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{{Infobox Person
{{Infobox Person
|name = Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed
|name = Ali Kuşçu
|image = Ali Kuşçu Portre.jpg
|image = Ali Kuşçu Portre.jpg
|caption = [[Islamic astronomy|astronomer]], [[Islamic mathematics|mathematician]], [[Islamic physics|physicist]], [[Islamic science|scientist]] and [[mutakallim]] (Muslim theologian)
|caption = [[Islamic astronomy|astronomer]], [[Islamic mathematics|mathematician]], [[Islamic physics|physicist]], [[Islamic science|scientist]] and [[mutakallim]] (Muslim theologian)
|ethnicity = [[Persian]]
|ethnicity = [[Turkish]] - [[Persian]] (?)
|birth_date = ?
|birth_date = ?
|birth_place = [[Samarkand]]
|birth_place = [[Samarkand]]
|death_date = [[16 December]],[[1474]]
|death_date = [[16 December]],[[1474]]
|death_place = [[Istanbul]]
|death_place = [[Istanbul]]
|other_names = Ali Qushji
|other_names = Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed
}}
}}


'''Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed''' known as '''Ali Qushji''' (?, [[1403]] &ndash; [[16 December]],[[1474]]) was a [[Persian]]<ref>G. A. Russell, The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-century England, BRILL, 1994, ISBN 9004098887, p. 162</ref> [[Islamic astronomy|astronomer]], [[Islamic mathematics|mathematician]], [[Islamic physics|physicist]] and [[Islamic science|scientist]]. He is best known for his contributions to [[Ulugh Beg]]'s famous work ''[[Zij-i-Sultani]]'', his efforts in founding [[Sahn-ı Seman University]] which is one of the first [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] universities, his separation of [[astronomy]] from [[natural philosophy]], and his discussions on the [[Earth's rotation|Earth's motion]].
'''Ali Kuşçu''' (also written as '''Qushji''', '''Kushgy''' or '''Cushgy''') or '''Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed''' (?, [[1403]] &ndash; [[16 December]],[[1474]]) was an [[Ottoman]] [[Islamic mathematics|mathematician]], [[Islamic physics|physicist]] and [[Islamic science|scientist]]. He is best known for his contributions to [[Ulugh Beg]]'s famous work ''[[Zij-i-Sultani]]'', his efforts in founding [[Sahn-ı Seman University]] which is one of the first [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] universities, his separation of [[astronomy]] from [[natural philosophy]], and his discussions on the [[Earth's rotation|Earth's motion]].

Sources variously tell that he was [[Turkish]]<ref>Amir Hasan Siddiqi, Cultural centres of Islam, p. 90, Jamiyat-ul-Falah Publications, 1970 [http://books.google.com/books?id=CbVWAAAAMAAJ&q=Cultural+centres+of+Islam&dq=Cultural+centres+of+Islam&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&pgis=1]</ref> or [[Persian]]<ref>G. A. Russell, The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-century England, BRILL, 1994, ISBN 9004098887, p. 162</ref>.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Line 17: Line 19:


===Early life and works===
===Early life and works===
He was born in 1403 on an unknown date in [[Samarkand]] which is today in [[Uzbekistan]]. His full name was '''Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed al-Qushji'''. His family gained this last name after the official title of his father Muhammed who was the chief falconer (Qushji) of [[Ulug Beg]] at that time.
He was born in 1403 on an unknown date in [[Samarkand]] which is today in [[Uzbekistan]]. His full name was '''Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed al-Qushji'''. His family gained this last name after the official title of his father Muhammed who was the chief falconer (("Kuşçu" means bird specialist in [[Turkish language|Turkish]])) of [[Ulug Beg]] at that time.


[[Image:Ulugh Beg observatory.JPG|thumb|right|225px|Ulugh Beg Observatory - Landmark of Ali Qushji's career]]
[[Image:Ulugh Beg observatory.JPG|thumb|right|225px|Ulugh Beg Observatory - Landmark of Ali Qushji's career]]

Revision as of 17:57, 14 March 2009

Ali Kuşçu
astronomer, mathematician, physicist, scientist and mutakallim (Muslim theologian)
Born?
Samarkand
Died16 December,1474
Istanbul
Other namesAla al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed

Ali Kuşçu (also written as Qushji, Kushgy or Cushgy) or Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed (?, 1403 – 16 December,1474) was an Ottoman mathematician, physicist and scientist. He is best known for his contributions to Ulugh Beg's famous work Zij-i-Sultani, his efforts in founding Sahn-ı Seman University which is one of the first Ottoman universities, his separation of astronomy from natural philosophy, and his discussions on the Earth's motion.

Sources variously tell that he was Turkish[1] or Persian[2].

Biography

Early life and works

He was born in 1403 on an unknown date in Samarkand which is today in Uzbekistan. His full name was Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed al-Qushji. His family gained this last name after the official title of his father Muhammed who was the chief falconer (("Kuşçu" means bird specialist in Turkish)) of Ulug Beg at that time.

Ulugh Beg Observatory - Landmark of Ali Qushji's career

He attended the courses of Qazi zadeh Rumi, Ghiyāth al-Dīn Jamshīd Kāshānī and Muin al-Dīn Kashi. He moved to Kerman, Iran (Persia) and there he conducted some researches on the storms of Oman sea. He completed Hall-e Eshkal-i Ghammar (Explanations of the Periods of the Moon) and Sharh-e Tajrid in Kirman. He moved to Herat and taught Molla Cami about astronomy (1423). After professing in Herat for a while he went back to Samarkand and herald his works about moon to Ulugh Beg. Ulugh Beg was fascinated with the works and read the entire work while standing up.Ulugh Beg assigned him to Ulugh Beg Observatory which was called "Samarkand Observatory" at that time. He worked there till Ulugh Beg was assassinated.[3]

After Ulugh Beg's death, he went to Herat, Tashkent and finally Tabriz, Iran. While he was in Tabriz, Uzun Hasan the Khan of Ak Koyunlu sent him as a delegate to Fatih Sultan Mehmed (about 1470). At that time Husayn Bayqarah had come to reign in Herat but Qushji preferred Istanbul rather than Herat because of Sultan Mehmed's attitude toward scientists and intellectuals.

Istanbul era

When he came to Istanbul, his grandson Ghutb al-Dīn Muhammed had a son Mirim Chalabi who would be a great mathematician and astronomer in the future. Qushji extended his studies in Istanbul. He wrote "Sharh e resalye Fathiyeh" [4], "resalye Mohammadiye" in Istanbul which are in Arabic about the mathematics . Qushji's work made a great impact on the scientific community. The work has thousands of copies in handwriting libraries all around the world.

He then finished "Sharh e tejrid" on Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's "Tejrid al-kalam". That work is called "Sharh e Jadid" in scientific community. It is considered as the most important philosophical work on metaphysics, physics, optics and mathematics done within Islamic civilization.

Contributions to astronomy

In his Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy, Qushji rejected Aristotelian physics and completely separated natural philosophy from Islamic astronomy, allowing astronomy to become a purely empirical and mathematical science. This allowed him to explore alternatives to the Aristotelian notion of a stationery Earth, as he explored the idea of a moving Earth instead. He found empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation through his observation on comets and concluded, on the basis of empiricism rather than speculative philosophy, that the moving Earth theory is just as likely to be true as the stationary Earth theory.[5][6][7]

Qushji also improved on Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's planetary model and presented an alternative planetary model for Mercury.[8]

His works

Astronomy[9] [10]

  • Sharh e Zîj e Ulugh Beg (In Persian)
  • Resale fi Halle Eshkale Moadeleye Ghamar lil-Masir (Faide fi Eshkâli Utared)
  • Resale fi Asli'l-HâricYumkin fi's-Sufliyyeyn
  • Sharh ‘ale't-Tuhfeti'sh-Shâhiyye fi al-Heyat
  • Resale dar elm-i Heyat (In Persian)
  • el-Fathiyye fî elm al-Heyat (In Arabic)
  • Resale fi Hall-e Eshkal-i Ghammar (In Persian)
  • Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy

Mathematics[11]

  • Resaletu'l-Muhammediyye fi-Hesab (In Persian)
  • Resale dar elm-e Hesab: Suleymaniye

Kalam and Fiqh

  • Sharh e Jadid ale't-Tejrîd
  • Hashiye ale't-Telvîh
  • Unkud-üz-Zevahir fi Nazm-al-Javaher

Mechanics[12]

  • Tazkare fi Âlâti'r-Ruhâniyye

Linguistics[13]

  • Sharh Risâleti'l-Vadiyye
  • El-Ifsâh
  • El-Unkûdu'z-Zevâhir fî Nazmi'l-Javâher
  • Sharh e'Sh-Shâfiye
  • Resale fî Beyâni Vadi'l-Mufredât
  • Fâ'ide li-Tahkîki Lâmi't-Ta'rîf
  • Resale mâ Ene Kultu
  • Resale fî'l-Hamd
  • Resale fî Ilmi'l-Me'ânî
  • Resale fî Bahsi'l-Mufred
  • Resale fî'l-Fenni's-Sânî min Ilmihal-Beyân
  • Tafsir e-Bakara ve Âli Imrân
  • Risâle fî'l-İstişâre
  • Mahbub-al-Hamail fi kashf-al-mesail
  • Tajrid-al-Kalam

Notes

  1. ^ Amir Hasan Siddiqi, Cultural centres of Islam, p. 90, Jamiyat-ul-Falah Publications, 1970 [1]
  2. ^ G. A. Russell, The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-century England, BRILL, 1994, ISBN 9004098887, p. 162
  3. ^ Osmanlı imparatorluğunun doruğu 16. yüzyıl teknolojisi, Editor Prof. Dr. Kazım Çeçen, Istanbul 1999, Omaş ofset A.Ş.
  4. ^ [2]
  5. ^ (Ragep 2001a)
  6. ^ F. Jamil Ragep (2001), "Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy: An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science", Osiris, 2nd Series, Vol. 16, Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions, pp. 49–64, 66–71.
  7. ^ Edith Dudley Sylla, "Creation and nature", in Arthur Stephen McGrade (2003), pp. 178–179, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521000637.
  8. ^ George Saliba, "Arabic planetary theories after the eleventh century AD", in Rushdī Rāshid and Régis Morelon (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, pp. 58–127 [123–124], Routledge, ISBN 0415124107.
  9. ^ Osmanlı Astronomi Literatürü Tarihi (Ed. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu), İstanbul 1997, I, 27–38
  10. ^ [3]
  11. ^ Seyyid Ali Paşa, Mir’âtu’l-Âlem (Haz. Yavuz Unat), Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara 2001.
  12. ^ Sevim Tekeli, 16’ıncı Asırda Osmanlılarda Saat ve Takiyyuddîn’in “Mekanik Saat Konstrüksüyonuna Dair En Parlak Yıldızlar” Adlı Eseri, Ankara 1966.
  13. ^ Musa Yıldız, Bir Dilci Olarak Ali Kuşçu ve Risâle fî’l-İsti‘âre’si, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 2002, s. 10–14.

References

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