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The Outsiders
Theatrical release poster
Directed byFrancis Ford Coppola
Screenplay byKathleen Rowell
Based onThe Outsiders
by S. E. Hinton
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyStephen H. Burum
Edited byAnne Goursaud
Music byCarmine Coppola
Production
company
Distributed byWarner Bros.
Release date
  • March 25, 1983 (1983-03-25) (United States)
Running time
91 minutes (Theatrical version)
114 minutes (The Complete Novel)
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$10 million
Box office$33.7 million

The Outsiders is a 1983 American coming-of-age crime drama film directed by Francis Ford Coppola. The film is an adaptation of the 1967 novel of the same name by S. E. Hinton and was released on March 25, 1983, in the United States. Jo Ellen Misakian, a librarian at Lone Star Elementary School in Fresno, California, and her students were responsible for inspiring Coppola to make the film.[1]

The film is noted for its cast of up-and-coming stars, including C. Thomas Howell (who garnered a Young Artist Award), Rob Lowe, in his feature film debut, Emilio Estevez, Matt Dillon, Tom Cruise, Patrick Swayze, Ralph Macchio, and Diane Lane. The film helped spark the Brat Pack genre of the 1980s. Dillon would also star in two more films based on Hinton novels: Tex (1982), with Estevez, and Coppola's Rumble Fish (1983), with Lane. Estevez wrote and starred in the Hinton adaptation That Was Then... This Is Now (1985).[2]

The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, most notably for its performances, and performed well at the box office, grossing $33.7 million on a $10 million budget. Over the years, the film has earned a cult following and has spawned a 1990 sequel television series and a successful 2023 stage musical.[3]

Plot

The Curtis brothers' parents are deceased, leaving eldest brother Darrel left to raise and support Sodapop and Ponyboy, his two younger brothers, in 1965 Tulsa. The "Socs" harass and assault Ponyboy until some of his fellow greasers chase them off. He and Dallas catch a movie at the local drive-in, where Dallas unsuccessfully flirts with "Soc" Cherry Valance and later leaves in a rage. Cherry invites Ponyboy and Johnny to sit with her and her friend. Their Soc boyfriends take umbrage at this, so the girls leave with them to avoid any escalation.

Pony and Johnny walk to an abandoned lot, to help Johnny avoid his parents' routinely volatile bickering and domestic violence. He laments the hopelessness of his young life and even considers suicide. Ponyboy falls asleep and awakens a few hours later and rushes home where Darrel and Soda are waiting up for him. Darrel confronts Ponyboy, ending in Darrel violently knocking Ponyboy to the floor. Ponyboy runs off to a local park with Johnny. They reminisce about their childhood until they are confronted and attacked by Bob and three other Socs. Johnny is beaten, and Pony is almost drowned in the park's fountain, until Johnny stabs Bob and he is maimed.

Ponyboy and Johnny find Dallas, who gives them money for food and a loaded firearm. They flee to Windrixville after hopping on a train and hide out in an abandoned church, where they cut their hair, dye Ponyboy's hair blond. They read Gone with the Wind aloud to pass the time. Dallas visits, taking them to get a meal at a local restaurant. A note from Sodapop urges Ponyboy to come home, as Cherry is willing to testify on their behalf. Johnny favors turning themselves in, but Dallas disagrees.

Returning to the church, they discover that it is on fire with children trapped inside. They manage to rescue them from the inferno but are burned. Johnny breaks his back when a part of the structure collapses on him. Ponyboy reunites with his two older brothers in the hospital and then returns home. Their heroic deed makes the front page of the local paper, but the judge may send Ponyboy to a boys' home. Randy peacefully talks to Ponyboy about the upcoming rumble. Ponyboy and Two-Bit visit Johnny and Dallas in the hospital. Ponyboy asks Two-Bit to buy another copy of Gone with the Wind at the hospital gift shop. Johnny's mother comes, but he refuses her visit, and she takes out her ire on Ponyboy and Two-Bit, who decries her as a bad mother.

Dallas encourages them to win the upcoming rumble for Johnny. Ponyboy meets with Cherry about the trial. She refuses to visit Johnny at the hospital because he killed Bob. The greasers win the rumble. Dallas drives an injured Ponyboy to the hospital to see Johnny. Dallas tells him about the greasers' victory, but Johnny is dismissive and dies after telling Ponyboy to "stay gold".

Dallas robs a store but is pursued by the police. He calls Darrel to meet him in the park and help hide him. The police arrive first. He commits suicide by cop. The judge exonerates Ponyboy for Bob's death in court and places him in Darrel's custody. Cherry sees Ponyboy and ignores him. He is offered a passing grade by his English teacher if he writes a quality essay but is uninspired. He finds a letter from Johnny explaining how saving the children was worth sacrificing his life and advising Ponyboy to "never change". Johnny's letter inspires Ponyboy's essay. The story begins. "I had only two things on my mind."

Cast

In addition, Sofia Coppola (credited as Domino), daughter of the film's director, plays the child asking the greasers for 15 cents, and S. E. Hinton plays Dally's nurse. Brief uncredited appearances include Melanie Griffith and Heather Langenkamp.[4] Additionally, Nicolas Cage (Francis Ford Coppola’s nephew), Michael Peter Balzary (bassist "Flea" from Red Hot Chili Peppers), and Cam Neely (former NHL player and member of the Hockey Hall of Fame) had uncredited appearances as rival gang members during the rumble scene.

Production

Development

Francis Ford Coppola had not intended to make a film about teen angst until Jo Ellen Misakian, a school librarian from Lone Star Elementary School in Fresno, California, wrote to him on behalf of her seventh and eighth grade students about adapting The Outsiders.[5][6]

"We are all so impressed with the book, The Outsiders by SE Hinton, that a petition has been circulated asking that it be made into a movie. We have chosen you to send it to."[7]

Approximately 15 pages of children's signatures were attached to the letter written in different colors. Moved by the letter, Coppola read the book and was impressed by the relationships between the greaser kids. It brought back memories of when he had been a drama counselor working with children at a summer camp in his youth.[7]

Casting

The casting process led to debut or star-making performances of actors who would be collectively referred to throughout the 80s as the Brat Pack: C. Thomas Howell, Matt Dillon, Patrick Swayze, Ralph Macchio, Rob Lowe, Emilio Estevez and Tom Cruise.[8] Timothy Hutton, Sean Penn, Mickey Rourke, Scott Baio, and Dennis Quaid also auditioned for roles but were not cast.[9][10] Producer Fred Roos, a frequent collaborator with Coppola, was partially responsible for the film's casting. In particular, he scouted Patrick Swayze based on his performance in the roller skating movie Skatetown, U.S.A. (1979).[11] Val Kilmer was approached for a role in the film, but he turned it down as he was prepping for a Broadway play (The Slab Boys).[12]

Ralph Macchio stated that during auditions, Coppola "wanted everybody to read for a different role".[13] He said that Coppola had all of the actors "in one room watching each other audition...It's brutal because you're becoming self-conscious of any choices because you're watching reactions based on other actors and watching the filmmakers and how they respond because you're all trying to get the job. For Francis, it was about mixing and matching the ensemble, saying 'Dennis Quaid, you read this, and Rob Lowe, you read that.'"[5] As a New Yorker who didn't know any of the other actors auditioning, Macchio also stated that he felt like an outsider during the process.[9] Lowe also said that Tom Cruise went "ballistic" over sharing a room with him during the auditions.[14] He accidentally struck him in the face during rehearsals.[15]

Filming

The house used for filming in the movie, located at 731 Curtis Brothers Lane in Tulsa, Oklahoma, is currently being used as a museum showcasing props from the film.

The film was shot on location in Tulsa, Oklahoma.[16] Filming took place from March 29 to May 15, 1982. A newspaper used to show a story about the three greasers saving the kids in The Outsiders includes a real story from 1982 regarding the death of a man hit by a train in Boston.[17] Coppola's craving for realism almost led to disaster during the church-burning scene. He pressed for "more fire", and the small, controlled blaze accidentally triggered a much larger, uncontrolled fire, which a downpour doused.[18]

The original length of the film was two hours and 13 minutes. Warner Bros. felt that the film was a mistake and was too long.[7] As a result, Coppola cut it down to 91 minutes for the theatrical release.

The pranks that went on during the filming have become legendary, mostly initiated by Matt Dillon, Rob Lowe, Tom Cruise, and Patrick Swayze.[5] The targets were often C. Thomas Howell and Diane Lane.[5] Ralph Macchio was not involved because he was so focused on getting his role right.[5] The author of the original novel, S. E. Hinton, was involved during the filming as she and Coppola wrote the screenplay together; she appears as a nurse during a hospital scene in the film.[5] She also later stated that she served as an informal "den mother" to many of the actors, as she was "close to all of them".[5]

Soundtrack

No.TitlePerformer(s)Length
1."Stay Gold"Stevie Wonder, Carmine Coppola 
2."Fate Theme"Carmine Coppola 
3."Country Suite"Carmine Coppola 
4."Cherry Says Goodbye"Carmine Coppola 
5."Incidental Music 1"Carmine Coppola 
6."Fight in the Park"Carmine Coppola 
7."Bob is Dead"Carmine Coppola 
8."Deserted Church Suite"Carmine Coppola 
9."Sunrise"Carmine Coppola 
10."Fire at the Church"Carmine Coppola 
11."Incidental Music 2"Carmine Coppola 
12."Rumble Variation / Dallas’ Death"Carmine Coppola 
13."Brothers Together"Carmine Coppola 
14."Rumble"Carmine Coppola 
15."Stay Gold (alternate)"Stevie Wonder 
16."The Outside In"Bill Hughes 
17."Stay Gold"Bill Hughes 

[19][20]

Reception

Critical response

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has a rating of 70% based on 50 reviews, with an average score of 6.3/10. The site's consensus reads, "The cracks continue to show in Coppola's directorial style, but The Outsiders remains a blustery, weird, and fun adaptation of the classic novel."[21] Roger Ebert rated the film two and a half out of four stars, citing problems with Coppola's vision, "the characters wind up like pictures, framed and hanging on the screen."[22] Metacritic gave the film a score of 45, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[23]

The film's casting directors, Janet Hirshenson and Jane Jenkins, wrote in a 2007 book that the film's realistic portrayal of poor teenagers "created a new kind of filmmaking, especially about teenagers — a more naturalistic look at how young people talk, act, and experience the world. This movie was one of the few Hollywood offerings to deal realistically with kids from the wrong side of the tracks, and to portray honestly children whose parents had abused, neglected, or otherwise failed them."[24]

Stéphane Delorme, in his book on Coppola, wrote: "The Outsiders is a wonder. And wonder is also the subject of the film. 'Stay Gold', says the song over the title credits. (...) The artificiality of the rural setting, which is as fake as in The Night of the Hunter, places us in the distant, mythical past. It takes only dye to turn these blond heads into golden heads, and thus to go from nostalgia for one's youth in the 1960s to a general regret for a golden age."[25]

Accolades

The Outsiders was nominated for four Young Artist Awards, given annually since 1978 by the Young Artist Foundation. C. Thomas Howell won "Best Young Motion Picture Actor in a Feature Film". Diane Lane was nominated for "Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture". The film was nominated for "Best Family Feature Motion Picture".[26] Francis Ford Coppola was nominated for the Golden Prize at the 13th Moscow International Film Festival.[27]

Aftermath and legacy

"The Complete Novel" re-release

On September 20, 2005, Coppola re-released the film on DVD, including 22 minutes of additional footage and new music, as a two-disc set called The Outsiders: The Complete Novel. Coppola re-inserted some deleted scenes to make the film more faithful to the book. This brought it up to a 114-minute running time. At the beginning of the film, he added scenes where Ponyboy gets stalked and jumped, the gang talks about going to the movies, Sodapop and Ponyboy talk in their room, and Dally, Pony, and Johnny bum around before going to the movies. At the end, Coppola added the scenes taking place in court, Mr. Syme talking to Ponyboy, and Sodapop, Ponyboy, and Darry in the park.

Coppola's father, Carmine Coppola, had written a soaring, romantic score for the original release, which at the time Coppola felt may have been the wrong choice, but he was not prepared to say that to him.[7] By the time he came to recut the movie for "The Complete Novel" re-release, his father had died, which allowed Coppola the opportunity to balance Carmine Coppola's music with music popular in the 1960s as well as new music composed by Michael Seifert and Dave Pruitt.

The film was re-rated by the MPAA as PG-13 for "violence, teen drinking and smoking, and some sexual references".[28]

Disc 2 of the DVD includes some unique features, featuring behind-the-scenes interviews with the cast and crew, readings from the novel, additional deleted scenes, the original theatrical trailer, and an NBC News Today segment from 1983 talking about how The Outsiders has inspired teenagers across the world.

The director also removed three scenes that were in the theatrical version to improve pacing. Those scenes were Ponyboy and Johnny looking at their reflections in the lake and talking about their hair, attempting to catch a rabbit, and playing poker. They can be found on the second disc as additional scenes, along with other deleted scenes that were filmed, but not put into the movie. In addition, Swayze, Macchio, Lane, and Howell gathered at Coppola's estate to watch the re-release, and their commentary is included on the DVD. Dillon and Lowe provided separate commentary.

A Blu-ray edition of The Outsiders: The Complete Novel was released in Region A on June 3, 2014.[29]

A manufacture-on-demand Ultra HD Blu-ray containing both versions of The Outsiders including The Complete Novel, was released through Studio Distribution Services on November 9, 2021.[30]

Sequel TV series

Main article: The Outsiders (American TV series)

A television series based on the characters of the novel and film aired in 1990. It consists of a different cast playing the same characters. It picks up right after the events of the film's ending and lasted only one season.

Stage musical adaptation

Main article: The Outsiders (musical)

A stage musical based on both the novel and film held its world premiere at La Jolla Playhouse in February/March 2023. The production will be directed by Danya Taymor from a libretto by Adam Rapp, with songs by Jamestown Revival and music supervision, arrangements, and orchestrations by Justin Levine.[31] It was announced on August 21, 2023, that the show will begin previews on Broadway at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre on March 16. It officially opened on April 11. It received 12 nominations at the 77th Tony Awards, winning 4 including Best Musical.[32]

The Outsiders House Museum and local preservations of the film locations

The Outsiders House Museum opened in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on August 9, 2019.[33] In 2009, hip-hop artist Danny Boy O'Connor discovered the house that was used for the Curtis Brothers's home. Moving forward, O'Connor kept the thought of buying it, which he eventually did in 2016.[34][35] O'Connor said he bought it sight unseen and when he first went inside that it was falling apart. With the help of friends, the Oklahoma Film and Music Office, the City Council, local businesses, and individuals who volunteered, the restoration started.[36][37] After enough funds had been raised, the house went through extensive renovations to restore it and maintain its authenticity from the film.[38]

In 2016, a GoFundMe was set up to raise additional funds,[39] notable donors included Jack White, who donated $30,000, and Billy Idol. That same year, supporters organized film screenings featuring actor C. Thomas Howell, and the corner street signs were changed to "The Outsiders way" and "The Curtis Brothers Lane".[34] The museum now contains a collection of The Outsiders memorabilia.[40] In addition to Howell, other stars of the film including Rob Lowe, Ralph Macchio, and Matt Dillon visited the site between its restoration and opening.[33][41] For his efforts on preserving a cultural landmark, O'Connor received a key to the city of Tulsa.[42]

In 2022, in Sperry, Oklahoma, the group Upward Sperry restored the now non-operational DX gas station seen in the film. The group's president, Gary Coulson, said, "It's really growing. I almost hate to say, but it's almost like a cult following. They stream through here - what that does is get people here." With O'Connor they are planning to revitalize Outsiders nostalgia in Sperry.[43]

On April 14, 2023, as part of a 40th anniversary celebration of the release of the film, the institution installed a plaque commemorating the film which was installed at the Admiral Twin drive-In where a scene was shot.[44]

Set photography book The Outsiders ‘Rare and Unseen’ and The Outsiders on set

In October 2022, O'Connor with The Outsiders House Museum published the book The Outsiders 'Rare and Unseen', which contains 148 photos by David Burnett, who was the set's photographer. O'Connor said: "We originally got the first lot of photos and then [Burnett] said there may be more. They found the rougher photos, and for me, that's where the rubber meets the road because they [the actors]'re unpolished, their guard's down, they're not posing."[45]

On May 2024, O'Connor with The Outsiders House Museum published the book The Outsiders on set, which contains 254 pages of photos by Nancy Moran a photographer who visited The Outsiders's set while they were shooting. O'Connor explained that when he discovered that this additional slew of photos existed, he approached Moran, who he didn't know, and to his surprise she let him have the negatives so that he could develop them.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ "American Zoetrope: Films". Zoetrope.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
  2. ^ "Movies - S.E. Hinton". Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
  3. ^ Phillips, Patrick (August 25, 2021). "Is The Outsiders Based On A True Story?". Looper.com. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  4. ^ Parker, Matt (December 1, 2020). "20 Things You Never Knew About 1983 Film The Outsiders". eightieskids.com. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g King, Susan (March 23, 2018). "'The Outsiders' Stays Gold at 35: Inside Coppola's Crafty Methods and Stars' Crazy Pranks". Variety. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  6. ^ "Letters of Note". Letters of Note. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d Hoad, Phil (November 1, 2021). "'Tom Cruise was an intense kid': How Francis Ford Coppola made The Outsiders". The Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  8. ^ Burns, Sean (April 23, 2019). "Revisiting 'The Outsiders' After The Immediacy Of Adolescence's Plights Have Passed". WBUR-FM. Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
  9. ^ a b Wojciechowski, Michele (April 24, 2017). "Ralph Macchio on Being Part of The Outsiders and HBO's The Deuce". Parade. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  10. ^ "An oral history of 'The Outsiders'". Entertainment Weekly.
  11. ^ Babitz, Eve (2019). "Sunset Tango". I Used To Be Charming. New York: New York Review of Books. p. 166. ISBN 9781681373799.
  12. ^ Riley, Jenelle (April 30, 2020). "From 'Top Gun' to '10 Commandments,' Val Kilmer's New Book Details Highs and Lows". Variety.
  13. ^ Hiatt, Brian (April 23, 2019). "Ralph Macchio on 'Cobra Kai' and the Legend of 'The Karate Kid'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
  14. ^ "Rob Lowe Says Tom Cruise Went 'Ballistic' over Sharing a Room with Him".
  15. ^ "Rob Lowe had on set fight with Tom Cruise". Independent.co.uk. May 16, 2011.
  16. ^ ""The Outsiders" film, shot in Tulsa, page 1". tulsatvmemories.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010.
  17. ^ "COMMONWEALTH vs. WILLIAM M. JOYCE (and companion cases)". Massachusetts Trial Court Law Libraries. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  18. ^ Phillips, Gene D. G. Phillips, Godfather: the intimate Coppola, p. 208. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813129060. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
  19. ^ The Outsiders [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] - Carmine Coppola | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic, retrieved July 5, 2021
  20. ^ Flory, Andrew (May 30, 2017). I Hear a Symphony: Motown and Crossover R&B. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03686-8.
  21. ^ "The Outsiders (1983)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Archived from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  22. ^ Ebert, Roger (March 25, 1983). "The Outsiders Movie Review & Film Summary (1983)". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  23. ^ "The Outsiders Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020..
  24. ^ Hirshenson, Janet; Jenkins, Jane (November 5, 2007). A Star Is Found: Our Adventures Casting Some of Hollywood's Biggest Movies. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 86. ISBN 9780151012343. Retrieved November 5, 2016. the outsiders beach blanket bingo.
  25. ^ Delorme, Stéphane (2010). Francis Ford Coppola. Cahiers du Cinéma. p. 50. ISBN 978-2-8664-2569-2.
  26. ^ "Young Artist Awards - 1984". IMDb. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
  27. ^ "Francis Ford Coppola Bio". MTV. Archived from the original on November 19, 2014. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
  28. ^ Smith, Dinitia (September 12, 2005). "Inside an outsider". The New York Times. p. 42. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2016 – via St. Petersburg Times.
  29. ^ "The Outsiders Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  30. ^ Warner Archive Collection (November 1, 2021). "From the Warner Archive Collection, classics are coming to Blu-ray this month! 🎞". Twitter. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  31. ^ "The Outsiders Musical to Make World Premiere at la Jolla Playhouse". Theater Mania. March 8, 2022.
  32. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/16/theater/the-outsiders-best-musical-tony.html#:~:text=The%20gritty%2C%20bloody%20and%20relentlessly,seen%20on%20a%20Broadway%20stage.
  33. ^ a b Tramel, Jimmie (August 5, 2019). "Outsiders House history stretches from land run to museum's opening night". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
  34. ^ a b Barnard, Matt (August 8, 2019). "From ruins to Tulsa icon: The story behind the famous Outsiders House". Tulsa World. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  35. ^ Krischer, Hayley (March 12, 2017). "Why 'The Outsiders' Lives On: A Teenage Novel Turns 50". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  36. ^ O'Shansky, Joe (August 4, 2016). "The Curtis House in Crutchfield". TulsaPeople Magazine. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
  37. ^ Graham, Ginnnie (April 2, 2016). "Ginnie Graham: Going inside 'The Outsiders' house". Tulsa World. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
  38. ^ Terrell, Ron (January 12, 2017). "'Outsiders' House: The Latest On The Renovations". Fox23 News. Archived from the original on April 13, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
  39. ^ Jayne, Ian (August 26, 2016). "A hip-hop icon is included in a team of enthusiasts dedicated to preserving The Outsiders house". Oklahoma Gazette. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  40. ^ Graham, Ginnie (May 5, 2017). "From the Outside: Hip-hop artist Danny Boy O'Connor saves a house, finds a mission". Tulsa World. Tulsa, OK. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
  41. ^ Tramel, Jimmie (March 25, 2022). "'The Outsiders' actor Matt Dillon tours Outsiders House Museum". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  42. ^ "Stay gold: Hinton, Howell, O'Connor honored". Tulsa World. November 3, 2018.
  43. ^ Ayer, Justin (September 26, 2022). "DX gas station from 'The Outsiders' draws revitalization in Sperry". 2 News Oklahoma. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  44. ^ World, Jimmie Tramel Tulsa (April 10, 2023). "Plaque dedication set before 40th anniversary showing of 'The Outsiders' at Admiral Twin". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  45. ^ "New book shows unseen images of 'The Outsiders'". FOX23 News. October 11, 2022. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
  46. ^ World, Jimmie Tramel Tulsa (May 9, 2024). "Photos in new book show 'Outsiders' actors before they became famous". Tulsa World. Retrieved May 12, 2024.

Further reading

  • O'Connor, Danny Boy; Burnett, David (2022). The Outsiders 'Rare and Unseen'. Tulsa: Stay Gold Publishing. ISBN 978-0-578-28834-5.
  • O'Connor, Danny Boy; Moran, Nancy (2024). The Outsiders on set. Tulsa: Stay Gold Publishing. ISBN 979-8-218-38771-6.
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