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On August 7, Palin coined the term on her Facebook page<ref name="phobia"/><ref name="wish" /> stating:
On August 7, Palin coined the term on her Facebook page<ref name="phobia"/><ref name="wish" /> stating:
{{cquote|The Democrats promise that a government health care system will reduce the cost of health care, but as the economist [[Thomas Sowell]] has pointed out, government health care will not reduce the cost; it will simply refuse to pay the cost. And who will suffer the most when they ration care? The sick, the elderly, and the disabled, of course. The America I know and love is not one in which my parents or my baby with [[Down Syndrome]] will have to stand in front of Obama's ''''death panel'''' so his bureaucrats can decide, based on a subjective judgment of their 'level of productivity in society,' whether they are worthy of health care. Such a system is downright evil.<ref name="Nyhan"/><ref name="AUTOREF7" />}}
{{cquote|The Democrats promise that a government health care system will reduce the cost of health care, but as the economist [[Thomas Sowell]] has pointed out, government health care will not reduce the cost; it will simply refuse to pay the cost. And who will suffer the most when they ration care? The sick, the elderly, and the disabled, of course. The America I know and love is not one in which my parents or my baby with [[Down Syndrome]] will have to stand in front of Obama's ''''death panel'''' so his bureaucrats can decide, based on a subjective judgment of their 'level of productivity in society,' whether they are worthy of health care. Such a system is downright evil.<ref name="Nyhan"/><ref name="AUTOREF7" />}}

Palin explained she came up with the phrase while she was reading the bill. She said it became very obvious to her that a panel of bureaucrats would be needed and she concluded that because, "health care would have to be rationed if it were promised to everyone, it would therefore lead to harm for many individuals not able to receive the government care. That leads, of course, to death."<ref name="Lowry" /> Regarding the origins of what he described as a veritable [[meme]] and a "term of genius" in an August 17, 2009 blog entry, movie critic [[Roger Ebert]] wrote, "I'm not saying she coined the term. For all I know, it appeared for the first time elsewhere. She is responsible for its fame."<ref>http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/08/death_panels_an_excellent_phra.html</ref>


===Spread during 2009===
===Spread during 2009===

Revision as of 00:10, 3 January 2011

Sarah Palin

"Death panels" is a term coined in August 2009 on the Facebook page of former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin suggesting that health care legislation being debated in the U.S. Congress contained a rationing provision for seniors and the disabled, though there was no such term or explicit provision in the bill.[1] The term quickly gained popularity among opponents of the legislation.

PolitiFact.com called Palin's use of the death panel term the "Lie of the Year",[2] but Palin explained she had employed it as a metaphor for reduced access and diminished quality of care that she believed would follow the enactment of the federal legislation.[3]

The American Dialect Society, a group of English language scholars, defined death panel in January 2010 as a "supposed committee of doctors and/or bureaucrats who would decide which patients were allowed to receive treatment, ostensibly leaving the rest to die".[4] Benjamin W. Corn, a physician specializing in the treatment of cancer, wrote that the controversy over the term death panel showed that a national dialogue was needed on end of life issues.[5]

Origins and dissemination

Betsy McCaughey

Prelude

Betsy McCaughey, a health care analyst who came to political prominence after she helped defeat the Clinton health care plan of 1993,[6][7][8] "got the ball rolling" in July and August 2009 when she called the bill "a vicious assault on elderly people" that will "cut your life short".[9] McCaughey was joined in spreading the idea by other pundits and conservative media that had had helped defeat the Clinton era legislation, including The Washington Times and The American Spectator.[6] According to The New York Times, McCaughey also falsely claimed that presidential advisor Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel thought that the disabled should not be entitled to medical care, which helped inspire Palin's warnings about "death panels".[10][11][12] Both McCaughey and Palin's remarks about what Palin called an alleged 'death panel' were based on opinions about Ezekiel Emanuel[13][14][15][16][17] and previous page 425 legislation.[15][16][18][19]

Emanuel is an opponent of legalization of doctor-assisted suicide or euthanasia.[20] FactCheck.org said, "We agree that Emanuel’s meaning is being twisted. In one article, he was talking about a philosophical trend, and in another, he was writing about how to make the most ethical choices when forced to choose which patients get organ transplants or vaccines when supplies are limited."[11][21] An article on Time.com said that Emanuel "was only addressing extreme cases like organ donation, where there is an absolute scarcity of resources ... 'My quotes were just being taken out of context.'"[22] Regarding page 425 of a health care bill Blumenauer (who sponsored the legislation) said the measure would block funds for counseling that presents suicide or assisted suicide as an option, and called references to death panels or euthanasia "mind-numbing".[23]

Susan Dentzer, editor of Health Affairs said that comparative effectiveness research or "funding in the amount of $1.1 billion was allocated for the research under the 2009 stimulus law ... Democratic leaders largely embraced the idea; many Republicans had previously been for it before they were against it. Meanwhile, fear that the research would lead to government rationing of care fueled the “death panels” fury of summer 2009. More legitimate worries arose from those who feared that the research would somehow defeat efforts to tailor therapies to individuals’ specific characteristics or genetic makeup. Such concerns were eventually allayed"[24]

Coining

On August 7, Palin coined the term on her Facebook page[5][25] stating:

The Democrats promise that a government health care system will reduce the cost of health care, but as the economist Thomas Sowell has pointed out, government health care will not reduce the cost; it will simply refuse to pay the cost. And who will suffer the most when they ration care? The sick, the elderly, and the disabled, of course. The America I know and love is not one in which my parents or my baby with Down Syndrome will have to stand in front of Obama's 'death panel' so his bureaucrats can decide, based on a subjective judgment of their 'level of productivity in society,' whether they are worthy of health care. Such a system is downright evil.[8][26]

Palin explained she came up with the phrase while she was reading the bill. She said it became very obvious to her that a panel of bureaucrats would be needed and she concluded that because, "health care would have to be rationed if it were promised to everyone, it would therefore lead to harm for many individuals not able to receive the government care. That leads, of course, to death."[27] Regarding the origins of what he described as a veritable meme and a "term of genius" in an August 17, 2009 blog entry, movie critic Roger Ebert wrote, "I'm not saying she coined the term. For all I know, it appeared for the first time elsewhere. She is responsible for its fame."[28]

Spread during 2009

According to a study by Brendan Nyhan published in The Forum of Berkeley Electronic Press, during the period of July 16 through August 14, the "'death panel' myth" was spread by

A BBC article interpreted conservative blogger Michelle Malkin's comments as "explicitly re-affirming" Palin's assertion that "Obama wanted to create a 'death panel' to decide whether the elderly or disabled are 'worthy of health care'".[29] Mostly, the concept was spread by "conservative outlets on cable news, talk radio, and the internet".[8]

Provision identified by the charge

Rep. Earl Blumenauer, sponsor of a similar provision[30]

When asked exactly what part of the proposed legislation[31] mandated death panels, Palin's spokesperson pointed to H.R. 3200, section 1233 Advance Care Planning Consultation page 425.[18] The provision would have allowed physicians to receive payment from Medicare for voluntary counseling with patients and family members regarding end-of-life issues. The counseling would cover topics such as making living wills, enabling a close relative or a trusted friend to make health care decisions, hospice as an option for the terminally ill, and information about pain medications for chronic discomfort. The sessions would have been covered by Medicare every five years or more frequently for patients who became gravely ill.[30] The provision was inserted in the bill by Democratic lawmakers at the behest of LaCross Wisconsin hospitals that had created a program to get people who were not critically ill, to think about and choose the treatments they would want at the end of life.[32][33] Before H.R. 3200, Representative Earl Blumenauer (Democrat-Oregon) had submitted single purpose legislation with cosponsor Republican Charles Boustany (Republican, Louisiana), a cardiovascular surgeon, that similarly provided for Medicare payments for end-of-life counseling;[33][34] earlier bills in preceding years had also been submitted with bi-partisan support.[citation needed]

Consultation payments were removed from the Senate version of the bill[35] while remaining in the House version until November 2009, when they passed, but they did not pass in the final bill.[36] On December 25, 2010, The New York Times reported that a new Medicare regulation had been added by Donald Berwick that will reimburse doctors for giving "information to patients on how to prepare an 'advance directive,' stating how aggressively they wish to be treated if they are so sick that they cannot make health care decisions for themselves." The consultations will take place during annual "wellness visits," instead of at 5 year intervals as the bill originally mandated. The paper called this an example of the administration achieving policy goals through regulation as opposed to legislation.[36] The Wall Street Journal published an editoral on December 30, 2010, which said that "the 'death panels' charge is somewhat crude, but combine cost-based rationing with end-of-life counseling and, well, here we are." [37]

Use of the term

A death panel sign with a Nazi reference at a Rep. Carol Shea-Porter town hall meeting

Health law and bioethics expert George J. Annas wrote that "the national discussion on death planning the president had hoped for focused instead on death denial. Make believe 'death panels' that would 'pull the plug on grandma' were used as a rhetorical device to block any rational discussion of either death generally, or end of life care in particular".[38] Geriatric psychiatrist Paul Kettl noted that the attention-catching phrase death panels became "a lightning rod for objections to a series of ideas about health care besides" end-of-life discussions, and that somehow, "the concept of physicians being paid for time to talk with patients and their families about advance directives ... generated into the fear of decisions about life and death being controlled by the government".[39] Brent J. Pawlecki, a corporate medical director, said the phrases death panels and "killing Grandma" were "used to fuel the flames of fear and opposition".[40][41] According to The Economist, the phrase was used as an "outrageous allegation" to confront politicians at town hall meetings during the August 2009 congressional recess.[42] According to The New York Times, the term became a standard slogan among many conservatives opposed to the Obama administration’s health care overhaul.[25]

Rationing of care

The Christian Science Monitor reported that some Republicans used the term to discuss government rationing of health care services.[43] Newt Gingrich called Palin's language "explosive", but said her premise on rationing was correct.[44] Gingrich said that while technically, the proposed legislation did not provide for government rationing of health care, the legislation was "all but certain to lead to rationing".[44]

Brendan Nyhan wrote that although "Obama's plan might lead to more restrictive rationing than already occurs under the current health care system, that hardly justifies suggestions that reform legislation would create a 'death panel' that would deny care to individual seniors or disabled people".[8] Michael F. Cannon wrote that "[p]aying doctors to help seniors sort out their preferences for end-of-life care is consumer-directed rationing, not bureaucratic rationing".[45]

The British paper, The Telegraph noted that some critics of the US reform applied the term death panels to Britain's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence or NICE, which uses cost-effectiveness analysis to determine whether new treatments and drugs should be available to those covered by the NHI.[46] Dr. C. Porter Storey Jr. thinks the term represents "fear that there ... is not enough money to do everything for everybody and that some mechanical, governmental method will be used to determine how much of our scarce health care resources will be applied to their situation".[47] NICE has been described as comparable to the Independent Payment Advisory Board (IPAB) which was created by the Obama plan.[48]

In April 2010 the New York Times reported some Obama administration officials feared the IPAB could be "target for attacks of the 'death panel' sort";[49] Newsweek quoted Peter Orszag of the administration as saying "I think it's only in Washington, D.C., that a board created to help address our long-term fiscal imbalance while boosting quality in health care and that is specifically by law prohibited from rationing care could be called a death panel".[50] An October 2010 National Right to Life article wrote the IPAB was "a good candidate for the title of 'death panel'",[51] and a December 2010 Wall Street Journal editorial associated 'death panels' with the IPAB.[37]

Selected reactions

Physicians

David Casarett, a physician and bioethicist who focuses on the care of dying patients,[52] was mystified by the talk about death panels and pulling the plug on grandma. Casarett told NPR, "It bears really no resemblance to what's in the provision of the health-care reform bill."[53] Dr. Atul Gawande, a surgeon who writes about medical topics, told NPR that end of life conversations in the health reform bill "got mutated into" being described as death panels.[54] Geriatric psychiatrist Paul Kettl said he was not opposed to the term death panels, but would define them as "periodic discussions about advance directives that Medicare would pay for as medical visits."[39] Dr. Benjamin W. Corn, a cancer specialist, said the death panels controversy showed Americans were uneasy discussing topics related to the dying process and he argued that certain issues, such as whether experimental therapies should be reimbursed, the possible expansion of hospices, restoring dignity to the process of dying, and guidelines for physician assisted suicide, need to be addressed directly.[5]

Politicians

U.S. Senator Lisa Murkowski (Republican-Alaska) told a crowd in Anchorage in August 2009, "It does us no good to incite fear in people by saying that there's these end-of-life provisions, these death panels". She added, "There is no reason to gin up fear in the American public by saying things that are not included in the bill".[55]

In a July 2010 National Public Radio segment entitled "The Politics Of Anger", U.S. Representative Bob Inglis, (Republican-South Carolina) said, "I think it's never a good strategy to travel on misinformation. Talking about death panels when there are no death panels is a disservice to the country and, long-term, to the conservative movement."[56]

Earl Blumenauer

U.S. Representative Earl Blumenauer (Democrat-Oregon) thought the "'death panels' episode" showed that the news media amplified misinformation and extreme behavior instead of simply reporting the facts, contributing to the persistence of the falsehood.[57]

The New York Times reported an email sent in November 2010 by Blumenauer to supporters of consultation payments for "end-of-life planning", warning them that "This regulation could be modified or reversed, especially if Republican leaders try to use this small provision to perpetuate the 'death panel' myth... We would ask that you not broadcast this accomplishment out to any of your lists, even if they are 'supporters'—e-mails can too easily be forwarded".[36]

Sarah Palin

Palin said she came up with the phrase while she was reading the bill. She said it became very obvious to her that a panel of bureaucrats would be needed and she concluded that because, "health care would have to be rationed if it were promised to everyone, it would therefore lead to harm for many individuals not able to receive the government care. That leads, of course, to death."[27]

In a September 2009 speech in Hong Kong, Palin said the term was "intended to sound a warning about the rationing that is sure to follow if big government tries to simultaneously increase health care coverage while also claiming to decrease costs".[58] In November 2009 Palin acknowledged that none of the health care bills included the actual word pair, but she said that Obama was "incorrect" and "disingenuous" when he called the death panel charge "a lie, plain and simple".[59] Palin explained that the term should not be taken literally, likening it to when President Ronald Reagan called the Soviet Union, the "Evil Empire".[27] "He got his point across. He got people thinking and researching what he was talking about. It was quite effective. Same thing with the 'death panels.' I would characterize them like that again, in a heartbeat", she said.[27]

Nearly one year later, Palin implied that what she had predicted was now occurring, and defended her use of the term, saying, "I was about laughed out of town for bringing to light what I call death panels .... I called it like I saw it, and people didn't like it."[60]

Impact

Political

After about a week after the coining of the term, consultation payments were removed from the Senate version of the bill by the Senate Finance Committee.[35] Additionally, a TIME article wrote that "a single phrase—'death panels'—nearly derailed health care reform".[61] Journalist Paul Waldman of left-leaning The American Prospect, said, "that whole death panel argument almost brought down the whole bill".[62]

James Morone said the term played a role in Democrats' losing control of the public debate because although Democrats tried to deny the charges and focus on facts, they did not address the "underlying fears of big government". He called the death panel arguments "pungent, memorable, simple, and effective".[63] Johnathan Oberlander, a professor of health policy, said "[t]he administration ... was seemingly unprepared for the intense opposition and fury that erupted during town-hall meetings in the summer of 2009. The Democrats' focus group–tested mantra of 'quality, affordable health care' was drowned out by Republicans' false warnings of 'death panels' and a 'government takeover'".[64][65] Morone said the White House was not able to offer a "persuasive narrative to counter the Tea Party percussion", and "struggled to recapture public attention", contributing to Scott Brown's election.[63]

By mid-August 2009, the Pew Research Center reported that 86% of Americans had heard of the "death panels" charge.[8] Out of those who had heard the charge, 30% of people thought it was true while 20% did not know.[8] For Republicans, 47% thought it was true while 23% did not know.[8] In September 2010, six months after the passage of the Affordable Care Act, a BBC article stated that among the "sticky charges" that had stuck against the bill was the false charge of "government 'death panels' deciding who can get what sort of care".[66]

Professional

In the wake of the 'death panel' controversy, Atul Gawande, a physician who writes on health care topics for The New Yorker, was asked to refrain from writing about palliative care by physicians who were concerned the article might be manipulated to create another political controversy—and as a result, hurt their profession.[67][68]

Lie and word of the year

PolitiFact.com gave Palin's term its highest rating—"Pants on Fire!"—on August 10[69] and on December 19 it was named "Lie of the Year" for 2009.[2][70][71] "Death panel" was named the most outrageous word of 2009 by the American Dialect Society.[72] The definition was given as "A supposed committee of doctors and/or bureaucrats who would decide which patients were allowed to receive treatment, ostensibly leaving the rest to die".[4][72]

Continued use

Palin used the term in a joke while speaking at the 2009 Gridiron Club dinner, saying "It is good to be here and in front of this audience of leading journalists and intellectuals. Or, as I call it, a death panel."[73][74]

In September 2010, Palin reused the term in a strongly worded Facebook posting.[75]

In October 2010, The Philadelphia Inquirer highlighted the term in its "The Week in Words" article[76] after Barney Frank said the only death panels created by congressional Democrats were for troubled financial institutions under the authority of the Dodd–Frank Bill.[77] In the same month, Palin defended using the term in its original context.[60]

In November 2010, Paul Krugman used the term on This Week, and later opined about his comments.[78]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ezra Klein (August 10, 2009). "Is the Government Going to Euthanize your Grandmother? An Interview With Sen. Johnny Isakson". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  2. ^ a b "PolitiFact's Lie of the Year: 'Death panels'". Politifact.com. December 19, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  3. ^ Palin, Sarah (December 22, 2009). "Midnight Votes, Backroom Deals, and a Death Panel". Facebook. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
  4. ^ a b "'Tweet' 2009 Word of the Year, 'Google' Word of the Decade, as voted by American Dialect Society" (PDF). American Dialect Society. January 8, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
  5. ^ a b c Corn BW (2009). "Ending end-of-life phobia — a prescription for enlightened health care reform". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (27): e63. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0909740. PMID 20018960. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b Jim Rutenberg and Jackie Calmes (August 13, 2010). "False 'Death Panel' Rumor Has Some Familiar Roots". The New York Times.
  7. ^ Dwyer, Jim (August 25, 2009). "Distortions on Health Bill, Homegrown". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Brendan Nyhan (2010). "Why the "Death Panel" Myth Wouldn't Die: Misinformation in the Health Care Reform Debate" (PDF). The Forum. 8 (1). Berkeley Electronic Press. doi:10.2202/1540-8884.1354.
  9. ^ David Saltonstall (August 13, 2009). "Ex-pol goes for the jugular. Former Lt. Gov. McCaughey leads 'death panel' charge". New York Daily News. p. 5.
  10. ^ Jim Rutenberg (September 4, 2009). "Resurfacing, a Critic Stirs Up Debate Over Health Care". The New York Times.
  11. ^ a b FactCheck.org, ‘Deadly Doctor’?
  12. ^ FactCheck.org False Euthanasia Claims
  13. ^ New York Post, Betsy McCaughey, Deadly Doctors
  14. ^ Palin, Sarah (August 7, 2009). "Statement on the Current Health Care Debate". Facebook. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  15. ^ a b Palin, Sarah (August 12, 2009). "Concerning the "Death Panels"". Facebook. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  16. ^ a b Sarah Palin, September 8, 2009, Facebook, Written Testimony Submitted to the New York State Senate Aging Committee
  17. ^ The Atlantic, Marc Ambinder, August 11, 2009, Zeke Emanuel, The Death Panels, And Illogic In Politics
  18. ^ a b ABC News, Jake Tapper, August 7, 2009, Palin Paints Picture of 'Obama Death Panel' Giving Thumbs Down to Trig Cite error: The named reference "ABCTapper" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  19. ^ The new York Times, August 25, 2009, Distortions on Health Bill, Homegrown
  20. ^ Ezekiel Emanuel, March 1997, The Atlantic, Who's Right to Die?
  21. ^ FactCheck.org, False Euthanasia Claims
  22. ^ Michael Scherer, TIME, August 12, 2009, Ezekiel Emanuel, Obama's 'Deadly Doctor,' Strikes Back, Ezekiel Emanuel, Obama's 'Deadly Doctor,' Strikes Back
  23. ^ Matthew Daly, August 14, 2009, The Chicago Tribune, AP story, Palin stands by 'death panel claim
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  25. ^ a b Mark Leibovich (September 12, 2010). "The Wish for a Conservative Dream Duo". The New York Times.
  26. ^ "Death panel, end-of-life become hot topics in U.S. health care reform debate". Xinhua News Agency. August 13, 2009.
  27. ^ a b c d Lowry, Rich (November 17, 2009). "The Rogue, on the Record". National Review.
  28. ^ http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/08/death_panels_an_excellent_phra.html
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  30. ^ a b Kim Underwood, Richard Craver (August 13, 2009). "Seeing through the myths of a health-care overhaul". Winston-Salem Journal. Associated Press. p. A.1.
  31. ^ America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 (PDF) Library of Congress. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
  32. ^ "Intrepid Reporter Faces, Survives 'Death Panel'". NPR's Heath Blogs. National Public Radio. November 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name= ignored (help)
  33. ^ a b Alec MacGillis (4 September 2009). "In Wisconsin, A Pioneering Program; The Unwitting Birthplace of the 'Death Panel' Myth". The Washington Post.
  34. ^ Michelle Goldberg (August 4, 2009). "The Health-Care Lie Machine". The Daily Beast. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
  35. ^ a b "Senate committee scraps healthcare provision that gave rise to 'death panel' claims; Though the claims are widely discredited, the Senate Finance Committee is withdrawing from its bill the inclusion of advance care planning consultations, calling them too confusing". Los Angeles Times. August 14, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  36. ^ a b c Robert Pear (December 25, 2010). "Obama Returns to End-of-Life Plan That Caused Stir". The New York Times.
  37. ^ a b Rivkin, David and Foley, Elizabeth Price, 'Death Panels' Come Back to Life, Wall Street Journal, December 30, 2010
  38. ^ George J. Annas (2010). Worst case bioethics: death, disaster, and public health. Oxford University Press. p. 14. ISBN 019539173X.
  39. ^ a b Kettl P (2010). "One Vote for Death Panels". JAMA. 303 (13): 1234–5. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.376. PMID 20371773. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  40. ^ J. Brent Pawlecki (2010). "End of life: a workplace issue". Health Aff (Millwood). 29 (1): 141–6. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0481. PMID 20048373.
  41. ^ "Insight Forums: Dr. Brent J. Pawlecki". Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  42. ^ "United States: Friend or foe?; The politics of health reform". The Economist. 392 (8644): 24. August 15, 2009.
  43. ^ Peter Grier (August 21, 2009). "'Death panel' controversy remains very much alive; Even some conservatives call the issue bogus. Meanwhile, the healthcare debate shifts to 'rationing.'". Christian Science Monitor.
  44. ^ a b Newt Gingrich (August 16, 2009). "Healthcare rationing: Real scary; Concerns about government bureaucracies gaining oversight of your treatment are not misplaced. We need reforms, but the answer is not central planning". Los Angeles Times.
  45. ^ Michael F. Cannon (August 19, 2009). "Sorry Folks, Sarah Palin Is (Partly) Right". The Detroit Free Press. reprinted by the Cato Institute. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
  46. ^ Nick Allen and Andrew Hough (August 16, 2010). "US breast cancer drug decision 'marks start of death panels'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved December 17, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  47. ^ Meier DE, Casarett DJ, von Gunten CF, Smith WJ, Storey CP (2010). "Palliative medicine: politics and policy". J Palliat Med. 13 (2): 141–6. doi:10.1089/jpm.2010.9852. PMID 20043709. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ Roe, Rep. Phil, A board Congress should nail, Washington Times, July 23, 2010
  49. ^ Jackie Calmes (April 17, 2010). "After Health Care Passage, Obama Pushes to Get It Rolling". The New York Times.
  50. ^ Jon Meacham (May 10, 2010). "In Search of a Fiscal Cure". Newsweek. 155 (19).
  51. ^ Burke J. Balch (2010). "Are ObamaCare "Death Panels" Truly a Myth?". National Right to Life News. 37 (10). National Right to Life Committee: 10, 18. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  52. ^ David Jonathan Casarett: Description of Bioethics Expertise University of Pennsylvania Center of Bioethics. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  53. ^ "Doctor On End-Of-Life Care" (Interview). All Things Considered. August 18, 2009. NPR.
  54. ^ "Dr. Atul Gawande: Make End Of Life More Humane" (Interview). Fresh Air. NPR. July, 29 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ^ Lisa Demer (August 12, 2009). "Murkowski: Don't tell lies about health bill; Some things in the legislation are already bad enough, she says at civic center". Anchorage Daily News. p. A.1.
  56. ^ "The Politics Of Anger". NPR. July 18, 2010.
  57. ^ Earl Blumenauer (November 14, 2009). "My Near Death Panel Experience". The New York Times.
  58. ^ Alex Frangos and Tatiana Lau (September 23, 2009). "Excerpts of Sarah Palin's Speech to Investors in Hong Kong". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
  59. ^ Goldberg, Alan B.; Thomson, Katie N. (November 16, 2009). "Sarah Palin: I Want to Play a Major Role in National Politics, 'If People Will Have Me' Former Alaska Gov. Tells Barbara Walters President Obama is "Incorrect" and "Disingenuous" on "Death Panels"". ABC News. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
  60. ^ a b Chris Good (October 12, 2010). "Sarah Palin Is Back on the Death Panels". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
  61. ^ Michael Scherer (March 4, 2010). "The White House Scrambles to Tame the News Cyclone". TIME. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
  62. ^ "Political Lies and the Press". On the Media. October 15, 2010. NPR. WNYC.
  63. ^ a b James A. Morone (2010). "Presidents and health reform: from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Barack Obama". Health Aff (Millwood). 29 (6): 1096–100. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0420. PMID 20530336. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  64. ^ Jonathan Oberlander (2010). "Long time coming: why health reform finally passed". Health Aff (Millwood). 29 (6): 1112–6. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447. PMID 20530339. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  65. ^ "Jonathan Oberlander — Dept. of Social Medicine". University of North Carolina School of Medicine. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
  66. ^ Katie Connolly (September 22, 2010). "Why healthcare reform has been a tough sell". BBC News. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
  67. ^ Atul Gawande (August 2, 2010). "Letting Go: What should medicine do when it can't save your life?". The New Yorker.
  68. ^ "New Studies in Palliative Care". The Diane Rehm Show. August 24, 2010. 21 minutes in. NPR. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  69. ^ "Sarah Palin falsely claims Barack Obama runs a 'death panel'". PolitiFact.com. August 10, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  70. ^ Susan Davis (December 22, 2009). "Palin's 'Death Panels' Charge Named 'Lie of the Year'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
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  76. ^ "The Week in Words: Death panels; muddling along; happy to retire at 60". The Philadelphia Inquirer. October 31, 2010. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
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  78. ^ Paul Krugman (November 17, 2010). "Death Panels and Sales Taxes". The New York Times.

External links

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