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A piece of identification (ID) is a document designed to verify aspects of a person's identity. It is also called an identity document or, if in the form of a small standard-sized card, an identity card (IC).

Possible inclusions

Information present on the document — or in a supporting database — might include the bearer's full name, a portrait photo, age, birth date, address, an identification number, profession or rank, religion, ethnic or racial classification, restrictions, and citizenship status. New technologies could allow identity cards to contain biometric information, such as photographs, face, hand or iris measurements, or fingerprints. Electronic identity cards or e-IDs are already available in some territories such as Hong Kong, Malaysia, Estonia, Finland, Belgium, Portugal and Spain. Morocco is also planning to launch a new identity card of biometric type by January 2007.

Identity cards

Identity cards are a source of continuous debate. Their use is backed by law enforcement officials who claim that it can make surveillance and identification of criminals much easier. However, concern is also expressed about the extensive cost and potential abuse of hi-tech smartcards.

In the United Kingdom and the United States especially, government-issued compulsory identity cards or, to be more precise, their centralised database are a source of debate as they are regarded as an infringement of privacy and civil liberties. Most criticism is directed towards the enhanced possibilities of extensive abuse of centralised and comprehensive databases storing sensitive data. A 2006 survey of UK Open University students concluded that the planned compulsory identity card coupled with a central government database generated the most negative attitudinal response among several alternative configurations.^[1]

Arguments for

Identity verification in banks or at national borders without recourse to a more physically bulky passport
Quick ownership or eligibility verification; for example, when paying with a credit card or cheque, or attempting to buy age-restricted products.
False identification may be reduced where identity cards are required to open a bank account. Of course, phishing and many other forms of identity theft will be unaffected.
Identity cards can be a useful administrative tool that can increase efficiency in dealings with both the government and private companies.
In US states that don't issue identity cards, private companies require equivalent documents, such as a driver's license. Persons who don't have a driver's license are usually required in practice to get a document that is something very much like an identity card.
Law enforcers can locate and identify people who either do not know or cannot communicate their names and/or addresses (e.g., due to Alzheimer's disease, amnesia or heavy intoxication), or who claim names that are not consistent with the names on their identity cards (e.g., due to dissociative identity disorder, as in the case of Billy Milligan).
Cards may help reduce immigration service bureaucracy. In certain countries, the procedures for deporting illegal immigrants whose ages, identities or nationalities cannot be formally established are more complex than those for whom they can be readily asserted. This gives illegal immigrants more time to prepare their legal defence. In some countries (Spain, for instance) it may prevent the immigrant's deportation altogether. However, in this situation most illegal immigrants will destroy their identity papers, nullifying the reduction in bureaucracy.
Every human being already carries their own personal identification in the form of their DNA, which can not be falsified or discarded. Even for non-state commercial and private interactions, this may shortly become the preferred identifier, rendering a state-issued identity card a lesser evil than the potentially extensive privacy risks associated with everyday use of a person's genetic profile for identification purposes. ^[2]

^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6]

Arguments see freedom of movement

It has been argued that identity cards impose a disproportionate burden upon both government and citizens while empowering the executive, which is contrary to the max: "the government that governs best, governs least". Some have pointed out that extensive lobbying for identity cards has been undertaken, in countries without compulsory identity cards, by IT companies who will be likely to reap rich benefits in the event of an identity card scheme being implemented.
Cards with centralised database could be used to track anyone's movements and private life, thus endangering privacy. The proposed British ID card (see next section) will involve a series of linked databases, to be managed by the private sector. Managing disparate linked systems using a range of institutions and any number of personnel is alleged to be a security disaster in the making. http://www.newstatesman.com/Ideas/200505300020
A requirement to carry an identity card at all times can lead to the inconvenience of arbitrary requests from card controllers (such as the police). This can lead to functionality creep whereby carrying a card becomes 'de facto' if not 'de jure' compulsory, which are now widely used as ID.
Government claims that identity cards will prevent crimes may not be based in fact. The former UK Home Secretary Charles Clarke conceded that identity cards may only be useful in the identification of bodies in the aftermath of a crime. As a strong presumption of identity is given in favour of a card holder, the identity card scheme might be an asset to potential terrorists.
Historically,totalitarian governments which issued identity cards to citizens used them forcefully. For example,Nazism Germany made use of tattooed identification numbers on the arms of concentration-camp detainees. More recently, the deira government of South Africa used Pass Law pass books as internal passport's to oppress that country's black population.
In many cases, other forms of documentation such as a driver's license,passport, or Medicare (Canada)Medicare card serve a similar function on a more limited scale, and thus an ID card is not needed.
The cost of introducing and administering an identity card system can be very high. Figures from £30 (US$60) to £90 or even higher have been suggested for the proposed UK ID card. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/politics/story/1494944.htm
In some countries where ID cards were required to show religious affiliation (as used to be the case in Greece) or ethnic background, this lead to cases of discrimination. Under some interpretations of Sharia law,Apostasy apostate Muslims may be sentenced to death.Malaysia's identity cards only state the religion if a person's religion is Criticism of Islam. This can become a bureaucratic nightmare or even lead to death when a person changes his or her affiliation which in any case should be a private matter of no business to officialdom.
Some schemes do not adequately take into account whether Data Protection Act#Conditions relevant to the first principle data subjects  have legitimate reasons to conceal their identity. Victims of domestic violence, witnesses in criminal investigations and trials, and others, may not want their identity or locations to be widely known. Some proposed schemes also do not adequately address these considerations.
ID cards could lead to an 'increase' in identity fraud since it would lead to official reliance on a card or document that can be forged. No country has ever successfully produced a totally unforgeable ID card.

Nations with

According to Privacy International, as of 1996, around 100 countries had compulsory identity cards.

The term "compulsory" may have different meanings and implications in different countries. The compulsory character may apply only after a certain age. Often, a ticket can be given for being found without one's identification document, or in some cases a person may even be detained until the identity is ascertained. In practice, random controls are rare, except in certain times.

Argentina

Argentina issues a booklet called Documento Nacional de Identidad at birth. At the age of 8 it must be updated with a picture and right thumb print. At 16 it must be renewed. The new version includes pages for a vote log, military service, wish to donate organs and legal address change log. There is also a card named Cedula de Identidad issued by the federal police, valid in Mercosur countries and several issued by the different provinces' police, but the latter are only valid in Argentinean territory. Any of these documents are required for driving (in addition to driver's license) and using credit or debit cards.

Belgium

In Belgium everyone above the age of 12 has to carry some means of identification at all times. For Belgians it is the identity card (carte d'identité in French, identiteitskaart in Dutch and Personalausweis in German), for foreigners residing in Belgium it can also be a passport, a work permit or a (temporary) residence permit. Since the years 2000, all new identity cards have a chip.

Colombia

Every resident of Colombia over the age of 14 must carry an identity card (Tarjeta de Identidad). Upon turning 18 every resident must obtain a Cédula de Ciudadanía, which is the only document that proves the identity of a person for legal purposes. ID cards must be carried at all times and must be presented to the police or military upon request. ID cards are needed to obtain employment, open bank accounts, obtain a passport, driver licence, military card, matriculate in educational institutions, vote or enter public buildings including subway stations, airports and courthouses. Failure to produce ID is a misdemeanor punishable with a fine.

ID cards are free of charge and duplicates are also free.

Chile

Every resident of Chile over the age of 18 must have and carry at all times their ID Card called Cédula de Identidad issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service. It contains the full name, gender, nationality, date of birth, photograph of the data subject, right thumb print, ID number and personal signature.

This is the only official form of identification for residents in Chile and is widely used and accepted as such. It is necessary for every contract, most bank transactions, voting, driving (along with the driver's licence) and other public and private situations.

Refusal to carry or show this ID card to a law enforcement agent (civil or uniformed police) can lead to the lesser of detention up to 6 hours or until the identity can be verified.

Croatia

In Croatia every person over the age of 14 can have ID card, and all persons over the age of 16 must have ID cards and carry them at all times when they are in public places. Refusal to carry or show this ID card to a police officer can lead to a money fine of 100 Euro or more and detention until their identity can be verified by fingerprints.

Estonia

The Estonian ID card (Estonian: ID-kaart) is a chipped picture ID in the Republic of Estonia. An Estonian ID card is officially recognised by all member states of the European Union for intra EU travel. For travelling outside the EU, Estonian citizens may also request a passport.

Finland In Finland, any citizen can get an identification card ('henkilökortti'/'identitetskort'). This, along with the passport, is one of two official identity documents. It is available as an electronic ID card ('sähköinen henkilökortti'/'elektroniskt identitetskort'), which enables logging in to certain government services on the Internet.

K.E.L.A. cards with a picture are also widely used for general identification purposes, even though they are not officially recognized as such.

France French national identity card France has had a national ID card since 1940, when it helped the Viche France Viche authorities identify 7,300 for deportation as part of the Holocaust.Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben often underlines this, showing anthropometry may be used by the state-of-the-art technologies.

In the past, identity cards were mandatory,had to be renewed each year in case of change of residence and were valid for upto 10 years,and their renewal requires a nominal fee. In addition to the applicant's photograph,the application requires a family name,first name,birth place,birth date,which is also used as the national service registration number for health and retirement benefits, for access to files and for tax purposes.

Today, the law (Art. 1.78 to 3.78 of the French Penal Procedure Code http://www.legifrance.gov.fr/Aspad/UnCode?code=CPROCPEL.htm only mentions that during a ID check performed by police or gendarmerie, one can prove his identity "by any means", the validity of which is left to the appreciation of the law enforcement official. Though not stated explicitly in the law, an ID card or a passport will, in most circumstances, be sufficient. The decision to accept other documents, with or without the bearer's photograph is left to the discretion of the law enforcement officer.

Random checks of passers-by's ID by the French police are quite common, especially in poorer neighborhoods. Even though it is not compulsory de jure to carry an ID, not doing so may lead to a de facto arrest "vérification d'identité" of up to 4 hours according to art. 3.78 of the French Penal Procedure Code (Code de procédure pénale). http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/particuliers/f1036.htm http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Aspad/UnCode?code=CPROCPEL.htm

For financial transactions,ID cards and passports are almost always accepted as proof of identity. Due to common forgery, driver licenses are sometimes refused. For transactions by cheque involving a larger sum, two different ID documents are frequently requested by merchants.

The current identification cards are now issued free of charge, and are non-compulsory. The current government has proposed a compulsory biometric card system, which has been opposed by human rights groups and by the national authority and regulator on computing systems and databases, the 'Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés'. Another non-compulsory project is being discussed.

Greece

A compulsory, universal ID system based on personal ID cards has been in place in Greece.ID cards are issued by the police on behalf of the Ministry of Public Order and display the holder's signature, standardized face photograph, name and surname, father's name and surname, mother's name and maiden surname, date and place of birth, height, electoral district, and the issuing police precinct. There are also two optional fields designed to facilitate emergency medical care.

Fields included in previous ID card formats, such as vocation or profession, religious denomination, domiciliary address, name and surname of spouse, fingerprint, eye and hair color, citizenship and ethnicity were removed permanently as being intrusive of personal data and/or superfluous for the sole purpose of personal identification.

Since 2000, name fields have been filled in both Greek and Latin characters. According to the Signpost Service of the European Commission, old type Greece ID cards "are as valid as the new type according to Greek law and thus they constitute valid travel documents that all other EU Member States are obliged to accept." In addition to being equivalent to passports within the Schengen Treaty Area, Greek ID cards are the principal means of identification of voters during elections.

Since 2005, the procedure to issue an ID card has been automated and now all citizens over 12 years of age must have an ID card, which is issued within one workday. Prior to that date, the age of compulsory issue was at 14 and the whole procedure could last several months.

In Greece, an ID card is a citizen's important state document,it's used in public as well as private.It is required for opening a bank account, to perform banking transactions if the customer care representative is unfamiliar with the apparent account holder, to make a contract, to have state insurance, to register in a school or university, to take part in driving license examinations, to interact with the Citizen Service Bureaus http://www.kep.gov.gr/portal/page/portal/mynewportal?lng=us

 Citizens are also required to produce their ID card at the request of law enforcement personnel. Failure to do so can lead to brief detention for the purposes of identity verification.

Legal resident aliens from non-EU countries are issued a similar document, colloquially called a green card. For non-residents, the passport are used as their ID cards.

Italy

Everybody in Italy over 15 can have a 4-page Identity Card issued by the town of residence. The first page includes the ID card number, the issuing town, and the name and surname. On the second page the card shows again the name and surname, together with the birth date and place, the gender, and the current address. The third page of the document includes a colour photograph and the signature. It also contains the issue date. The card has a validity of 5 years.

The ID number is two letters followed by seven or more digits and is unique.

In Italy, an ID card is the most important document of a citizen. It can be used instead of a passport to create a bank account, to validate a credit card transaction, to vote, to enter many countries in Europe (including Switzerland) and to check in on flights to these countries, etc. However, for most of these uses it can be replaced with other documents, including the driving licence. It is required to show such a document to every police officer's request.

As of 2007 a new electronic identity card is being phased in.

Israel

Every permanent resident of Israel above the age of 16, whether a citizen or not, must carry an identification card called te'udat zehut (Hebrew: תעודת זהות) in Hebrew or biţāqat huwīya (بطاقة هوية) in Arabic.

The card is designed in a bilingual form, printed in Hebrew and Arabic, but the personal data is presented only in Hebrew. The card must be presented to an official on duty (e.g. a policeman) upon request, but if the resident is unable to do this, he may contact the relevant authority within five days to avoid a penalty.

Until the mid-nineties, the identification card was considered the only legally reliable document for many actions such as voting, opening a bank account, etc. The new Israeli driving licenses which include photos and some extra personal information are now considered equally reliable for most of these transactions.

Malaysia

In Malaysia, the MyKad, or Government Multipurpose Card, (GMPC) is the official compulsory identity card. It is regarded as the world's first smart identity card. Part of the Multimedia Super Corridor flagship applications, it was officially launched on 5 September 2001 and incorporates a microchip, which contains several items of data including biometrics. As of 2006, MyKad has eight current and several planned applications which are mostly related to proof of identity or electronic money. From March 2003, a variant issuable to newborn babies was introduced, known as MyKid.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, all adult citizens must register for the Computerized National Identity Card (CNIC), with a unique number, at age 18. This card is regularly used because of the multiple uses of the card across Pakistan's organizations.

Earlier on, a National Identity Card (NIC) was issued based on a non-electronic database. Then the national database authority NADRA set up an electronic database for registration of all Pakistani citizens and started issuing the new machine readable identity cards, the CNIC.

Poland

Polish national ID card (front and back)

Every Polish citizen over 18 who is resident in Poland must have an Identity Card (Dowód osobisty) issued by the local administration. Other Polish citizens may obtain it on a voluntary basis.

Romania

File:Idrou.JPG

Romanian ID card

Every citizen of Romania must register for an ID card (Carte de identitate, abbreviated CI) at the age of 14. The CI offers proof of the identity, address, sex and other data of the possessor. It has to be renewed every 10 years.

Another ID Card is the Provisional ID Card (Cartea de Identitate Provizorie) issued when an individual fails present all the documents necessary for a normal ID Card to be issued. Its validity extends for up to 1 year.

Singapore

In Singapore, every citizen, and permanent resident (PR) must register at the age of 15 for an Identity Card (IC). The card is necessary not only for for procedures of state, but also in the day to day transactions of registering for a mobile phone line, obtaining certain discounts at stores, and logging on to certain websites on the internet. Schools frequently use it to identify students, both on-line and in exams.

More information on the compulsory Singapore Identity Card and accompanying procedures can be found on this government website: http://app.ica.gov.sg/serv_citizen/identity_card/ic_registration.asp

Spain

Everybody in Spain over 14 must have a National Identity Card (Documento nacional de identidad usually abbreviated to DNI) issued by the National Police. On the front side there is a colour photograph, the name and two surnames (see Spanish naming customs), the bearers signature, an id number, the issue date and the expiration date. Depending on holder's age, the card has a validity of 5 years, 10 years or indefinite (for the elderly).

On the reverse appears the birth date and place, the gender, both parents' names (if known) and the current address. At the bottom, some of the previous information is written in special characters suitable to be read by OCR.

The ID number is an eight digit number followed by a letter. The letter is only a CRC used to verify the correctness of the number. This id number is unique, and is used by the Spanish Hacienda Pública (equivalent to the United States Department of the Treasury) to keep track of each citizen's income taxes and financial status.

In Spain, an ID card is the most important document of a citizen. It is used in all public and private transactions. It is required to open a bank account, to sign a contract, to have state insurance, to register in a university or to be fined by a police officer. It is one of the official documents required to vote at any election, although any other form of official ID such as a driving license or passport may be used. A police officer can require it to be shown, but non-compliance won't lead to arrest and detention unless there are other lawful reasons for it. If a policeman requests the ID, you can just ask him to come with you to the place where you keep it.

Since 2006 a new version of the 'DNI' is being introduced. The new 'Electronic DNI' is a Smart card that allows for digital signing of documents. It conveys the same printed information as the older version, but in a plastic card with a different design.

South Africa

All South African citizens and permanent residents, aged 16 years and older, must be in possession of an identity document. The South African identity document resembles a passport, but is not valid as a travel document or outside South Africa. Although carrying the document is not de facto required in daily life, it is necessary to show the document or a certified copy as proof of identity when:

Signing any contract, including
- Opening or closing a bank account
- Taking up employment
- Applying for a mobile phone contract
Interacting with most government agencies, including
- Applying for or renewing a drivers license

During Apartheid, the identity document was key to the enforcement of movement rights. Amongst other vital statistics, the identity document detailed the subject's race, automatically excluding him/her from certain areas of the country unless in possession of a Pass.

Sweden

Sweden does not, in law, have compulsory identity cards. In reality there are nation-wide issuers of SIS-certified^[7] identification cards. These cards can be obtained by anyone who is population registered in Sweden, that is, has a Swedish personal identity number, and they are issued by commercial companies, like banks and post offices. The police also issue them, but only for Swedish citizens.

These documents are needed, in practice, to be able to get bank services, make purchases with a credit card and similar situations. There are problems accessing health care or buying prescribed medications without them.

Since 2007 it has been impossible for many people, mainly immigrants, to get an identity card since the commercial companies have strengthened their requirements to issue identity cards. . They might be sued if someone uses a falsely issued card for fraudulent activity. Foreign passports are of no value for these companies to verify a persons identity.

A solution to this problem is envisaged for 2009 when the police will begin to issue Swedish identity cards for foreign citizens having a foreign passport.

Taiwan

The "Republic of China National Identification Card" (Chinese: 中華民國國民身分證) is issued to all Republic of China citizens that have a household registration in the Free Area of the Republic of China (Taiwan). While the Republic of China Passport allows for entry into Taiwan, the Identification Card is used for virtually all other activities that require identity verification within Taiwan such as opening bank accounts, renting apartments, employment applications and voting. It is the possession of the Republic of China National Identification Card and not the ROC Passport which grants the holder the right of abode within the Taiwan Area.

The Identification Card contains the holder's photo, ID number, Chinese name, and (Minguo calendar) date of birth. The back of the card also contains the person's registered address where official correspondence is sent, parents' and even spouse's names.

If the person moves, they must re-register at a municipal office (Chinese: 戶政事務所).

Unlike the Republic of China passport which can be issued overseas at Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices, the National Identification Card is only issued in Taiwan at municipal offices. Dual Passport holders that have a household registration can only apply for the Identification Card after they enter Taiwan using a Republic of China Passport.

Nations without

A number of countries do not use country-wide identity cards to verify identity. These include Australia, Denmark, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Australia

There have been two proposals to introduce ID cards for tax and social security access in Australia: The Australia Card in 1985 by the Hawke Labor Government and the Health and Social Services Access Card in 2006 by the Howard Liberal Government. Although neither card would have been an official compulsory ID card, they were both criticised as leading to de facto ID cards. Ultimately, both proposals failed. Currently, drivers licences, issued by the states and territories, are the most widely used ID document.

United Kingdom

Since the early 1950s there has been no national identity card in the United Kingdom, but the Identity Cards Act (effective 30 March 2006) makes one compulsory for anyone getting a new or renewed passport from 2008. Driving licences and passports are now the most widely used ID documents. There are also various PASS-accredited cards, used mainly for proof of age purposes.

United States

The United States of America passed a bill entitled the Real ID Act on May 11, 2005. The bill compels states to begin redesigning their driver's licenses to comply with federal antiterrorist standards by December 2009. Federal employees would reject licenses or identity cards that don't comply, which would force Americans accessing everything from airplanes to national parks and some courthouses to have the federally mandated cards.

The bill takes place as governments are growing more interested in implanting technology in ID cards to make them smarter and more secure. The U.S. State Department soon will begin issuing passports with radio frequency identification, or RFID, chips embedded in them, and Virginia may become the first state to glue RFID tags into all its driver's licenses.

Nations currently implementing

Bangladesh

Bangladesh has also started a National Biometric ID Card system and is in the process of completing it by 2008.

China

China is instituting biometric ID cards, beginning with the city of Shenzhen. The card will document data such as work history, educational background, religion, ethnicity, police record, medical insurance status, landlord's phone number and personal reproductive history.^[8]

India

India is beginning to issue national ID cards, see MNIC - Multipurpose National Identity Card (India) [2]

Non-compulsory schemes

A number of countries have non-compulsory identity card schemes. These include Austria, Finland, France (see France section), Hungary (however, all citizens of Hungary must have at least one of: valid passport, photocard driving licence, or the National ID card), Iceland, Sweden, Switzerland.

File:CALIID.png

California Identification card from 2005.

In the European Union identity cards meeting an European standard can be used by European citizens as a travel document replacing passports.

During the UK Presidency of the EU in 2005 a decision was made to: "Agree common standards for security features and secure issuing procedures for ID cards (December 2005), with detailed standards agreed as soon as possible thereafter. In this respect, the UK Presidency has put forward a proposal for EU-wide use of biometrics in national ID cards."^[9]

In the United States, some states issue non compulsory identity cards for people who do not hold a driver's license as an alternate means of identification. In some states such as New York, these cards are issued by the same organization responsible for driver's license, the Department of Motor Vehicles.

Non-sovereign state

For the Sahrawi people of Western Sahara, pre-1975 Spanish identity cards are the main proof that they were Saharaui citizens as opposed to recent Moroccan colonists. They would thus be allowed to vote in an eventual self-determination referendum.

Some companies and government departments issue ID cards for security purposes; they may also be proof of a qualification. For example, all taxi drivers in the UK and Hong Kong carry ID cards. Managers, supervisors and operatives in construction in the UK have a photographic ID card, the CSCS (Construction Skills Certification Scheme) card, indicating training and skills including safety training. Those working on UK railway lands near working lines must carry a photographic ID card to indicate training in track safety (PTS and other cards) possession of which is dependent on periodic and random alcohol and drug screening. In Queensland and Western Australia, anyone working with children has to take a background check and get issued a Blue Card or Working with Children Card, respectively.

References

^ Joinson, Adam N. (2006). "Watching me, watching you: privacy attitudes and reactions to identity card implementation scenarios in the United Kingdom" (Abstract). Journal of Information Science. 18 (12): 334–343. doi:10.1177/0165551506064902. Retrieved 2006-12-09. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Ben Quarmby (2003-01-31). "The case for national identification cards". 2003 Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 0002. Duke University. Retrieved 2008-01-11. If there is no reasonable expectation of privacy with regards to one's DNA information, the obtention of that information will not constitute a search. The DNA card scheme at issue here would not therefore come under 4th Amendment scrutiny {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ "DNA ID Profiling and Banking". Identigene website. 2008-01-3. Retrieved 2008-01-11. The powerful DNA profiling technology is encouraged to be used by parents when adopting newborn children. Insurance companies use DNA profiling as a precautionary tool to protect against life insurance fraud. Lawyers are bundling these services with packages, such as the Last Will and Testament, to assist in protecting the assets of large estates. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ "Surveillance & Identification: Identity". Caslon Analytics research, analysis and strategies consultancy. 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2008-01-11. As a German policeman once said, you are who your papers say you are. Take away those papers and you have no identity. Identification schemes - whether based on an individual's innate characteristics (eg DNA) or external attributes such as password or code number - facilitate participation by individuals with the requisite credentials in the "economic, social and political dimensions of society", {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 119 (help)
^ "BEEsafe Personal ID program". Laboratory Collection Services. Retrieved 2008-01-11. The area of the DNA molecule used for identification testing is known as a non-coding region. This region gives absolutely no genetic information about your race, medical history, or pre-disposition to a disease. DNA is the ultimate tool for personal identification. Every individual has a unique set of DNA markers, which are inherited from their parents. Therefore, your loved one can be easily identified by their specific DNA profile. DNA Profiling is highly recommended by Law Enforcement Agencies nationwide as an identification method for all of your family. Acquiring a DNA Profile for your loved one is easy, painless, affordable, and need only be performed once, since his or her profile will not change over time. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 213 (help)
^ Garfinkel, Simson (2001) [2000]. "3". Database Nation (Paperback) The Death of Privacy in the 21st Century. O'Reilly & Associates. ISBN 0-596-00105-3. When the technology was first introduced, scientists, lawyers, and civil libertarians argued over whether the underlying science was sound, and if the technology actually worked. Today, DNA identification is widely accepted as absolutely accurate--and we are struggling with the social implications of this newfound precision. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |origdate= and |coauthors= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |origmonth= ignored (help); line feed character in |title= at position 28 (help)
^ Identification cards - Certified identity card type ID-1, Swedish Standard SS 614314:2004. SIS, Swedish Standards Institute
^ [1]
^ "EU: UK Presidency advances EU-wide ID card standards, data retention and intelligence sharing to fight terrorism". eGovernment News. 2005-07-14. Retrieved 2007-04-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links

Privacy International identity card FAQ
Telegraph story: the case for and against identity cards
The Loyal Nine, youth based civil liberties organization.
ID Card – Is Big Brother Stalking You? – MP3 recording and reference list from Diffusion science radio program on 2SER broadcast on 1st March 2007.

[1] Joinson, Adam N. (2006). "Watching me, watching you: privacy attitudes and reactions to identity card implementation scenarios in the United Kingdom" (Abstract). Journal of Information Science. 18 (12): 334–343. doi:10.1177/0165551506064902. Retrieved 2006-12-09. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[Alice5-2] Ben Quarmby (2003-01-31). "The case for national identification cards". 2003 Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 0002. Duke University. Retrieved 2008-01-11. If there is no reasonable expectation of privacy with regards to one's DNA information, the obtention of that information will not constitute a search. The DNA card scheme at issue here would not therefore come under 4th Amendment scrutiny {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[Alice6-3] "DNA ID Profiling and Banking". Identigene website. 2008-01-3. Retrieved 2008-01-11. The powerful DNA profiling technology is encouraged to be used by parents when adopting newborn children. Insurance companies use DNA profiling as a precautionary tool to protect against life insurance fraud. Lawyers are bundling these services with packages, such as the Last Will and Testament, to assist in protecting the assets of large estates. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[Alice7-4] "Surveillance & Identification: Identity". Caslon Analytics research, analysis and strategies consultancy. 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2008-01-11. As a German policeman once said, you are who your papers say you are. Take away those papers and you have no identity. Identification schemes - whether based on an individual's innate characteristics (eg DNA) or external attributes such as password or code number - facilitate participation by individuals with the requisite credentials in the "economic, social and political dimensions of society", {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 119 (help)

[Alice8-5] "BEEsafe Personal ID program". Laboratory Collection Services. Retrieved 2008-01-11. The area of the DNA molecule used for identification testing is known as a non-coding region. This region gives absolutely no genetic information about your race, medical history, or pre-disposition to a disease. DNA is the ultimate tool for personal identification. Every individual has a unique set of DNA markers, which are inherited from their parents. Therefore, your loved one can be easily identified by their specific DNA profile. DNA Profiling is highly recommended by Law Enforcement Agencies nationwide as an identification method for all of your family. Acquiring a DNA Profile for your loved one is easy, painless, affordable, and need only be performed once, since his or her profile will not change over time. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 213 (help)

[Alice9-6] Garfinkel, Simson (2001) [2000]. "3". Database Nation (Paperback) The Death of Privacy in the 21st Century. O'Reilly & Associates. ISBN 0-596-00105-3. When the technology was first introduced, scientists, lawyers, and civil libertarians argued over whether the underlying science was sound, and if the technology actually worked. Today, DNA identification is widely accepted as absolutely accurate--and we are struggling with the social implications of this newfound precision. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |origdate= and |coauthors= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |origmonth= ignored (help); line feed character in |title= at position 28 (help)

[swedish-standards-institute-idcards-7] Identification cards - Certified identity card type ID-1, Swedish Standard SS 614314:2004. SIS, Swedish Standards Institute

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[9] "EU: UK Presidency advances EU-wide ID card standards, data retention and intelligence sharing to fight terrorism". eGovernment News. 2005-07-14. Retrieved 2007-04-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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