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The Culture of Ladakh refers to the traditional customs, belief systems, political systems that are followed by Ladakhi people. Ladakh's languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, and customs are similar to neighboring Tibet.^[1]^[2] Ladakhi is the traditional language of Ladakh. The popular dances in Ladakh include the Khatok Chenmo, Chaams, etc. People of Ladakh also celebrate several festivals throughout the year, some of the most famous ones being Hemis Tsechu & Saka Dawa.

Background

Ladakh is the northmost part of India. Ladakh shares a border with Tibet to the east, the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the south, and Gilgit-Baltistan to the west. It extends from the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram range to the north to the Great Himalayas to the south.^[3] Formerly, it was a part of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, but after the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act (2019), it was separated from Jammu and Kashmir and was converted to a Union Territory.^[4] Parts of Ladakh have been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947.^[5]

Ladakh incorporates parts of the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges and the upper Indus River valley. It is the only cold desert in India.^[6] Its topography is barren and population sparse inhabited along the river banks of different valleys namely Indus, Nubra, Changthang, and Zanskar.^[6] Women in Ladakh enjoy high status in comparison to rest of the nation, especially rural areas.^[7] Ladakh's languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, and customs are similar to neighboring Tibet.^[1]

Language

Ladakhi language

The Ladakhi language is a Tibetic language spoken in Ladakh, which is also called Bhoti or Bodhi.^[8] As per the 2011 census, approximately 110,826 people speak Ladakhi.^[9] Ladakhi has absorbed words from the silk route trade.^[10] It is usually written using Tibetan script with the pronunciation of Ladakhi being much closer to written Classical Tibetan.

Music

The traditional music of Ladakh includes the instruments like Linyu (flute), Damnyan (string instrument) Pivang, Khakong, (sitar) Daph (Dafli) Daman, Surna, and Piwang (Shehnai and Drum). Chanting of mantras in Sanskrit and the Tibetan language plays an important role in Ladakhi music.^[11]^[12] Folk music is an integral part of Ladakh's culture. Music is often inspired by the surrounding physical features.^[13] Morup is an avid preservationist and during his 30-year career working at Ladakh’s only radio station (All India Radio, Leh) he recorded a vast archive of Ladakhi folk songs.^[14]

Dance

The popular dances in Ladakh include the Khatok Chenmo which is headed by a respectable family member, Shondol,^[15] Some other dance forms include Kompa Tsum-tsak Jabro Chaams: Chabs-Skyan Tses Raldi Tses and Alley Yaato.^[16] The music of Ladakhi monastic festivals, like various forms of Tibetan music, often involves chanting as an integral part of the religion. Traditionally, 360 variants of dances existed in the early times, but today only a few are preserved. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts and manuscripts or in celebration of different festivals. Some forms of dance narrates the story of the fight between good and evil, ending with the eventual victory of the former.^[17]

Cuisine

Ladakhi food is much common as Tibetan food, the most prominent dishes being thukpa, a type of noodle soup and tsampa, known in Ladakhi as ngampe, which is a type of roasted barley flour. Strictly Ladakhi dishes include skyu and chutagi, both heavy and rich soup pasta dishes, skyu being made with root vegetables and meat, and chutagi with leafy greens and vegetables.^[18] As Ladakh tourism and modernization increased in Ladakh, foods from the plains of India are becoming more common.^[19]

Festivals and Events

Ladakh's culture has several festivals throughout the year, with the most famous ones being Hemis Tsechu and Losar.^[20] Ladakh's festivals comprise mask dances performed by people, games such as camel races, river rafting and archery, regional music and dance performances, thangka exhibitions, etc.^[21] People of Ladakh also celebrate several festivals throughout the year, some of the most famous ones being Hemis Tsechu & Saka Dawa. A lot of their time is also spent in making stone jeweler, woolen clothes, and mural paintings on the walls of the monasteries.^[22] Weaving is considered as an essential part of traditional life in eastern Ladakh.^[23] Some festivals of Ladakh are:

Hemis Festival - Hemis Monastery has an annual festival named after it.^[24]
Losar - Losar, also known as Tibetan New Year, is a festival in Tibetan Buddhism.^[25]
Phyang Tsedup Festival - This festival is celebrated every fifth month of the Tibetan lunar calendar.^[26]
Sindhu Darshan Festival - It is held on every Guru Purnima on the banks of the Indus river.^[27]
Dosmoche - It is celebrated every 12th month of the Tibetan calendar every year.^[28]
Saka Dawa Festival.^[29]
Tak - Tok Festival - It is one of the major festivals of Ladakh. It is celebrated at cave Gompa of Tak- Tok.^[30]
Matho Nagrang Festival.^[31]

Cultural centers

Buddhist monasteries are often situated on an isolated hillock in the vicinity of villages. These monasteries provide the focus for the faith of the religious Buddhist people.^[32] Some monasteries and cultural centers of Ladakh are:

References

^ ^a ^b Jolden, Tsering; Tundup, Rinchen (2018). "Cultural Relationship between the People of Ladakh and Tibet". The Tibet Journal. 43 (2): 65–71. ISSN 0970-5368. JSTOR 26634918.
^ "Ladakh Festival - a Cultural Spectacle ~ EF News International". 2012-05-02. Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
^ "Ladakh". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
^ "Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh become separate Union Territories from today: 10 points". Hindustan Times. 2019-10-31. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ Jan·Osma鈔czyk, Edmund; Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
^ ^a ^b Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Cold Desert Cultural Landscape of India". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Women empowerment in Ladakh". Reachladakh. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ Ladakhi language, The Himalayan Initiatives, retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Ladakhi Language & Phrasebook". Retrieved May 18, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Kaul, H. N. (1998). Rediscovery of Ladakh. Indus Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 978-81-7387-086-6.
^ "Masks: Reflections of Culture and Religion". Dolls of India. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
^ "The dying art of folk music in Ladakh". Reachladakh. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Where The Mountains Meet The Sky: Folk Music of Ladakh". SublimeFrequencies. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Ladakhi Shondol dance makes it to Guinness book of records". The Tribune. 2019-09-22. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ Lowen, Sharon (2016-08-09). "Of Shon, Alley Yaato and Kud". Retrieved 2021-05-17.
^ "Masks: Reflections of Culture and Religion". Dolls of India. 12 January 2003. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2006.
^ Motup, Sonam. "Food & Cuisine: 10 Best Dishes to Eat in Leh-Ladakh 🥄🥣".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Namgail, T., Jensen, A., Padmanabhan, S., Desor, S. & Dolma, R. (2019). Dhontang: Food in Ladakh. Central Institute of Buddhist Studies, Local Futures. pp. 1–44. ISBN 978-93-83802-15-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Losar, the biggest Tibetan Buddhist Festival, began in Ladakh region". Jagranjosh.com. 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
^ neeru (2017-10-12). "D'source Design Gallery on Leh Ladakh Music Instruments". D'Source. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Ladakh Culture | Arts, Culture & Life Style of Ladakhi People". tour-my-india. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Living Fabric: Weaving Among the Nomads of Ladakh Himalaya". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2006.
^ Deb, Soma; Sinha, B. (2001). Encyclopaedia of Fairs & Festivals in India: With Select Rituals, Vows, Holy Cities, Temples and Pilgrim Centers. Raj Publications. p. 88. ISBN 978-81-86208-14-4.
^ ANI. "Ladakh Buddhist Association celebrates 'Losar' festival in Leh". Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Phyang Monastic festival Tsesdup concludes". Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Corona effect: Only Sindhis allowed for Sindhu Darshan Fest". Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Leh, Likir Dosmoche begins". Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ Trekking in the Indian Himalaya. Lonely Planet Publications. 2002. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-74059-085-3.
^ "Tak - Tok Festival in Leh". Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "The quirky India travel plan: Where should you go next?". Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Culture & Heritage | District Leh, Union Territory of Ladakh | India". Retrieved 2021-05-18.

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[:0-1] Jolden, Tsering; Tundup, Rinchen (2018). "Cultural Relationship between the People of Ladakh and Tibet". The Tibet Journal. 43 (2): 65–71. ISSN 0970-5368. JSTOR 26634918.

[2] "Ladakh Festival - a Cultural Spectacle ~ EF News International". 2012-05-02. Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2021-05-17.

[3] "Ladakh". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.

[4] "Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh become separate Union Territories from today: 10 points". Hindustan Times. 2019-10-31. Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003-5] Jan·Osma鈔czyk, Edmund; Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."

[:1-6] Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Cold Desert Cultural Landscape of India". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[7] "Women empowerment in Ladakh". Reachladakh. Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[8] Ladakhi language, The Himalayan Initiatives, retrieved 23 January 2021.

[9] "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[10] "Ladakhi Language & Phrasebook". Retrieved May 18, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[11] Kaul, H. N. (1998). Rediscovery of Ladakh. Indus Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 978-81-7387-086-6.

[12] "Masks: Reflections of Culture and Religion". Dolls of India. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 2006-08-21.

[13] "The dying art of folk music in Ladakh". Reachladakh. Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[14] "Where The Mountains Meet The Sky: Folk Music of Ladakh". SublimeFrequencies. Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[15] "Ladakhi Shondol dance makes it to Guinness book of records". The Tribune. 2019-09-22. Retrieved 2020-09-07.

[16] Lowen, Sharon (2016-08-09). "Of Shon, Alley Yaato and Kud". Retrieved 2021-05-17.

[17] "Masks: Reflections of Culture and Religion". Dolls of India. 12 January 2003. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2006.

[18] Motup, Sonam. "Food & Cuisine: 10 Best Dishes to Eat in Leh-Ladakh 🥄🥣".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[19] Namgail, T., Jensen, A., Padmanabhan, S., Desor, S. & Dolma, R. (2019). Dhontang: Food in Ladakh. Central Institute of Buddhist Studies, Local Futures. pp. 1–44. ISBN 978-93-83802-15-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[20] "Losar, the biggest Tibetan Buddhist Festival, began in Ladakh region". Jagranjosh.com. 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2021-05-19.

[21] ru (2017-10-12). "D'source Design Gallery on Leh Ladakh Music Instruments". D'Source. Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[22] "Ladakh Culture | Arts, Culture & Life Style of Ladakhi People". tour-my-india. Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[23] "Living Fabric: Weaving Among the Nomads of Ladakh Himalaya". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2006.

[24] Deb, Soma; Sinha, B. (2001). Encyclopaedia of Fairs & Festivals in India: With Select Rituals, Vows, Holy Cities, Temples and Pilgrim Centers. Raj Publications. p. 88. ISBN 978-81-86208-14-4.

[25] ANI. "Ladakh Buddhist Association celebrates 'Losar' festival in Leh". Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[26] "Phyang Monastic festival Tsesdup concludes". Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[27] "Corona effect: Only Sindhis allowed for Sindhu Darshan Fest". Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[28] "Leh, Likir Dosmoche begins". Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[29] Trekking in the Indian Himalaya. Lonely Planet Publications. 2002. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-74059-085-3.

[30] "Tak - Tok Festival in Leh". Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[31] "The quirky India travel plan: Where should you go next?". Retrieved 2021-05-18.

[32] "Culture & Heritage | District Leh, Union Territory of Ladakh | India". Retrieved 2021-05-18.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Culture of Ladakh}}
-[[File:Shanti Tilling in Ladakhi headgear (2014).jpg|thumb|Shanti Tilling in Ladakhi headgear]]
+[[File:Cham dance during Dosmoche festival in Leh Palace DSCN5692 1.jpg|thumb|Cham dance during Dosmoche festival in Leh Palace]]
-'''Culture of Ladakh''' refers to the traditional customs, belief systems, political systems that are followed by [[Ladakhis|Ladakhi people]]. [[Ladakh|Ladakh's]] [[Ladakhi language|languages]], religions, dance, [[Music of Ladakh|music]], architecture, food and customs are similar to neighboring [[Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jolden |first1=Tsering |last2=Tundup |first2=Rinchen |date=2018 |title=Cultural Relationship between the People of Ladakh and Tibet |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26634918 |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=65–71 |jstor=26634918 |issn=0970-5368}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-02 |title=Ladakh Festival - a Cultural Spectacle ~ EF News International |url=http://www.efi-news.com/2011/09/ladakh-festival-cultural-spectacle.html |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502152610/http://www.efi-news.com/2011/09/ladakh-festival-cultural-spectacle.html |archive-date=2012-05-02 }}</ref>
+The '''Culture of Ladakh''' refers to the traditional customs, belief systems, political systems that are followed by [[Ladakhis|Ladakhi people]]. [[Ladakh|Ladakh's]] [[Ladakhi language|languages]], religions, dance, [[Music of Ladakh|music]], architecture, food, and customs are similar to neighboring [[Tibet]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Jolden |first1=Tsering |last2=Tundup |first2=Rinchen |date=2018 |title=Cultural Relationship between the People of Ladakh and Tibet |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26634918 |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=65–71 |jstor=26634918 |issn=0970-5368}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-02 |title=Ladakh Festival - a Cultural Spectacle ~ EF News International |url=http://www.efi-news.com/2011/09/ladakh-festival-cultural-spectacle.html |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502152610/http://www.efi-news.com/2011/09/ladakh-festival-cultural-spectacle.html |archive-date=2012-05-02 }}</ref> Ladakhi is the traditional language of Ladakh. The popular dances in Ladakh include the ''Khatok Chenmo, [[Cham dance|Chaams]],'' etc''.'' People of Ladakh also celebrate several festivals throughout the year, some of the most famous ones being Hemis Tsechu & Saka Dawa.
 ==Background==
 {{Main article|Ladakh}}
-[[File:Viewofleh.jpg|thumb|View of [[Leh]]]]
+{{Further|Geography of Ladakh}}[[File:Viewofleh.jpg|thumb|View of [[Leh]]]]
-[[Ladakh]] is the north most part of [[India]]. Ladakh shares border with [[Tibet]]  to the east, the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to the south, and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] to the west. It extends from the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram range to the north to the main Great Himalayas to the south.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |entry=Ladakh |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ladakh-union-territory |access-date=2021-05-17 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>
+[[Ladakh]] is the northmost part of [[India]]. Ladakh shares a border with [[Tibet]]  to the east, the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to the south, and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] to the west. It extends from the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram range to the north to the Great Himalayas to the south.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |entry=Ladakh |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ladakh-union-territory |access-date=2021-05-17 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Formerly, it was a part of the Indian [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]], but after the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act (2019)]], it was separated from Jammu and Kashmir and was converted to a [[Union territory|Union Territory]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-31|title=Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh become separate Union Territories from today: 10 points|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-kashmir-and-ladakh-become-separate-union-territories-from-thursday-10-points/story-fsYC3R1HFXFZxzlwomycrJ.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Parts of Ladakh have been the subject of dispute between India, [[Pakistan]], and [[China]] since 1947.<ref name="Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Jan·Osma鈔czyk|first1=Edmund|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|pages=1191–|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|last2=Osmańczyk|first2=Edmund Jan}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref>
+Ladakh incorporates parts of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] and [[Karakoram]] [[Mountain range|mountain ranges]] and the upper [[Indus River]] valley. It is the only cold desert in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Cold Desert Cultural Landscape of India|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6055/#:~:text=The%20Cold%20Desert%20Cultural%20Landscape,or%20H.P.)%20in%20the%20south.|access-date=2021-05-18|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> Its [[topography]] is barren and population sparse inhabited along the river banks of different valleys namely Indus, [[Nubra]], [[Changtang|Changthang]], and [[Zanskar]].<ref name=":1" /> Women in Ladakh enjoy high status in comparison to rest of the nation, especially rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women empowerment in Ladakh|url=https://www.reachladakh.com/news/opinion/expert-talk/women-empowerment-in-ladakh|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Reachladakh}}</ref> [[Ladakh|Ladakh's]] [[Ladakhi language|languages]], religions, dance, [[Music of Ladakh|music]], architecture, food, and customs are similar to neighboring [[Tibet]].<ref name=":0" />
 ==Language==
 {{Main article|Ladakhi language}}
+[[File:Ladakhi.png|thumb|Ladakhi language]]
-The [[Ladakhi language]] is a Tibetic language spoken in Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Namgial |first=Eshey |date=2018 |title=Ladakhi: An off Shoot of Classical Tibetan Language |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26634904 |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=35–47 |jstor=26634904 |issn=0970-5368}}</ref>
+The [[Ladakhi language]] is a Tibetic language spoken in Ladakh, which is also called '''Bhoti''' or '''Bodhi'''.<ref>[https://himalayaninitiatives.org/courses/ladakhi-language/ Ladakhi language], The Himalayan Initiatives, retrieved 23 January 2021.</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], approximately 110,826 people speak Ladakhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> Ladakhi has absorbed words from the [[Silk Road|silk route]] trade.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ladakhi Language & Phrasebook|url=https://www.leh-ladakh-taxi-booking.com/practical-info/ladakhi-language-and-phrasebook|url-status=live|access-date=May 18, 2021}}</ref> It is usually written using [[Tibetan script]] with the pronunciation of Ladakhi being much closer to written [[Classical Tibetan]].
 ==Music==
 {{Main article|Music of Ladakh}}
-The traditional music of Ladakh includes the instruments of Daman, Surna and Piwang ([[Shehnai]] and [[Drum]]). Chanting of mantras in Sanskrit and Tibetan language plays an important role in Ladakhi music.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaul |first=H. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&pg=PA159 |title=Rediscovery of Ladakh |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-086-6 |page=159 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dollsofindia.com/library/article0010/2/| title = Masks: Reflections of Culture and Religion| publisher = Dolls of India| access-date = 2006-08-21| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110710143621/http://www.dollsofindia.com/library/article0010/2/| archive-date = 10 July 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref>
+The traditional music of Ladakh includes the instruments like Linyu (flute), Damnyan (string instrument) Pivang, Khakong, (sitar) Daph (Dafli) Daman, Surna, and Piwang ([[Shehnai]] and [[Drum]]). Chanting of mantras in Sanskrit and the Tibetan language plays an important role in Ladakhi music.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaul |first=H. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&pg=PA159 |title=Rediscovery of Ladakh |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-086-6 |page=159 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dollsofindia.com/library/article0010/2/| title = Masks: Reflections of Culture and Religion| publisher = Dolls of India| access-date = 2006-08-21| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110710143621/http://www.dollsofindia.com/library/article0010/2/| archive-date = 10 July 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> Folk music is an integral part of Ladakh's culture. Music is often inspired by the surrounding physical features.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The dying art of folk music in Ladakh|url=https://www.reachladakh.com/news/editors-note/the-dying-art-of-folk-music-in-ladakh|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Reachladakh}}</ref> Morup is an avid preservationist and during his 30-year career working at Ladakh’s only radio station (All India Radio, Leh) he recorded a vast archive of Ladakhi folk songs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where The Mountains Meet The Sky: Folk Music of Ladakh|url=https://www.sublimefrequencies.com/products/583685-where-the-mountains-meet-the-sky-folk-music-of-ladakh|access-date=2021-05-18|website=SublimeFrequencies|language=en}}</ref>
 ==Dance==
 [[File:Jabro Dance Ladakh.jpg|thumb|Jabro Dance]]
-The popular dances in Ladakh include the ''Khatok Chenmo'' which is headed by an respectable family member, ''Shondol'',<ref>{{cite web | title=Ladakhi Shondol dance makes it to Guinness book of records | website=The Tribune | date=2019-09-22 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/ladakhi-shondol-dance-makes-it-to-guinness-book-of-records-836232 | access-date=2020-09-07}}</ref> Some other dance forms includes ''Kompa Tsum-tsak'' ''Jabro'' ''[[Cham dance|Chaams]]'': ''Chabs-Skyan Tses'' ''Raldi Tses'' and ''Alley Yaato''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lowen |first=Sharon |date=2016-08-09 |title=Of Shon, Alley Yaato and Kud |url=https://www.asianage.com/dance/shon-alley-yaato-and-kud-987 |access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref> The music of Ladakhi Buddhist monastic festivals, like [[Music of Tibet|Tibetan music]], often involves religious [[chanting]] in [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]] as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. ''Yang'' chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Religious mask dances are an important part of Ladakh's cultural life. [[Hemis monastery]], a leading centre of the [[Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa]] tradition of Buddhism, holds an annual masked dance festival, as do all major Ladakhi monasteries. The dances typically narrate a story of the fight between good and evil, ending with the eventual victory of the former.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dollsofindia.com/library/article0010/2/ |title=Masks: Reflections of Culture and Religion |publisher=Dolls of India |access-date=21 August 2006 |date=12 January 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710143621/http://www.dollsofindia.com/library/article0010/2/ |archive-date=10 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Weaving is an important part of traditional life in eastern Ladakh. Both women and men weave, on different looms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=62-0834805219-0 |title=Living Fabric: Weaving Among the Nomads of Ladakh Himalaya |access-date=21 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123453/http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=62-0834805219-0 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+The popular dances in Ladakh include the ''Khatok Chenmo'' which is headed by a respectable family member, ''Shondol'',<ref>{{cite web | title=Ladakhi Shondol dance makes it to Guinness book of records | website=The Tribune | date=2019-09-22 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/ladakhi-shondol-dance-makes-it-to-guinness-book-of-records-836232 | access-date=2020-09-07}}</ref> Some other dance forms include ''Kompa Tsum-tsak'' ''Jabro'' ''[[Cham dance|Chaams]]'': ''Chabs-Skyan Tses'' ''Raldi Tses'' and ''Alley Yaato''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lowen |first=Sharon |date=2016-08-09 |title=Of Shon, Alley Yaato and Kud |url=https://www.asianage.com/dance/shon-alley-yaato-and-kud-987 |access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref> The music of Ladakhi monastic festivals, like various forms of [[Music of Tibet|Tibetan music]], often involves [[chanting]] as an integral part of the religion. Traditionally, 360 variants of dances existed in the early times, but today only a few are preserved. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts and manuscripts or in celebration of different festivals. Some forms of dance narrates the story of the fight between good and evil, ending with the eventual victory of the former.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dollsofindia.com/library/article0010/2/ |title=Masks: Reflections of Culture and Religion |publisher=Dolls of India |access-date=21 August 2006 |date=12 January 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710143621/http://www.dollsofindia.com/library/article0010/2/ |archive-date=10 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 == Cuisine ==
 [[File:Thukpa, Manali, Himachal Pradesh.JPG|thumb|[[Thukpa]]]]
-Ladakhi food has much in common with [[Tibetan food]], the most prominent foods being ''[[thukpa]]'' (noodle soup) and ''[[tsampa]]'', known in Ladakhi as ''ngampe'' (roasted barley flour). Edible without cooking, ''tsampa'' makes useful trekking food. Strictly Ladakhi dishes include ''skyu'' and ''chutagi'', both heavy and rich soup pasta dishes, ''skyu'' being made with root vegetables and meat, and ''chutagi'' with leafy greens and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Motup|first=Sonam|date=|title=Food & Cuisine: 10 Best Dishes to Eat in Leh-Ladakh 🥄🥣|url=https://www.leh-ladakh-taxi-booking.com/practical-info/food-and-cuisine-10-best-dishes-to-eat-in-ladakh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> As Ladakh moves toward a cash-based economy, foods from the plains of India are becoming more common.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Namgail, T., Jensen, A., Padmanabhan, S., Desor, S. & Dolma, R. |title=Dhontang: Food in Ladakh |date=2019 |publisher=Central Institute of Buddhist Studies, Local Futures |isbn=978-93-83802-15-9 |pages=1–44}}</ref> As in other parts of Central Asia, tea in Ladakh is traditionally made with strong green tea, butter, and salt. It is mixed in a large churn and known as ''[[Butter tea|gurgur cha]]'', after the sound it makes when mixed. Sweet tea (''cha ngarmo'') is common now, made in the Indian style with milk and sugar. Most of the surplus barley that is produced is fermented into ''chang'', an alcoholic beverage drunk especially on festive occasions.<ref name="WomensAlliance">{{cite book |last=Norberg-Hodge |first=Helena |year=2000 |title=Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh |publisher=Oxford India Paperbacks }}</ref>
+Ladakhi food is much common as [[Tibetan food]], the most prominent dishes being ''[[thukpa]],'' a type of noodle soup and ''[[tsampa]]'', known in Ladakhi as ''ngampe,'' which is a type of roasted barley flour. Strictly Ladakhi dishes include ''skyu'' and ''chutagi'', both heavy and rich soup pasta dishes, ''skyu'' being made with root vegetables and meat, and ''chutagi'' with leafy greens and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Motup|first=Sonam|date=|title=Food & Cuisine: 10 Best Dishes to Eat in Leh-Ladakh 🥄🥣|url=https://www.leh-ladakh-taxi-booking.com/practical-info/food-and-cuisine-10-best-dishes-to-eat-in-ladakh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> As Ladakh tourism and modernization increased in Ladakh, foods from the plains of India are becoming more common.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Namgail, T., Jensen, A., Padmanabhan, S., Desor, S. & Dolma, R. |title=Dhontang: Food in Ladakh |date=2019 |publisher=Central Institute of Buddhist Studies, Local Futures |isbn=978-93-83802-15-9 |pages=1–44}}</ref>
 ==Festivals and Events==
+Ladakh's culture has several festivals throughout the year, with the most famous ones being [[Hemis Monastery#Hemis Festival|Hemis Tsechu]] and [[Losar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-14|title=Losar, the biggest Tibetan Buddhist Festival, began in Ladakh region|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/losar-the-biggest-tibetan-buddhist-festival-began-in-ladakh-region-1450084394-1|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> Ladakh's festivals comprise mask dances performed by people, games such as  camel races, river rafting and archery, regional music and dance performances, thangka exhibitions, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|last=neeru|date=2017-10-12|title=D'source Design Gallery on Leh Ladakh Music Instruments|url=http://www.dsource.idc.iitb.ac.in/gallery/leh-ladakh-music-instruments|access-date=2021-05-18|website=D'Source|language=en}}</ref> People of Ladakh also celebrate several festivals throughout the year, some of the most famous ones being Hemis Tsechu & Saka Dawa. A lot of their time is also spent in making stone jeweler, woolen clothes, and mural paintings on the walls of the monasteries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ladakh Culture {{!}} Arts, Culture & Life Style of Ladakhi People|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/ladakh/arts-and-culture.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=tour-my-india}}</ref> Weaving is considered as an essential part of traditional life in eastern Ladakh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Living Fabric: Weaving Among the Nomads of Ladakh Himalaya|url=http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=62-0834805219-0|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123453/http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=62-0834805219-0|archive-date=29 June 2011|access-date=21 August 2006}}</ref> Some festivals of [[Ladakh]] are:
-[[File:Cham dance during Dosmoche festival in Leh Palace DSCN5692 1.jpg|thumb|Cham dance during Dosmoche festival in Leh Palace]]
-Some fesivals of [[Ladakh]] are:
 * Hemis Festival - [[Hemis Monastery]] has an annual festival named after it.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deb |first1=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSATAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Fairs & Festivals in India: With Select Rituals, Vows, Holy Cities, Temples and Pilgrim Centers |last2=Sinha |first2=B. |date=2001 |publisher=Raj Publications |isbn=978-81-86208-14-4 |page=88 |language=en}}</ref>
 * [[Losar]] - Losar, also known as Tibetan New Year, is a festival in Tibetan Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |title=Ladakh Buddhist Association celebrates 'Losar' festival in Leh |language=en |url=http://businessworld.in/article/Ladakh-Buddhist-Association-celebrates-Losar-festival-in-Leh-/16-12-2020-354190 |access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
 * Phyang Tsedup Festival - This festival is celebrated every fifth month of the Tibetan lunar calendar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Phyang Monastic festival Tsesdup concludes |language=en-GB |url=https://news.statetimes.in/phyang-monastic-festival-tsesdup-concludes/ |access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
-* [[Sindhu Darshan Festival]] - It is held on every [[Guru Purnima]] on the banks of Indus river.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Corona effect: Only Sindhis allowed for Sindhu Darshan Fest |language=en |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/corona-effect-only-sindhis-allowed-for-sindhu-darshan-fest |access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
+* [[Sindhu Darshan Festival]] - It is held on every [[Guru Purnima]] on the banks of the Indus river.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Corona effect: Only Sindhis allowed for Sindhu Darshan Fest |language=en |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/corona-effect-only-sindhis-allowed-for-sindhu-darshan-fest |access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
-* [[Dosmoche]] - It is celebrated on every 12th month of Tibetan calendar every year.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Leh, Likir Dosmoche begins |language=en-GB |url=https://news.statetimes.in/leh-likir-dosmoche-begins/ |access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
+* [[Dosmoche]] - It is celebrated every 12th month of the Tibetan calendar every year.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Leh, Likir Dosmoche begins |language=en-GB |url=https://news.statetimes.in/leh-likir-dosmoche-begins/ |access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
 * Saka Dawa Festival.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODA7AQAAIAAJ |title=Trekking in the Indian Himalaya |date=2002 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=978-1-74059-085-3 |page=264 |language=en}}</ref>
 * Tak - Tok Festival - It is one of the major festivals of Ladakh. It is celebrated at cave Gompa of Tak- Tok.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tak - Tok Festival in Leh |language=en |url=https://www.india.com/travel/leh/things-to-do/events-tak-tok-festival-in-leh/ |access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
@@ Line 38: / Line 40: @@
 ==Cultural centers==
 [[File:Lamayuru monastery 2012.jpg|thumb|Lamayuru monastery]]
+Buddhist monasteries are often situated on an isolated hillock in the vicinity of villages. These monasteries provide the focus for the faith of the religious Buddhist people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture & Heritage {{!}} District Leh, Union Territory of Ladakh {{!}} India|url=https://leh.nic.in/tourism/culture-heritage/|access-date=2021-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Some monasteries and cultural centers of Ladakh are:
-Some cultural centres of Ladakh are:
 * [[Thikse Monastery]]
 * [[Lamayuru Monastery]]