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==First clashes==
==First clashes==
⚫
Initially, the town of [[Lwów]] was not to be defended as it was considered too deep behind the Polish lines and too important to Polish culture to be used in warfare<ref name="Stachiewicz">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =Wacław Stachiewicz | authorlink = | year =1998 | title =Wierności dochować żołnierskiej | chapter = | editor = | others = | edition = | pages =832 | publisher =Warsaw, RYTM | id =ISBN 8386678712 | url = }}</ref>. However, the fast pace of the German assault and the almost complete disintegration of the Polish reserve [[Prusy Army]] after the [[Battle of Łódź]] resulted in the city being in danger of a German assault. On [[September 7]], [[1939]], general [[Władysław Langner]] started to organise the defence of the city<ref name="Leinwald">{{pl icon}} {{cite web | author=Artur Leinwand | title=Obrona Lwowa we wrześniu 1939 roku | publisher=Instytut Lwowski | year=1991 | work= | url=http://www.lwow.com.pl/rocznik/obrona39.html | accessdate= }}, see also general reference No. 2</ref>. Initially the Polish forces were to defend the [[Bełżec]] — [[Rawa Ruska]] — Magierów line against the advancing German forces. General [[Rudolf Prich]] was given command of the Polish forces in the area and on [[September 11]] he prepared a plan of defence of the area. The Polish units were to defend the line of the [[San river]], with nests of resistance along the [[Żółkiew]] - Rawa Ruska - [[Janów]] — [[Gródek Jagielloński]] line<ref name="Leinwald">Leinwald, op.cit.</ref>.


The following day the first German motorised units under Colonel [[Ferdinand Schörner]] arrived to the area. After capturing [[Sambor]] (some 66 [[kilometre]]s from Lwów), the German commander ordered his units to break through the weak Polish defences and capture the city of Lwów as soon as possible. The German assault group was composed of two motorised infantry companies and a battery of 150 [[millimetre|mm]] guns. The group outflanked the Poles and reached the outskirts of the city, but was bloodily repelled by the - numerically inferior - Polish defenders<ref name="Ryzinski">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =Kazimierz Ryś ([[Kazimierz Ryziński]]) | coauthors =Ryszard Dalecki | title =Obrona Lwowa w roku 1939 | year =1943-1990 | editor = | pages =50 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =WEiP APW, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza | location =Palestine-Rzeszów | id =ISBN 8303033565 | url =http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~antora/WYDAW/OBRONA-LWOWA/OBRONA.htm | format = | accessdate = }}; ISBN refers to the 1990 reprint of the original publication</ref>. The Polish commander of the sector had only three infantry platoons and two 75 mm guns, but his forces were soon reinforced and held their positions until dawn. The same day the command of the city's defence was passed to General [[Franciszek Sikorski]], a [[World War I]] and [[Polish-Bolshevik War]] veteran, and brother of General [[Władysław Sikorski]].
⚫
Initially, the town of [[Lwów]] was not to be defended as it was considered too deep behind the Polish lines and too important to Polish culture to be used in warfare<ref name="Stachiewicz">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =Wacław Stachiewicz | authorlink = | year =1998 | title =Wierności dochować żołnierskiej | chapter = | editor = | others = | edition = | pages =832 | publisher =Warsaw, RYTM | id =ISBN 8386678712 | url = }}</ref>. However, the fast pace of the German assault and the almost complete disintegration of the Polish reserve [[Prusy Army]] after the [[Battle of Łódź]] resulted in the city being endangered with a German assault. On [[September 7]], [[1939]], general [[Władysław Langner]] started to organise the defence of the city<ref name="Leinwald">{{pl icon}} {{cite web | author=Artur Leinwand | title=Obrona Lwowa we wrześniu 1939 roku | publisher=Instytut Lwowski | year=1991 | work= | url=http://www.lwow.com.pl/rocznik/obrona39.html | accessdate= }}, see also general reference No. 2</ref>. Initially the Polish forces were to defend the [[Bełżec]] — [[Rawa Ruska]] — Magierów line against the advancing German forces. General [[Rudolf Prich]] was assigned the commander of the Polish forces in the area and on [[September 11]] he prepared a plan of defence of the area. The Polish units were to defend the line of the [[San river]], with nests of resistance along the [[Żółkiew]] - Rawa Ruska - [[Janów]] — [[Gródek Jagielloński]] line<ref name="Leinwald">Leinwald, op.cit.</ref>.


The following day the first German motorised units under colonel [[Ferdinand Schörner]] arrived to the area. After capturing [[Sambor]] (some 66 kilometres from Lwów), the German commander ordered his units to break through the weak Polish defences and capture the city of Lwów as soon as possible. The German assault group was composed of two motorised infantry companies and a battery of 150 mm guns. The group outflanked the Poles and reached the outskirts of the city, but was bloodily repelled by the - numerically inferior - Polish defenders<ref name="Ryzinski">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =Kazimierz Ryś ([[Kazimierz Ryziński]]) | coauthors =Ryszard Dalecki | title =Obrona Lwowa w roku 1939 | year =1943-1990 | editor = | pages =50 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =WEiP APW, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza | location =Palestine-Rzeszów | id =ISBN 8303033565 | url =http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~antora/WYDAW/OBRONA-LWOWA/OBRONA.htm | format = | accessdate = }}; ISBN refers to the 1990 reprint of the original publication</ref>. The Polish commander of the sector had only three infantry platoons and two 75 mm guns, but his forces were soon reinforced and held their positions until dawn. The same day the command over the defence of the city was passed to general [[Franciszek Sikorski]], a [[World War I]] and [[Polish-Bolshevik War]] veteran, and brother of general [[Władysław Sikorski]].
The following day the main forces of Colonel Schörner arrived and at 14.00 the Germans broke through to the city centre, but were driven back after heavy city fighting with the small infantry units formed of local volunteers and refugees. To strengthen the Polish defences, on [[September 13]] General [[Kazimierz Sosnkowski]] left Lwów for [[Przemyśl]] and assumed command over a group of Polish units trying to break through the German lines and reach the city of Lwów<ref name="Sosnkowski">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Kazimierz Sosnkowski]] | coauthors = | title =Cieniom Września | year =1989 | editor =Andrzej Rzepniewski | pages =289 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Wydawnictwa MON | location =Warsaw | id =ISBN 8311076278 | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref>.


The following day the main forces of col. Schörner arrived and at 14.00 the Germans broke through to the city centre, but were driven back after heavy city fights with the small infantry units formed of local volunteers and reffugees. To strengthen the Polish defences, on [[September 13]] general [[Kazimierz Sosnkowski]] left Lwów for [[Przemyśl]] and assumed command over a group of Polish units trying to break through the German lines and reach the city of Lwów<ref name="Sosnkowski">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Kazimierz Sosnkowski]] | coauthors = | title =Cieniom Września | year =1989 | editor =Andrzej Rzepniewski | pages =289 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Wydawnictwa MON | location =Warsaw | id =ISBN 8311076278 | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref>.
The German commander decided to fall back and encircle the city waiting for more reinforcements to arrive. His forces achieved a limited success and captured the important suburb of [[Zboiska]] together with surrounding hills. However, the Polish forces were also reinforced with units withdrawn from central Poland and new volunteer units formed within the city. In addition, the [[Polish 10th Motorised Brigade]] under Colonel [[Stanisław Maczek]] arrived and started heavy fighting over the suburb of Zboiska. The town was re-captured by the Polish forces, but the surrounding hills remained in German hands. The hills gave a good overview of the city centre and the German commander placed his artillery there to shell the city. In addition, the city was almost constantly bombed by the [[Luftwaffe]]. Among the main targets for the German air force and artillery were churches, hospitals<ref name="Wlodarkiewicz">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =Wojciech Włodarkiewicz | coauthors = | title =Lwów 1939 | year =2003 | editor = | pages =273 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Bellona | location =Warsaw | id =ISBN 8311096198 | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref>, water plant and power plants<ref name="Leinwald"> </ref>.

The German commander decided to fall back and encircle the city waiting for more reinforcements to arrive. His forces achieved a limited success and captured an important suburb of [[Zboiska]] together with surrounding hills. However, the Polish forces were also reinforced with units withdrawn from central Poland and new volunteer units formed within the city. In addition, the [[Polish 10th Motorised Brigade]] under col. [[Stanisław Maczek]] arrived and started heavy fights over the suburb of Zboiska. The town was re-captured by the Polish forces, but the surrounding hills remained in German hands. The hills gave a good overview of the city centre and the German commander placed his artillery there to shell the city with artillery fire. In addition, the city was almost constantly bombed from the air by the [[Luftwaffe]]. Among the main targets for the German air force and artillery were churches, hospitals<ref name="Wlodarkiewicz">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =Wojciech Włodarkiewicz | coauthors = | title =Lwów 1939 | year =2003 | editor = | pages =273 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Bellona | location =Warsaw | id =ISBN 8311096198 | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref>, water plant and power plants<ref name="Leinwald"> </ref>.


==New enemy==
==New enemy==
⚫
On [[September 17]], [[1939]], the [[Soviet Union]] broke all pacts with Poland and joined [[Nazi Germany]] in its war against her. The forces of the 6th [[Red Army]] of the [[Ukrainian Front]] under [[Filip Golikov]] crossed the border just east of Lwów and started a fast march towards the city. The Soviet invasion made all plans of the defence of the [[Romanian Bridgehead]] obsolete and the Polish commander of the defence of Lwów decided to withdraw all his units to the close perimeter and decided to defend only the city itself instead of screening the whole area. This strengthened the Polish defences. On [[September 18]] the German air force dropped thousands of leaflets over the city urging the Poles to surrender. This was ignored and a general assault was started on the city, but yet again it was repelled.

⚫
On [[September 17]], [[1939]], the [[Soviet Union]] broke all pacts with Poland and joined [[Nazi Germany]] in its war against her. The forces of 6th [[Red Army]] of the [[Ukrainian Front]] under [[Filip Golikov]] crossed the border just east of Lwów and started a fast march towards the city. The Soviet invasion made all plans of the defence of the [[Romanian Bridgehead]] obsolete and the Polish commander of the defence of Lwów decided to withdraw all his units to the close perimeter and decided to defend only the city itself instead of screening the whole area. This strengthened the Polish defences. On [[September 18]] the German air force dropped thousands of leaflets over the city urging the Poles to surrender. This was ignored and a general assault was started on the city, but yet again it was repelled.


In the early morning of [[September 19]] the first Soviet armoured units arrived to the eastern outskirts of the city and the suburb of [[Łyczaków]]. After a short fight the Soviet units were pushed back. However, overnight the Soviet forces completed the encirclement of the city and joined up with the German army besieging Lwów from the west.
In the early morning of [[September 19]] the first Soviet armoured units arrived to the eastern outskirts of the city and the suburb of [[Łyczaków]]. After a short fight the Soviet units were pushed back. However, overnight the Soviet forces completed the encirclement of the city and joined up with the German army besieging Lwów from the west.


The Polish defences were composed mainly of field fortifications and barricades constructed by the local residents under supervision of military engineers. General Sikorski ordered organised defence of the outer city rim, with in-depth defences prepared. In the morning of [[September 19]] the first Soviet envoys arrived and started negotiations with the Polish officers. Colonel Ivanov, the commander of a tank brigade, announced to the Polish envoy colonel [[Bronisław Rakowski]] that the Red Army entered Poland to help it fight the Germans and that the top priority for his units is to enter the city of Lwów.
The Polish defences were composed mainly of field fortifications and barricades constructed by the local residents under supervision of military engineers. General Sikorski ordered organised defence of the outer city rim, with in-depth defences prepared. In the morning of [[September 19]] the first Soviet envoys arrived and started negotiations with the Polish officers. Colonel Ivanov, the commander of a tank brigade, announced to the Polish envoy Colonel [[Bronisław Rakowski]] that the Red Army entered Poland to help it fight the Germans and that the top priority for his units was to enter the city of Lwów.


The same day the German commander sent his envoy and demanded that the city be surrendered to Germany. When the Polish envoy replied that he had no intention of signing such a document, he was informed that the general assault was ordered on [[September 21]] and that the city would most surely be taken. However, on [[September 20]] the Germans left their positions to the north and south of the city, and were replaced with Soviet soldiers. The following day general Sikorski decided that the situation of his forces is hopeless. The reserves, human resources and war materiel were plentiful, but further defence of the city would be fruitless and would only result in more civilian casualties. It was decided to start the surrender talks with the Red Army.
The same day the German commander sent his envoy and demanded that the city be surrendered to Germany. When the Polish envoy replied that he had no intention of signing such a document, he was informed that the general assault was ordered on [[September 21]] and that the city would most surely be taken. However, on [[September 20]] the Germans left their positions to the north and south of the city, and were replaced with Soviet soldiers. The following day General Sikorski decided that the situation of his forces was hopeless. The reserves, human resources and war materiel were plentiful, but further defence of the city would be fruitless and would only result in more civilian casualties. It was decided to start the surrender talks with the Red Army.


==Surrender==
==Surrender==
[[Image:Lviv 1939 Soviet Cavalry.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Red Army cavalry in Lviv. 1939.]]
[[Image:Lviv 1939 Soviet Cavalry.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Red Army cavalry in Lwów, 1939.]]
On [[September 22]], [[1939]], the act of surrender was signed in the suburb of [[Winniki]]. The Red Army accepted all conditions proposed by general [[Władysław Langner]]. The privates and NCOs were to leave the city, register themselves at the Soviet authorities and be allowed to go home. The officers were to be allowed to keep their belongings and leave Poland for whichever country accepts them. The same day the Soviet forces entered the city and a period of Soviet occupation started. The act of surrender signed in the morning was broken by the Soviets shortly after noon, when the [[NKVD]] started arresting Polish officers. They were escorted to [[Tarnopol]], from where they were sent to various [[GULag]]s in Russia, mostly to the infamous camp in [[Starobielsk]]. Most of them, including general [[Stanislaw Sikorski|Stanisław Sikorski]] himself, were murdered in what became known as the [[Katyn Massacre]] in [[1940]].
On [[September 22]], [[1939]], the act of surrender was signed in the suburb of [[Winniki]]. The Red Army accepted all conditions proposed by general [[Władysław Langner]]. The privates and NCOs were to leave the city, register themselves at the Soviet authorities and be allowed to go home. The officers were to be allowed to keep their belongings and leave Poland for whichever country accepted them. The same day the Soviet forces entered the city and a period of Soviet occupation started. The act of surrender signed in the morning was broken by the Soviets shortly after noon, when the [[NKVD]] started arresting Polish officers. They were escorted to [[Tarnopol]], from where they were sent to various [[Gulag]]s in Russia, mostly to the infamous camp in [[Starobielsk]]. Most of them, including general [[Stanislaw Sikorski|Stanisław Sikorski]] himself, were murdered in what became known as the [[Katyn Massacre]] in [[1940]].


==Order of battle==
==Order of battle==
Line 54: Line 52:


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Polish Defensive War]]
* [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Polish Defensive War]]
*[[Nazi-Soviet Alliance]]
* [[Nazi-Soviet Alliance]]


== Reference ==
== Reference ==

Revision as of 11:47, 23 March 2007

For a list of battles fought for the city of Lwów see: Battle of Lwów
Battle of Lwów
Part of Invasion of Poland

Sketch showing the Polish defences around September 13
DateSeptember 12 - September 22, 1939
Location
Lwów, Poland (now Ukraine)
Result German-Soviet victory
Belligerents
Nazi Germany
Soviet Union		 Poland
Commanders and leaders
Ferdinand Schörner
Filip Golikov		 Władysław Langner
Stanisław Sikorski
Strength
Germans:
1st Mountain Division
Soviets:
6th Red Army		 11 infantry battalions, 5 batteries of artillery (mainly 75 mm guns), 1 cavalry unit, 1 engineering platoon and a small number of soldiers who had retreated into the city from elsewhere
Casualties and losses
Germans:
220 KIA, 900 WIA
Soviets:
unknown		 Unknown

The Battle of Lwów (sometimes called the Siege of Lwów) was a battle for the control over the Polish city of Lwów between the Polish Army and the invading Wehrmacht and the Red Army. The city was seen as the key to the so-called Romanian Bridgehead and was defended at all cost.

First clashes

Initially, the town of Lwów was not to be defended as it was considered too deep behind the Polish lines and too important to Polish culture to be used in warfare[1]. However, the fast pace of the German assault and the almost complete disintegration of the Polish reserve Prusy Army after the Battle of Łódź resulted in the city being in danger of a German assault. On September 7, 1939, general Władysław Langner started to organise the defence of the city[2]. Initially the Polish forces were to defend the Bełżec — Rawa Ruska — Magierów line against the advancing German forces. General Rudolf Prich was given command of the Polish forces in the area and on September 11 he prepared a plan of defence of the area. The Polish units were to defend the line of the San river, with nests of resistance along the Żółkiew - Rawa Ruska - Janów — Gródek Jagielloński line[2].

The following day the first German motorised units under Colonel Ferdinand Schörner arrived to the area. After capturing Sambor (some 66 kilometres from Lwów), the German commander ordered his units to break through the weak Polish defences and capture the city of Lwów as soon as possible. The German assault group was composed of two motorised infantry companies and a battery of 150 mm guns. The group outflanked the Poles and reached the outskirts of the city, but was bloodily repelled by the - numerically inferior - Polish defenders[3]. The Polish commander of the sector had only three infantry platoons and two 75 mm guns, but his forces were soon reinforced and held their positions until dawn. The same day the command of the city's defence was passed to General Franciszek Sikorski, a World War I and Polish-Bolshevik War veteran, and brother of General Władysław Sikorski.

The following day the main forces of Colonel Schörner arrived and at 14.00 the Germans broke through to the city centre, but were driven back after heavy city fighting with the small infantry units formed of local volunteers and refugees. To strengthen the Polish defences, on September 13 General Kazimierz Sosnkowski left Lwów for Przemyśl and assumed command over a group of Polish units trying to break through the German lines and reach the city of Lwów[4].

The German commander decided to fall back and encircle the city waiting for more reinforcements to arrive. His forces achieved a limited success and captured the important suburb of Zboiska together with surrounding hills. However, the Polish forces were also reinforced with units withdrawn from central Poland and new volunteer units formed within the city. In addition, the Polish 10th Motorised Brigade under Colonel Stanisław Maczek arrived and started heavy fighting over the suburb of Zboiska. The town was re-captured by the Polish forces, but the surrounding hills remained in German hands. The hills gave a good overview of the city centre and the German commander placed his artillery there to shell the city. In addition, the city was almost constantly bombed by the Luftwaffe. Among the main targets for the German air force and artillery were churches, hospitals[5], water plant and power plants[2].

New enemy

On September 17, 1939, the Soviet Union broke all pacts with Poland and joined Nazi Germany in its war against her. The forces of the 6th Red Army of the Ukrainian Front under Filip Golikov crossed the border just east of Lwów and started a fast march towards the city. The Soviet invasion made all plans of the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead obsolete and the Polish commander of the defence of Lwów decided to withdraw all his units to the close perimeter and decided to defend only the city itself instead of screening the whole area. This strengthened the Polish defences. On September 18 the German air force dropped thousands of leaflets over the city urging the Poles to surrender. This was ignored and a general assault was started on the city, but yet again it was repelled.

In the early morning of September 19 the first Soviet armoured units arrived to the eastern outskirts of the city and the suburb of Łyczaków. After a short fight the Soviet units were pushed back. However, overnight the Soviet forces completed the encirclement of the city and joined up with the German army besieging Lwów from the west.

The Polish defences were composed mainly of field fortifications and barricades constructed by the local residents under supervision of military engineers. General Sikorski ordered organised defence of the outer city rim, with in-depth defences prepared. In the morning of September 19 the first Soviet envoys arrived and started negotiations with the Polish officers. Colonel Ivanov, the commander of a tank brigade, announced to the Polish envoy Colonel Bronisław Rakowski that the Red Army entered Poland to help it fight the Germans and that the top priority for his units was to enter the city of Lwów.

The same day the German commander sent his envoy and demanded that the city be surrendered to Germany. When the Polish envoy replied that he had no intention of signing such a document, he was informed that the general assault was ordered on September 21 and that the city would most surely be taken. However, on September 20 the Germans left their positions to the north and south of the city, and were replaced with Soviet soldiers. The following day General Sikorski decided that the situation of his forces was hopeless. The reserves, human resources and war materiel were plentiful, but further defence of the city would be fruitless and would only result in more civilian casualties. It was decided to start the surrender talks with the Red Army.

Surrender

Red Army cavalry in Lwów, 1939.

On September 22, 1939, the act of surrender was signed in the suburb of Winniki. The Red Army accepted all conditions proposed by general Władysław Langner. The privates and NCOs were to leave the city, register themselves at the Soviet authorities and be allowed to go home. The officers were to be allowed to keep their belongings and leave Poland for whichever country accepted them. The same day the Soviet forces entered the city and a period of Soviet occupation started. The act of surrender signed in the morning was broken by the Soviets shortly after noon, when the NKVD started arresting Polish officers. They were escorted to Tarnopol, from where they were sent to various Gulags in Russia, mostly to the infamous camp in Starobielsk. Most of them, including general Stanisław Sikorski himself, were murdered in what became known as the Katyn Massacre in 1940.

Order of battle

The Polish defences were still not organised enough and consisted only of token forces. General Sikorski had approximately 11 infantry battalions, 5 batteries of artillery (mainly 75 mm guns), cavalry unit, engineering platoon and a small number of soldiers who retreated into the city.

The German units consisted of an entire 1st Mountain Division.

The Soviet forces consisted of the 6th Red Army.

See also

Reference

Inline:
  1. ^ Template:Pl icon Wacław Stachiewicz (1998). Wierności dochować żołnierskiej. Warsaw, RYTM. p. 832. ISBN 8386678712.
  2. ^ a b c Template:Pl icon Artur Leinwand (1991). "Obrona Lwowa we wrześniu 1939 roku". Instytut Lwowski., see also general reference No. 2 Cite error: The named reference "Leinwald" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ Template:Pl icon Kazimierz Ryś (Kazimierz Ryziński) (1943–1990). Obrona Lwowa w roku 1939. Palestine-Rzeszów: WEiP APW, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. p. 50. ISBN 8303033565. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date format (link); ISBN refers to the 1990 reprint of the original publication
  4. ^ Template:Pl icon Kazimierz Sosnkowski (1989). Andrzej Rzepniewski (ed.). Cieniom Września. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa MON. p. 289. ISBN 8311076278. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |chapterurl= and |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ Template:Pl icon Wojciech Włodarkiewicz (2003). Lwów 1939. Warsaw: Bellona. p. 273. ISBN 8311096198. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |chapterurl= and |coauthors= (help)
General:
  1. Template:Pl icon various authors (1986). Polskie siły zbrojne w drugiej wojnie światowej; Vol. 1 parts III and IV. London: Instytut Polski i Muzeum im. Gen. Sikorskiego. p. 606. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. Template:Pl icon collection of documents (1997). Artur Leinwand (ed.). Dokumenty obrony Lwowa 1939. Warsaw: Instytut Lwowski. p. 281. ISBN 8391065901. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |chapterurl= and |coauthors= (help)
Further reading:
  1. Template:Pl icon various authors. Janusz Wojtycza (ed.). Wspomnienia harcerzy - uczestników obrony Lwowa we wrześniu 1939 roku. Kraków: Towarzystwo Sympatyków Historii. p. 196. ISBN 8391278476. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |chapterurl= and |coauthors= (help)
  2. Template:Pl icon Władysław Langner (1979). Ostatnie dni obrony Lwowa 1939. Warsaw: BH (samizdat). p. 23. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |chapterurl= and |coauthors= (help)
  3. Template:Pl icon Wojciech Włodarkiewicz (1996). Obrona Lwowa 1939. Warsaw: Bellona. p. 117. ISBN 8311082634. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |chapterurl= and |coauthors= (help)
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