to mimic riding a real horse. By 1816 the derivative, "hobby", was introduced into the vocabulary of a number of English people.^[3] Over the course of subsequent centuries, the term came to be associated with recreation and leisure. In the 17th century, the term was used in a pejorative sense by suggesting that a hobby was a childish pursuit, however, in the 18th century with more industrial society and more leisure time, hobbies took on greater respectability.^[4] A hobby is also called a pastime, derived from the use of hobbies to pass the time. A hobby became an activity that is practiced regularly and usually with some worthwhile purpose.^[4] Hobbies are usually, but not always, practiced primarily for interest and enjoyment, rather than financial reward.

History

Prior to the mid-19th century, hobbies were generally considered as an obsession, childish or trivial, with negative connotations.^[5] However, as early as 1676 Sir Matthew Hale, in Contemplations Moral and Divine, wrote "Almost every person hath some hobby horse or other wherein he prides himself."^[6] He was acknowledging that a "hobby horse" produces a legitimate sense of pride. The cultural shift towards acceptance of hobbies was thought to begin during the mid 18th century as working people had more regular hours of work and greater leisure time, spending more time to pursue interests that brought them satisfaction.^[4] However, there was concern that these working people might not use their leisure time in worthwhile pursuits. "The hope of weaning people away from bad habits by the provision of counter-attractions came to the fore in the 1830s, and has rarely waned since. Initially, the bad habits were perceived to be of a sensual and physical nature, and the counter attractions, or perhaps more accurately alternatives, deliberately cultivated rationality and the intellect."^[7] The book and magazine trade of the day encouraged worthwhile hobbies and pursuits. The burgeoning manufacturing trade made materials used in hobbies cheap and was responsive to the changing interests of hobbyists.

In 1941, George Orwell identified hobbies as central to English culture at the time: "Another English characteristic which is so much a part of us that we barely notice it … is the addiction to hobbies and spare-time occupations, the prolateness of English life. We are a nation of flower-lovers, but also a nation of stamp-collectors, pigeon-fanciers, amateur carpenters, coupon-snippers, darts-players, crossword-puzzle fans. All the culture that is most truly native centers round things which even when they are communal are not official—the pub, the football match, the back garden, the fireside and the 'nice cup of tea'."^[8]

Deciding what to include in a list of hobbies provokes debate because it is difficult to decide which pleasurable pass-times can also be described as hobbies. During the 20th century the term hobby suggested activities, such as stamp collecting, embroidery, knitting, painting, woodwork, and photography. Typically the description did not include activities like listening to music, watching television, or reading. These latter activities bring pleasure, but lack the sense of achievement usually associated with a hobby. They are usually not structured, organized pursuits, as most hobbies are. The pleasure of a hobby is usually associated with making something of value or achieving something of value. "Such leisure is socially valorized precisely because it produces feelings of satisfaction with something that looks very much like work but that is done of its own sake."^[4] "Hobbies are a contradiction: they take work and turn it into leisure, and take leisure and turn it into work."^[4] A 2018 study using survey results identified the term "hobby" to most accurately describe activities associated with making or collecting objects, especially when done alone.^[5]

Cultural trends related to hobbies change with time. In the 21st century, the video game industry has been popular as a hobby involving millions of children and adults. Stamp collecting declined along with the importance of the postal system. Woodwork and knitting declined as hobbies, because manufactured goods provide cheap alternatives for handmade goods. Through the internet, an online community has become a hobby for many people; sharing advice, information and support, and in some cases, allowing a traditional hobby, such as collecting, to flourish and support trading in a new environment.^{[citation needed]}

Hobbyists

Hobbyists are a part of a wider group of people engaged in leisure pursuits where the boundaries of each group overlap to some extent. The Serious Leisure Perspective^[9] groups hobbyists with amateurs and volunteers and identifies three broad groups of leisure activity with hobbies being found mainly in the Serious leisure category. Casual leisure is intrinsically rewarding, short-lived, pleasurable activity requiring little or no preparation. Serious leisure is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer that is substantial, rewarding and results in a sense of accomplishment. Finally, project-based leisure is a short-term often a one-off project that is rewarding.^[1]

The terms amateur and hobbyist are often used interchangeably. Stebbins^[9] has a framework which distinguishes the terms in a useful categorization of leisure in which casual leisure is separated from serious Leisure. He describes serious leisure as undertaken by amateurs, hobbyists and volunteers. Amateurs engage in pursuits that have a professional counterpart, such as playing an instrument or astronomy. Hobbyists engage in five broad types of activity: collecting, making and tinkering (like embroidery and car restoration), activity participation (like fishing and singing), sports and games, and liberal-arts hobbies (like languages, cuisine, literature). Volunteers commit to organizations where they work as guides, counsellors, gardeners and so on. The separation of the amateur from the hobbyist is because the amateur has the ethos of the professional practitioner as a guide to practice. An amateur clarinetist is conscious of the role and procedures of a professional clarinetist.

A large proportion of hobbies are mainly solitary in nature.^[4]^: 28 However, individual pursuit of a hobby often includes club memberships, organized sharing of products and regular communication between participants. For many hobbies there is an important role in being in touch with fellow hobbyists. Some hobbies are of communal nature, like choral singing and volunteering.

People who engage in hobbies have an interest in and time to pursue them. Children have been an important group of hobbyists because they are enthusiastic for collecting, making and exploring, in addition to this they have the leisure time that allows them to pursue those hobbies. The growth in hobbies occurred during industrialization which gave workers set time for leisure. During the Depression there was an increase in the participation in hobbies because the unemployed had the time and a desire to be purposefully occupied.^[10] Hobbies are often pursued with an increased interest by retired people because they have the time and seek the intellectual and physical stimulation a hobby provides.

Types of hobbies

Hobbies are a diverse set of activities and it is difficult to categorize them in a logical manner. The following categorization of hobbies was developed by Stebbins.^[1]

Collecting

Collecting includes seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying and storing.^[4] Collecting is appealing to many people due to their interest in a particular subject and a desire to categorize and make order out of complexity. Some collectors are generalists, accumulating items from countries of the world. Others focus on a subtopic within their area of interest, perhaps 19th century postage stamps, milk bottle labels from Sussex, or Mongolian harnesses and tack, Firearms (both modern and vintage).

Collecting is an ancient hobby, with the list of coin collectors showing Caesar Augustus as one. Sometimes collectors have turned their hobby into a business, becoming commercial dealers that trade in the items being collected.

An alternative to collecting physical objects is collecting records of events of a particular kind. Examples include train spotting, bird-watching, aircraft spotting, and any other form of systematic recording a particular phenomenon. The recording form can be written, photographic, online, etc.

Making and tinkering

Making and tinkering includes working on self-motivated projects for fulfillment. These projects may be progressive, irregular tasks performed over a long period of time.^[1] Making and Tinkering hobbies include higher-end projects, such as building or restoring a car or building a computer from individual parts, like CPUs and SSDs. For computer savvy do-it-yourself hobbyists, CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining may also popular. A CNC machine can be assembled and programmed to make different parts from wood or metal.

Tinkering is 'dabbling' with the making process, often applied to the hobby of tinkering with car repairs, and various kinds of restoration: of furniture, antique cars, etc. It also applies to household tinkering: repairing a wall, laying a pathway, etc. Examples of Making and Tinkering hobbies include Scale modeling, model engineering, 3D printing, dressmaking, and cooking.

Scale modeling is making a replica of a real-life object in a smaller scale and dates back to prehistoric times with small clay "dolls" and other children's toys that have been found near known populated areas. Some of the earliest scale models of residences were found in Cucuteni–Trypillia culture in Eastern Europe. These artifacts were dated to be around 3000-6000 BC.^[11] Similar models dating back to the same period were found in ancient Egypt, India, China and Mesopotamia archaeological sites.^[11]

At the turn of the Industrial Age and through the 1920s, some families could afford things such as electric trains, wind-up toys (typically boats or cars) and the increasingly valuable tin toy soldiers. Scale modeling as we know it today became popular shortly after World War II. Before 1946, children as well as adults were content in carving and shaping wooden replicas from block wood kits, often depicting enemy aircraft to help with identification in case of an invasion.^{[citation needed]}

With the advent of modern plastics, the amount of skill required to get the basic shape accurately shown for any given subject was lessened, making it easier for people of all ages to begin assembling replicas in varying scales. Superheroes, aero planes, boats, cars, tanks, artillery, and even figures of soldiers became quite popular subjects to build, paint and display. Although almost any subject can be found in almost any scale, there are common scales for such miniatures which remain constant today.

Model engineering refers to building functioning machinery in metal, such as internal combustion motors and live steam models or locomotives. This is a demanding hobby that requires a multitude of large and expensive machine tools, such as lathes and mills. This hobby originated in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century, later spreading and flourishing in the mid-20th century. Due to the expense and space required, it is becoming rare.

3D Printing is a relatively new technology and already a major hobby as the cost of printers has fallen sharply. It is a good example of how hobbyists quickly engage with new technologies, communicate with one another and become producers related to their former hobby. 3D modeling is the process of making mathematical representations of three dimensional items and is an aspect of 3D printing.

Dressmaking has been a major hobby up until the late 20th century, in order to make cheap clothes, but also as a creative design and craft challenge. It has been reduced by the low cost of manufactured clothes.

Cooking is for some people an interest, a hobby, a challenge and a source of significant satisfaction. For many other people it is a job, a chore, a duty, like cleaning. In the early 21st century the importance of cooking as a hobby was demonstrated by the high popularity of competitive television cooking programs.

Activity participation

Activity participation includes partaking in "non-competitive, rule-based pursuits."^[1]

Outdoor pursuits are the group of activities which occur outdoors. These hobbies include gardening, hill walking, hiking, backpacking, cycling, canoeing, climbing, caving, fishing, hunting, target shooting (informal or formal), wildlife viewing (as birdwatching) and engaging in watersports and snowsports.

One large subset of outdoor pursuits is gardening. Residential gardening most often takes place in or about one's own residence, in a space referred to as the garden. Although a garden typically is located on the land near a residence, it may also be located on a roof, in an atrium, on a balcony, in a windowbox, or on a patio or vivarium.

Gardening also takes place in non-residential green areas, such as parks, public or semi-public gardens (botanical gardens or zoological gardens), amusement and theme parks, along transportation corridors, and around tourist attractions and hotels. In these situations, a staff of gardeners or groundskeepers maintains the gardens.

Indoor gardening is concerned with growing houseplants within a residence or building, in a conservatory, or in a greenhouse. Indoor gardens are sometimes incorporated into air conditioning or heating systems.

Water gardening is concerned with growing plants that have adapted to pools and ponds, along with aquascaping in planted aquariums. Bog gardens are also considered a type of water garden. A simple water garden may consist solely of a tub containing the water and plants.

Container gardening is concerned with growing plants in containers that are placed above the ground.

Liberal arts pursuits

Flash photo of a costumed magician at a party with several excited children. — An amateur magician performing

Many hobbies involve performances by the hobbyist, such as singing, acting, juggling, magic, dancing, playing a musical instrument, martial arts, and other performing arts.

Some hobbies may result in an end product. Examples of this would be woodworking, photography, moviemaking, jewelry making, software projects such as Photoshopping and home music or video production, making bracelets, artistic projects such as drawing, painting, Cosplay (design, creation, and wearing a costume based on an already existing creative property), creating models out of card stock or paper – called papercraft. Many of these fall under the category visual arts.

Writing is often taken up as a hobby by aspiring writers and usually appears in the form of personal blog, guest posting or fan fiction (literary art resulting in creation of written content based on already existing, licensed creative property under specified terms).^[12]

Reading books, ebooks, magazines, comics, or newspapers, along with browsing the internet is a common hobby, and one that can trace its origins back hundreds of years. A love of literature, later in life, may be sparked by an interest in reading children's literature as a child. Many of these fall under the category literary arts.

Sports and games

Stebbins^[1] distinguishes an amateur sports person and a hobbyist by suggesting a hobbyist plays in less formal sports, or games that are rule bound and have no professional equivalent. While an amateur sports individual plays a sport with a professional equivalent, such as football or tennis. Amateur sport may range from informal play to highly competitive practice, such as deck tennis or long distance trekking.

The Department for Culture, Media, and Support in England suggests that playing sports benefits physical and mental health. A positive relationship appeared between engaging in sports and improving overall health.^[13]

Psychological role

During the 20th century there was extensive research into the important role that play has in human development. While most evident in childhood, play continues throughout life for many adults in the form of games, hobbies, and sport.^[14] Moreover, studies of aging and society support the value of hobbies in healthy aging.^[15]

Significant achievements

There have been many instances where hobbyists and amateurs have achieved significant discoveries and developments. These are a small sample.

Amateur astronomers have explored the skies for centuries and there is a long list of Notable amateur astronomers who have made major discoveries. Amateur astronomers Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp discovered the Comet Hale–Bopp in 1995.^[16]
A substantial amount of early scientific research came from the amateur activities of the wealthy, such as Antoine Lavoisier's contributions to the science of chemistry and Benjamin Franklin's investigations into electricity.^[17]^[18]
Open source is a development model using open collaboration to cooperate on projects. It is most notable in the development of software and widely used software, which has been developed and maintained by large numbers of people, including many home-based amateurs with high-level expertise.
While the general public was not aware of nature observation which was formally conducted as field research, during the 1930s, practitioners of the hobby went on to become the pioneers of the conservation movement that flourished in the UK from 1965 onwards.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Stebbins, Robert (2015). Serious Leisure: A Perspective for Our Time. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
^ The Phrase Finder (1996–2012). "Hobby-horse". The Phrase Finder. Gary Martin. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
^ Douglas Harper (2001–2012). "hobby". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gelber S M. Hobbies: leisure and the Culture of Work in America Columbia University Press, 1999, pp. 3, 11–12, 23, 28.
^ ^a ^b Daily, Larry Z. (3 July 2018). "Towards a definition of "hobby": An empirical test of a proposed operational definition of the word hobby". Journal of Occupational Science. 25 (3): 368–382. doi:10.1080/14427591.2018.1463286. ISSN 1442-7591. S2CID 169312007.
^ Sir Matthew Hale (1676). Contemplations moral and divine. Printed by William Godbid, for William Shrowbury at the Bible in Duke-Lane, and John Leigh at the Blew Bell Fleet Street near Chancery-lane. p. 201.
^ Thomson F M L. The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950 Vol 2. Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 327
^ Orwell, George (28 February 1941). "The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius". England Your England.
^ ^a ^b "The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP)". The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP). Retrieved 18 February 2016.
^ Gelber, Steven (1991). "A Job You Can't Lose: Work and Hobbies in the Great Depression". Journal of Social History. 24 (4). Oxford University Press: 741–766. doi:10.1353/jsh/24.4.741. JSTOR 3788855.
^ ^a ^b "History of modeling. Making models from antiquity to the present day | Architekton | Kiev, Ukraine". Architekton. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
^ "Terms of Service | FanFiction". www.fanfiction.net. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^ "Analysis of health and educational benefits of sport and culture". gov.uk. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
^ Carlisle R P Ed, Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society Vol 1, SAGE Publications, 2009 page x
^ Pillay, Srini (20 June 2017), "How Hobbies Impact Your Head and Your Heart", Psychology Today
^ Laboratory, Charli Schuler : Jet Propulsion. "NASA – Spotlight: It's Amateur Night in Space". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
^ "Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier". Science History Institute. June 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Cohen, I. Bernard (1990). Benjamin Franklin's Science. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674066595.

External links

Learn Hobbies
Learn Hobbies Online
"Hobby". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.

[:1-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Stebbins, Robert (2015). Serious Leisure: A Perspective for Our Time. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

[2] The Phrase Finder (1996–2012). "Hobby-horse". The Phrase Finder. Gary Martin. Retrieved 5 May 2012.

[3] Douglas Harper (2001–2012). "hobby". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved 5 May 2012.

[Gelber_S_M_1999,_p._12-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gelber S M. Hobbies: leisure and the Culture of Work in America Columbia University Press, 1999, pp. 3, 11–12, 23, 28.

[:2-5] Daily, Larry Z. (3 July 2018). "Towards a definition of "hobby": An empirical test of a proposed operational definition of the word hobby". Journal of Occupational Science. 25 (3): 368–382. doi:10.1080/14427591.2018.1463286. ISSN 1442-7591. S2CID 169312007.

[Hale1676-6] Sir Matthew Hale (1676). Contemplations moral and divine. Printed by William Godbid, for William Shrowbury at the Bible in Duke-Lane, and John Leigh at the Blew Bell Fleet Street near Chancery-lane. p. 201.

[7] Thomson F M L. The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950 Vol 2. Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 327

[8] Orwell, George (28 February 1941). "The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius". England Your England.

[:0-9] "The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP)". The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP). Retrieved 18 February 2016.

[10] Gelber, Steven (1991). "A Job You Can't Lose: Work and Hobbies in the Great Depression". Journal of Social History. 24 (4). Oxford University Press: 741–766. doi:10.1353/jsh/24.4.741. JSTOR 3788855.

[ModelingHistory-11] "History of modeling. Making models from antiquity to the present day | Architekton | Kiev, Ukraine". Architekton. Retrieved 17 March 2021.

[12] "Terms of Service | FanFiction". www.fanfiction.net. Retrieved 28 August 2020.

[13] "Analysis of health and educational benefits of sport and culture". gov.uk. Retrieved 18 August 2015.

[14] Carlisle R P Ed, Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society Vol 1, SAGE Publications, 2009 page x

[15] Pillay, Srini (20 June 2017), "How Hobbies Impact Your Head and Your Heart", Psychology Today

[16] Laboratory, Charli Schuler : Jet Propulsion. "NASA – Spotlight: It's Amateur Night in Space". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 March 2021.

[17] "Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier". Science History Institute. June 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.

[18] Cohen, I. Bernard (1990). Benjamin Franklin's Science. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674066595.

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{Redirect|Pastime|the film|Pastime (film)|the novel|Pastime (novel)}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} [[File:Seashells North Wales 1985.jpg|thumb|Hobby: collecting seashells|alt=A collection of assorted seashells spread across a white background.]]
-[[File:George Cruikshank - Tristram Shandy, Plate V. My Uncle Toby on his Hobby-horse.jpg|right|thumb|In [[Tristram Shandy]], the term "hobby-horse" was used to refer to whimsical obsessions, which led to the current use of the word "hobby" ]]
+[[File:George Cruikshank - Tristram Shandy, Plate V. My Uncle Toby on his Hobby-horse.jpg|right|thumb|In [[Tristram Shandy]], the term "hobby-horse" was used to refer to whimsical obsessions, which led to the current use of the word "hobby". ]]
 A '''hobby''' is considered to be a regular activity that is done for enjoyment, typically during one's [[leisure time]]. Hobbies include [[collecting]] themed items and objects, engaging in creative and artistic pursuits, playing [[sport]]s, or pursuing other amusements. Participation in hobbies encourages acquiring substantial skills and knowledge in that area. A list of hobbies changes with renewed interests and developing fashions, making it diverse and lengthy. Hobbies tend to follow trends in society. For example, [[stamp collecting]] was popular during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as postal systems were the main means of communication; {{asof|2023|lc=y}}, [[video games]] became more popular following technological advances. The advancing production and technology of the nineteenth century provided workers with more leisure time to engage in hobbies. Because of this, the efforts of people investing in hobbies has increased with time.
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 In the 16th century, the term "hobby" had the meaning of "small horse and pony". The term "[[Hobby horse (toy)|hobby horse]]" was documented in a 1557 payment confirmation for a "Hobbyhorse" from Reading, England.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hobby-horse|url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/hobby-horse.html|work=The Phrase Finder|publisher=Gary Martin|access-date=5 May 2012|author=The Phrase Finder|year=1996–2012}}</ref> The item, originally called a "Tourney Horse", was made of a wooden or basketwork frame with an artificial tail and head. It was designed for a child to mimic riding a real [[Horses in the Middle Ages#Hobbies|horse]]. By 1816 the [[wikt:derivative|derivative]], "hobby", was introduced into the [[vocabulary]] of a number of English people.<ref>{{cite web|title=hobby|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hobby|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=Douglas Harper|access-date=5 May 2012|author=Douglas Harper|author-link=Douglas Harper|year=2001–2012}}</ref> Over the course of subsequent centuries, the term came to be associated with [[recreation]] and [[leisure]]. In the 17th century, the term was used in a [[pejorative]] sense by suggesting that a hobby was a childish pursuit, however, in the 18th century with more industrial society and more leisure time, hobbies took on greater respectability.<ref name="Gelber S M 1999, p. 12" /> A hobby is also called a '''pastime''', derived from the use of hobbies to ''pass the time''. A hobby became an activity that is practiced regularly and usually with some worthwhile purpose.<ref name="Gelber S M 1999, p. 12">Gelber S M. ''Hobbies: leisure and the Culture of Work in America'' Columbia University Press, 1999, pp. 3, 11–12, 23, 28.</ref> Hobbies are usually, but not always, practiced primarily for interest and enjoyment, rather than financial reward.
-A '''special interest''' is a highly focused interest that is commonly held by [[Autism spectrum|autistic]] individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staniforth |first=Sarah |date=2019-07-10 |title='It's upsetting': the autistic music fans being shut out of gigs |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jul/10/its-upsetting-the-autistic-music-fans-being-shut-out-of-gigs |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> It is a form of hobby that is commonly associated with [[Neurodiversity|neurodivergent]] people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grove |first1=Rachel |last2=Hoekstra |first2=Rosa A. |last3=Wierda |first3=Marlies |last4=Begeer |first4=Sander |date=May 2018 |title=Special interests and subjective wellbeing in autistic adults |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29427546/ |journal=Autism Research |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=766–775 |doi=10.1002/aur.1931 |issn=1939-3806 |pmid=29427546 |s2cid=205456773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-06 |title=If I wasn't autistic, would my encyclopedic knowledge of dinosaurs be a problem? {{!}} Clem Bastow |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/07/if-i-didnt-have-autism-would-my-encyclopedic-knowledge-of-dinosaurs-be-a-problem |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caldwell-Harris |first1=Catherine L. |last2=Jordan |first2=Chloe J. |date=2014-01-01 |title=Systemizing and special interests: Characterizing the continuum from neurotypical to autism spectrum disorder |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1041608013001519 |journal=Learning and Individual Differences |language=en |volume=29 |pages=98–105 |doi=10.1016/j.lindif.2013.10.005 |issn=1041-6080}}</ref> [[Neurotypical]] people also develop special interests, in the form of hobbies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://meridian.allenpress.com/idd/article-abstract/50/5/391/7879/Understanding-Differences-in-Neurotypical-and |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=meridian.allenpress.com}}</ref>
 == History ==
 Prior to the mid-19th century, hobbies were generally considered as an obsession, childish or trivial, with negative connotations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Daily |first=Larry Z. |date=2018-07-03 |title=Towards a definition of "hobby": An empirical test of a proposed operational definition of the word hobby |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14427591.2018.1463286 |journal=Journal of Occupational Science |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=368–382 |doi=10.1080/14427591.2018.1463286 |s2cid=169312007 |issn=1442-7591}}</ref> However, as early as 1676 Sir Matthew Hale, in ''Contemplations Moral and Divine'', wrote "Almost every person hath some hobby horse or other wherein he prides himself."<ref name="Hale1676">{{cite book|author=Sir Matthew Hale|title=Contemplations moral and divine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL1AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5|year=1676|publisher=Printed by William Godbid, for William Shrowbury at the Bible in Duke-Lane, and John Leigh at the Blew Bell Fleet Street near Chancery-lane|pages=201}}</ref> He was acknowledging that a "hobby horse" produces a legitimate sense of pride. The cultural shift towards acceptance of hobbies was thought to begin during the mid 18th century as working people had more regular hours of work and greater leisure time, spending more time to pursue interests that brought them satisfaction.<ref name="Gelber S M 1999, p. 12" /> However, there was concern that these working people might not use their leisure time in worthwhile pursuits. "The hope of weaning people away from bad habits by the provision of counter-attractions came to the fore in the 1830s, and has rarely waned since. Initially, the bad habits were perceived to be of a sensual and physical nature, and the counter attractions, or perhaps more accurately alternatives, deliberately cultivated rationality and the intellect."<ref>Thomson F M L. ''The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950 Vol 2''. Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 327</ref> The book and magazine trade of the day encouraged worthwhile hobbies and pursuits. The burgeoning manufacturing trade made materials used in hobbies cheap and was responsive to the changing interests of hobbyists.
-In 1941, George Orwell identified hobbies as central to European culture at the time: "Another English characteristic which is so much a part of us that we barely notice it … is the addiction to hobbies and spare-time occupations, the prolateness of English life. We are a nation of flower-lovers, but also a nation of stamp-collectors, pigeon-fanciers, amateur carpenters, coupon-snippers, darts-players, crossword-puzzle fans. All the culture that is most truly native centers round things which even when they are communal are not official—the pub, the football match, the back garden, the fireside and the 'nice cup of tea'."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Orwell|first=George|date=28 February 1941|title=The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius.|url=http://orwell.ru/library/essays/lion/english/e_eye|journal=England Your England}}</ref>
+In 1941, [[George Orwell]] identified hobbies as central to English culture at the time: "Another English characteristic which is so much a part of us that we barely notice it … is the addiction to hobbies and spare-time occupations, the prolateness of English life. We are a nation of flower-lovers, but also a nation of stamp-collectors, pigeon-fanciers, amateur carpenters, coupon-snippers, darts-players, crossword-puzzle fans. All the culture that is most truly native centers round things which even when they are communal are not official—the pub, the football match, the back garden, the fireside and the 'nice cup of tea'."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Orwell|first=George|date=28 February 1941|title=The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius.|url=http://orwell.ru/library/essays/lion/english/e_eye|journal=England Your England}}</ref>
 Deciding what to include in a list of hobbies provokes debate because it is difficult to decide which pleasurable pass-times can also be described as hobbies. During the 20th century the term hobby suggested activities, such as stamp collecting, embroidery, knitting, painting, woodwork, and photography. Typically the description did not include activities like listening to music, watching television, or reading. These latter activities bring pleasure, but lack the sense of achievement usually associated with a hobby. They are usually not structured, organized pursuits, as most hobbies are. The pleasure of a hobby is usually associated with making something of value or achieving something of value. "Such leisure is socially valorized precisely because it produces feelings of satisfaction with something that looks very much like work but that is done of its own sake."<ref name="Gelber S M 1999, p. 12"/> "Hobbies are a contradiction: they take work and turn it into leisure, and take leisure and turn it into work."<ref name="Gelber S M 1999, p. 12" /> A 2018 study using survey results identified the term "hobby" to most accurately describe activities associated with making or collecting objects, especially when done alone.<ref name=":2" />
@@ Line 28: / Line 26: @@
 Hobbyists are a part of a wider group of people engaged in [[leisure#Types of leisure|leisure]] pursuits where the boundaries of each group overlap to some extent. The ''Serious Leisure Perspective''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP)|url = http://www.seriousleisure.net/|website = The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP)|access-date = 2016-02-18}}</ref> groups hobbyists with amateurs and volunteers and identifies three broad groups of leisure activity with hobbies being found mainly in the Serious leisure category. ''Casual leisure'' is intrinsically rewarding, short-lived, pleasurable activity requiring little or no preparation. ''Serious leisure'' is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer that is substantial, rewarding and results in a sense of accomplishment. Finally, ''project-based leisure'' is a short-term often a one-off project that is rewarding.<ref name=":1" />
-The terms amateur and hobbyist are often used interchangeably. Stebbins<ref name=":0" /> has a framework which distinguishes the terms in a useful categorization of leisure in which ''casual leisure'' is separated from ''serious Leisure''. He describes serious leisure as undertaken by ''amateurs'', ''hobbyists'' and ''volunteers''. ''Amateurs'' engage in pursuits that have a professional counterpart, such as playing an instrument or astronomy. Hobbyists engage in five broad types of activity: ''collecting'', ''making and tinkering'' (like embroidery and car restoration), ''activity participation'' (like fishing and singing), ''sports and games'', and ''liberal-arts'' hobbies (like languages, cuisine, literature). Volunteers commit to organizations where they work as guides, counsellors, gardeners and so on. The separation of the amateur from the hobbyist is because the amateur has the ethos of the professional practitioner as a guide to practice. An amateur clarinetist is conscious of the role and procedures of a professional clarinetist.
+The terms amateur and hobbyist are often used interchangeably. Stebbins<ref name=":0" /> has a framework which distinguishes the terms in a useful categorization of leisure in which ''casual leisure'' is separated from ''serious Leisure''. He describes serious leisure as undertaken by ''amateurs'', ''hobbyists'' and ''volunteers''. ''Amateurs'' engage in pursuits that have a professional counterpart, such as playing an instrument or [[astronomy]]. Hobbyists engage in five broad types of activity: ''collecting'', ''making and tinkering'' (like embroidery and car restoration), ''activity participation'' (like fishing and singing), ''sports and games'', and ''liberal-arts'' hobbies (like languages, cuisine, literature). Volunteers commit to organizations where they work as guides, counsellors, gardeners and so on. The separation of the amateur from the hobbyist is because the amateur has the ethos of the professional practitioner as a guide to practice. An amateur clarinetist is conscious of the role and procedures of a professional clarinetist.
+[[File:Girls und Panzer Triumph.jpg|thumb|There are people who enjoy motorcycle touring alone or in groups, and there are also club teams.]]
 A large proportion of hobbies are mainly solitary in nature.<ref name="Gelber S M 1999, p. 12" />{{rp|28}} However, individual pursuit of a hobby often includes club memberships, organized sharing of products and regular communication between participants. For many hobbies there is an important role in being in touch with fellow hobbyists. Some hobbies are of communal nature, like choral singing and volunteering.
@@ Line 35: / Line 34: @@
 ==Types of hobbies==
-{{Mainlist|List of hobbies}} Hobbies are a diverse set of activities and it is difficult to categorize them in a logical manner. The following categorization of hobbies was developed by Stebbins.<ref name=":1" /> {{Collecting Hobby}}
+ Hobbies are a diverse set of activities and it is difficult to categorize them in a logical manner. The following categorization of hobbies was developed by Stebbins.<ref name=":1" /> {{Collecting Hobby}}
 === Collecting ===
@@ Line 42: / Line 41: @@
 Collecting includes seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying and storing.<ref name="Gelber S M 1999, p. 12" /> Collecting is appealing to many people due to their interest in a particular subject and a desire to categorize and make order out of complexity. Some collectors are generalists, accumulating items from countries of the world. Others focus on a subtopic within their area of interest, perhaps 19th century postage stamps, [[milk bottle]] labels from Sussex, or Mongolian harnesses and tack, Firearms (both modern and vintage).
-[[File:Stamp album sleeve.jpg|thumb|alt=A photo album spread open to show a collection of stamps.|A [[stamp album]] used in [[stamp collecting]].]]
+[[File:Stamp album sleeve.jpg|thumb|alt=A photo album spread open to show a collection of stamps.|A [[stamp album]] used in [[stamp collecting]]]]
 Collecting is an ancient hobby, with the [[list of coin collectors]] showing [[Caesar Augustus]] as one. Sometimes collectors have turned their hobby into a business, becoming commercial dealers that trade in the items being collected.
@@ Line 60: / Line 59: @@
 With the advent of modern plastics, the amount of skill required to get the basic shape accurately shown for any given subject was lessened, making it easier for people of all ages to begin assembling replicas in varying scales. Superheroes, aero planes, boats, cars, tanks, artillery, and even figures of soldiers became quite popular subjects to build, paint and display. Although almost any subject can be found in almost any scale, there are common scales for such miniatures which remain constant today.
-'''[[Model engineering]]''' refers to building functioning machinery in metal, such as [[internal combustion]] motors and [[live steam]] models or locomotives. This is a demanding hobby that requires a multitude of large and expensive tools, such as [[lathe]]s and [[Milling machine|mill]]s. This hobby originated in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century, later spreading and flourishing in the mid-20th century. Due to the expense and space required, it is becoming rare.
+'''[[Model engineering]]''' refers to building functioning machinery in metal, such as [[internal combustion]] motors and [[live steam]] models or locomotives. This is a demanding hobby that requires a multitude of large and expensive [[machine tools]], such as [[lathe]]s and [[Milling machine|mill]]s. This hobby originated in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century, later spreading and flourishing in the mid-20th century. Due to the expense and space required, it is becoming rare.
 [[File:Z scale miniature railroad.jpg|thumb|400px|A coffee-table sized [[Rail transport modelling|model railroad]]]]
@@ Line 81: / Line 80: @@
 Gardening also takes place in non-residential green areas, such as parks, public or semi-public gardens ([[botanical garden]]s or [[zoological garden]]s), [[amusement park|amusement]] and [[theme park]]s, along transportation corridors, and around [[tourism|tourist attractions]] and [[garden hotels|hotels]]. In these situations, a staff of [[gardener]]s or [[groundskeeper]]s maintains the gardens.
-[[File:Indoor garden.jpg|thumb|A variety of flowers and vegetables in an indoor garden.]]
+[[File:Indoor garden.jpg|thumb|A variety of flowers and vegetables in an indoor garden]]
 Indoor gardening is concerned with growing [[houseplant]]s within a [[House|residence]] or building, in a [[conservatory (greenhouse)|conservatory]], or in a [[greenhouse]]. [[Indoor garden]]s are sometimes incorporated into [[air conditioning]] or heating systems.
@@ Line 95: / Line 94: @@
 [[File:Magicianatparty.jpg|thumb|An amateur [[Magic (illusion)|magician]] performing|alt=Flash photo of a costumed magician at a party with several excited children.]]
-Many hobbies involve performances by the hobbyist, such as singing, acting, [[juggling]], [[magic (illusion)|magic]], dancing, playing a [[musical instrument]], [[martial arts]], and other [[performing arts]].
+Many hobbies involve performances by the hobbyist, such as [[singing]], acting, [[juggling]], [[magic (illusion)|magic]], dancing, playing a [[musical instrument]], [[martial arts]], and other [[performing arts]].
 Some hobbies may result in an end product. Examples of this would be [[woodworking]], [[Photography#Amateur|photography]], [[moviemaking]], [[jewellery making|jewelry making]], software projects such as [[Photoshopping]] and home music or [[video production]], making [[friendship bracelets|bracelets]], [[art|artistic projects]] such as [[drawing]], [[painting]], [[Cosplay]] (design, creation, and wearing a costume based on an already existing creative property), creating models out of card stock or paper – called [[papercraft]]. Many of these fall under the category [[visual arts]].
@@ Line 115: / Line 114: @@
 == Significant achievements ==
 There have been many instances where hobbyists and amateurs have achieved significant discoveries and developments. These are a small sample.
-* Amateur astronomers have explored the skies for centuries and there is a long list of [[Amateur astronomy#Notable amateur astronomers|Notable amateur astronomers]] who have made major discoveries. Amateur astronomers [[Alan Hale (astronomer)|Alan Hale]] and [[Thomas Bopp]] discovered the [[Comet Hale–Bopp]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laboratory|first=Charli Schuler : Jet Propulsion|title=NASA – Spotlight: It's Amateur Night in Space|url=https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/neo.html#:~:text=Amateur%20astronomers%20have%20been%20very,Alan%20Hale%20and%20Thomas%20Bopp.|access-date=2021-03-17|website=www.nasa.gov|language=en}}</ref>
+* Amateur astronomers have explored the skies for centuries and there is a long list of [[Amateur astronomy#Notable amateur astronomers|Notable amateur astronomers]] who have made major discoveries. Amateur astronomers [[Alan Hale (astronomer)|Alan Hale]] and [[Thomas Bopp]] discovered the [[Comet Hale–Bopp]] in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laboratory|first=Charli Schuler : Jet Propulsion|title=NASA – Spotlight: It's Amateur Night in Space|url=https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/neo.html#:~:text=Amateur%20astronomers%20have%20been%20very,Alan%20Hale%20and%20Thomas%20Bopp.|access-date=2021-03-17|website=www.nasa.gov|language=en}}</ref>
 * A substantial amount of early scientific research came from the amateur activities of the wealthy, such as [[Antoine Lavoisier]]'s contributions to the science of [[chemistry]] and [[Benjamin Franklin]]'s investigations into [[electricity]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/antoine-laurent-lavoisier|title=Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier |date=June 2016 |newspaper=Science History Institute |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=I. Bernard |year=1990 |title=Benjamin Franklin's Science |url=https://archive.org/details/benjaminfranklin00iber |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0674066595 |author-link=I. Bernard Cohen}}</ref>
-* [[Open-source model|Open source]] is a development model using the internet to cooperate on projects. It is most notable in the development of software and [[Open-source software#Widely used open-source software|widely used software]], which has been developed and maintained by large numbers of people, including many home-based amateurs with high level expertise.
+* [[Open-source model|Open source]] is a development model using open collaboration to cooperate on projects. It is most notable in the development of software and [[Open-source software#Widely used open-source software|widely used software]], which has been developed and maintained by large numbers of people, including many home-based amateurs with high-level expertise.
 * While the general public was not aware of nature observation which was formally conducted as [[field research]], during the 1930s, practitioners of the hobby went on to become the [[wikt:pioneer|pioneers]] of the [[conservation movement]] that flourished in the UK from 1965 onwards.
@@ Line 131: / Line 130: @@
 == External links ==
+* [https://wizhob.com/ Learn Hobbies]
 * [https://thehobbytribe.com Learn Hobbies Online]
+* {{Merriam-Webster|Hobby}}
-* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hobby Hobby] at [[Merriam-Webster]]
-* [https://www.thefreshessay.com/essay-on-my-favourite-hobby-gardening/ Gardening as a Hobby]
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