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{{Taxobox
| name = Carp
| image = Common carp.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = [[Common carp]], ''Cyprinus carpio''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Cypriniformes]]
| familia = [[Cyprinidae]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
''[[Abramis]]''<br>
''[[Aristichthys]]''<br>
''[[Barbodes]]''<br>
''[[Carassius]]''<br>
''[[Cirrhinus]]''<br>
''[[Ctenopharyngodon]]''<br>
''[[Cyprinus]]''<br>
''[[Epalzeorhynchos]]''<br>
''[[Henicorhynchus]]''<br>
''[[Hypophthalmichthys]]''<br>
''[[Labeo]]''<br>
''[[Mylopharyngodon]]''<br>
and others
}}
'''Carp''' is a common name for various species of an [[oily fish|oily]]<ref>{{cite article|url=http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2004/jun/oilyfishdefinition|title=What's an oily fish?|date=2004-06-24|publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]]}}</ref> [[freshwater fish]] of the family [[Cyprinidae]], a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. The cypriniformes (family [[cyprinidae]]) is traditionally grouped with the [[Characiformes]], [[Siluriformes]] and [[Gymnotiformes]] to create the superorder [[Ostariophysi]], since these groups have certain common features such as being found predominantly in fresh water and the fact that they possess [[Weberian ossicles]] (an anatomical structure originally made up of small pieces of bone formed from four or five of the first vertebrae); the most anterior bony pair is in contact with the extension of the labyrinth and the posterior with the swimbladder. The function is poorly understood but it is presumed that this structure takes part in the transmission of vibrations from the [[swimbladder]] to the labyrinth and in the perception of sound, which explains why the Ostariophysi have such a great capacity for hearing.<ref name="Billard">Billard R. (Ed.) (1995). Carp – Biology and Culture. Springer-Praxis Series in Aquaculture and Fisheries, Chichester, UK.</ref>

Most cypriniformes have scales and teeth on the inferior pharyngeal bones which may be modified in relation to the diet. ''[[Tribolodon]]'' is the only cyprinid genus which tolerates salt water, although there are several species which move into brackish water but which return to fresh water to spawn. All of the other cypriniformes live in continental waters and have a wide geographical range.<ref name="Billard"/>

Some consider all cyprinid fishes carp, and the family Cyprinidae itself is often known as the carp family. In colloquial use, however, carp usually refers only to several larger cyprinid species such as ''[[Cyprinus carpio]]'' (common carp), ''[[Carassius carassius]]'' (Crucian carp), ''[[Ctenopharyngodon idella]]'' (grass carp), ''[[Hypophthalmichthys molitrix]]'' (silver carp), and ''[[Hypophthalmichthys nobilis]]'' (bighead carp). Carp have long been an important food fish to humans, as well as popular ornamental fishes such as the various [[goldfish]] breeds and the domesticated common carp variety known as [[koi]]. As a result, carp have been introduced to various locations, though with mixed results. Several species of carp are listed as invasive species by the U.S. Department of Agriculture,<ref>http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/asiancarp.shtml</ref> and worldwide large sums of money are spent on carp control.

==Aquaculture==

Various species of carp have been [[domesticated]] and reared as [[fish farming|food fish]] across Europe and Asia for thousands of years. These various species appear to have been domesticated independently, as the various domesticated carp species are native to different parts of [[Eurasia]]. For example, the [[Common carp]] ''Cyprinus carpio'' are originally from Central Europe.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h55671gg71450622/
|title=SpringerLink - Journal Article
|publisher=www.springerlink.com
|accessdate=2009-05-05
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> Several carp species (collectively known as [[Asian carp]]) were domesticated in [[East Asia]]. Carp that are originally from [[South Asia]], for example [[catla]] (''Gibelion catla''), [[rohu]] (''Labeo rohita'') and mrigal (''Cirrhinus cirrhosus''), are known as Indian carp. Their hardiness and adaptability have allowed domesticated species to be propagated all around the world.

Although initially the carp was an important aquatic food item, as more fish species have become readily available for the table, the importance of carp culture in [[Western Europe]] has become less important because of declining demand, partly due to the appearance of more desirable table fish such as [[trout]] and [[salmon]] through intensive farming, and environmental constraints. However, fish production in ponds is still a major form of aquaculture in Central/Eastern Europe, including the [[Russian Federation]] where most of the production comes from low intensity or semi-intensive ponds. In Asia, the farming of carp continues to surpass the total amount of farmed fish volume of intensively sea-farmed species such as salmon and [[tuna]].<ref>Váradi, L. (2001). Review of trends in the development of European inland aquaculture linkages with fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8: 453-462.</ref>

==As ornamental fish==
[[File:GoldfishPearl.jpg|thumb|right|An unusual [[goldfish]] breed: An [[oranda]]-type variegated [[pearlscale]].]]

Carp, along with many of their [[cyprinid]] relatives, are popular ornamental aquarium and pond fish. The two most notable ornamental carps are [[goldfish]] and [[koi]]. Goldfish and koi have advantages over most other ornamental fishes, in that they are tolerant of cold (they can survive in water temperatures as low as 4 degrees Celsius), can survive at low oxygen levels, and can tolerate low water quality.

[[File:Six koi.jpg|thumb|left|Six different colored koi and a smaller goldfish.]]

Goldfish (''Carassius auratus'') were originally domesticated from the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), a dark greyish brown carp native to Asia. They were first bred for color in China over a thousand years ago. Due to selective breeding, goldfish have been developed into many distinct breeds and are found in various colors, color patterns, forms and sizes far different from those of the original carp. Goldfish were kept as ornamental fish in [[China]] for hundreds of years before being introduced to [[Japan]] in the 15th century, and to [[Europe]] in the late 17th century.
Koi are a domesticated variety of [[common carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio'') that have been selectively culled for color. The common carp was introduced from China to Japan, where selective breeding of the common carp in the 1820s in the Niigata region resulted in koi.<ref>http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory3.shtml</ref> In Japanese culture, koi are treated with affection, and seen as good luck. They are popular in other parts of the world as outdoor pond fish.

==As sport fish==
{{Primary sources|section|date=June 2009}}
[[File:Carpe miroir de 17kg.jpg|thumb|right|An [[angling|angler]] with 17 kg [[mirror carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio'')]]
{{Main|Carp fishing}}

[[Izaak Walton]] said about carp in ''[[The Compleat Angler]]'', "The Carp is the queen of rivers; a stately, a good, and a very subtil fish; that was not at first bred, nor hath been long in England, but is now naturalised."

Carp are variable in terms of [[angling]] value.
* In Europe, even when not fished for food, they are eagerly sought by anglers, being considered highly prized [[coarse fish]] that are difficult to hook.<ref name=Fishlore>A. F. Magri MacMahon (1946). ''Fishlore'', pp 149-152. Pelican Books.</ref> The UK has a thriving carp angling market.
* In the United States, the carp is also classified as a [[rough fish]] as well as damaging naturalized exotic species but with sporting qualities.

==Types of carp==
[[File:Urfacarp.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Carp swarm in great numbers to eat feed thrown by tourists in [[Urfa]], [[Turkey]].]]
*Genus ''[[Abramis]]''
** [[Carp bream]] (''Abramis brama'')
*Genus ''[[Barbodes]]'':
** [[Carnatic carp]] (''Barbodes carnaticus'')
*Genus ''[[Carassius]]'':
** [[Crucian carp]] (''Carassius carassius '')
** [[Prussian carp]] or Gibel carp (''Carassius gibelio'')
** [[Goldfish]] (''Carassius auratus'')
*Genus ''[[Cirrhinus]]'':
** [[Chinese mud carp]] (''Cirrhinus chinensis'')
** [[Deccan white carp]] (''Cirrhinus fulungee'')
** [[Hora white carp]] (''Cirrhinus macrops'')
** [[Small scale mud carp]] (''Cirrhinus microlepis'')
** [[Mud carp]] (''Cirrhinus molitorella'')
** [[Man carp]] (''Cirrhinus saprian'')
*Genus ''[[Ctenopharyngodon]]'':
** [[Grass carp]] (''Ctenopharyngodon idellus'')
*Genus ''[[Culter (genus)|Culter]]'':
** [[Predatory carp]] (''Culter erythropterus'')
*Genus ''[[Cyprinus]]'':
** [[Common carp]], European carp, [[Koi]] (''Cyprinus carpio'')
*Genus ''[[Epalzeorhynchos]]'':
** [[Red-tailed black shark]] (''Epalzeorhynchos bicolor'')
** [[Red-finned black shark]] or [[Rainbow shark]] (''Epalzeorhynchos frenatus'')
*Genus ''[[Henicorhynchus]]'':
** [[Siamese mud carp]] (''Henicorhynchus siamensis'')
*Genus ''[[Hypophthalmichthys]]'':
** [[Bighead carp]] (''Hypophthalmichthys nobilis'')
** [[Silver carp]] (''Hypophthalmichthys molitrix'')
*Genus ''[[Labeo (carp)|Labeo]]'':
** [[African carp]] (''Labeo coubie'')
** [[Fringed-lipped peninsula carp]] (''Labeo fimbriatus'')
** [[Bigmouth carp]] (''Labeo kontius'')
*Genus ''[[Mylopharyngodon]]'':
** [[Black carp]] (''Mylopharyngodon piceus'')
*Genus ''[[Tinca]]'':
** [[Tench]] (''Tinca tinca'')

==See also==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{commonscat|Cyprinus carpio}}
*[[Oily fish]]
*[[Grass carp]]
*[[Rough fish]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite journal | author=Chistiakov D, Voronova N |title=Genetic evolution and diversity of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. |journal=Cent. Eur. J. Biol. |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 304–312 |year= 2009 |doi= 10.2478/s11535-009-0024-2 }}

{{commercial fish topics}}

[[Category:Carp| ]]
[[Category:Edible fish]]
[[Category:Oily fish]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Sport fish]]
[[Category:Fishkeeping]]
[[Category:Fish of South East Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of East Asia]]

<!-- The below are interlanguage links. -->
[[bg:Шаран]]
[[da:Karpe]]
[[de:Karpfen]]
[[es:Cyprinidae]]
[[fr:Carpe (poisson)]]
[[he:קרפיון]]
[[nl:Karper]]
[[pl:Karp]]
[[pt:Carpa-comum]]
[[ro:Crap]]
[[ru:Карп]]
[[simple:Carp]]
[[fi:Karppi]]
[[sv:Karp]]
[[tr:Sazan balığı]]
[[uk:Короп]]
[[vi:Cá chép]]
[[yi:קארפ]]
[[zh:鲤]]

Revision as of 10:34, 18 May 2010

Carp
Common carp, Cyprinus carpio
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genera

Abramis
Aristichthys
Barbodes
Carassius
Cirrhinus
Ctenopharyngodon
Cyprinus
Epalzeorhynchos
Henicorhynchus
Hypophthalmichthys
Labeo
Mylopharyngodon
and others

Carp is a common name for various species of an oily[1] freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. The cypriniformes (family cyprinidae) is traditionally grouped with the Characiformes, Siluriformes and Gymnotiformes to create the superorder Ostariophysi, since these groups have certain common features such as being found predominantly in fresh water and the fact that they possess Weberian ossicles (an anatomical structure originally made up of small pieces of bone formed from four or five of the first vertebrae); the most anterior bony pair is in contact with the extension of the labyrinth and the posterior with the swimbladder. The function is poorly understood but it is presumed that this structure takes part in the transmission of vibrations from the swimbladder to the labyrinth and in the perception of sound, which explains why the Ostariophysi have such a great capacity for hearing.[2]

Most cypriniformes have scales and teeth on the inferior pharyngeal bones which may be modified in relation to the diet. Tribolodon is the only cyprinid genus which tolerates salt water, although there are several species which move into brackish water but which return to fresh water to spawn. All of the other cypriniformes live in continental waters and have a wide geographical range.[2]

Some consider all cyprinid fishes carp, and the family Cyprinidae itself is often known as the carp family. In colloquial use, however, carp usually refers only to several larger cyprinid species such as Cyprinus carpio (common carp), Carassius carassius (Crucian carp), Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp), and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (bighead carp). Carp have long been an important food fish to humans, as well as popular ornamental fishes such as the various goldfish breeds and the domesticated common carp variety known as koi. As a result, carp have been introduced to various locations, though with mixed results. Several species of carp are listed as invasive species by the U.S. Department of Agriculture,[3] and worldwide large sums of money are spent on carp control.

Aquaculture

Various species of carp have been domesticated and reared as food fish across Europe and Asia for thousands of years. These various species appear to have been domesticated independently, as the various domesticated carp species are native to different parts of Eurasia. For example, the Common carp Cyprinus carpio are originally from Central Europe.[4] Several carp species (collectively known as Asian carp) were domesticated in East Asia. Carp that are originally from South Asia, for example catla (Gibelion catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), are known as Indian carp. Their hardiness and adaptability have allowed domesticated species to be propagated all around the world.

Although initially the carp was an important aquatic food item, as more fish species have become readily available for the table, the importance of carp culture in Western Europe has become less important because of declining demand, partly due to the appearance of more desirable table fish such as trout and salmon through intensive farming, and environmental constraints. However, fish production in ponds is still a major form of aquaculture in Central/Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation where most of the production comes from low intensity or semi-intensive ponds. In Asia, the farming of carp continues to surpass the total amount of farmed fish volume of intensively sea-farmed species such as salmon and tuna.[5]

As ornamental fish

An unusual goldfish breed: An oranda-type variegated pearlscale.

Carp, along with many of their cyprinid relatives, are popular ornamental aquarium and pond fish. The two most notable ornamental carps are goldfish and koi. Goldfish and koi have advantages over most other ornamental fishes, in that they are tolerant of cold (they can survive in water temperatures as low as 4 degrees Celsius), can survive at low oxygen levels, and can tolerate low water quality.

Six different colored koi and a smaller goldfish.

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were originally domesticated from the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), a dark greyish brown carp native to Asia. They were first bred for color in China over a thousand years ago. Due to selective breeding, goldfish have been developed into many distinct breeds and are found in various colors, color patterns, forms and sizes far different from those of the original carp. Goldfish were kept as ornamental fish in China for hundreds of years before being introduced to Japan in the 15th century, and to Europe in the late 17th century.

Koi are a domesticated variety of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that have been selectively culled for color. The common carp was introduced from China to Japan, where selective breeding of the common carp in the 1820s in the Niigata region resulted in koi.[6] In Japanese culture, koi are treated with affection, and seen as good luck. They are popular in other parts of the world as outdoor pond fish.

As sport fish

An angler with 17 kg mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Izaak Walton said about carp in The Compleat Angler, "The Carp is the queen of rivers; a stately, a good, and a very subtil fish; that was not at first bred, nor hath been long in England, but is now naturalised."

Carp are variable in terms of angling value.

  • In Europe, even when not fished for food, they are eagerly sought by anglers, being considered highly prized coarse fish that are difficult to hook.[7] The UK has a thriving carp angling market.
  • In the United States, the carp is also classified as a rough fish as well as damaging naturalized exotic species but with sporting qualities.

Types of carp

Carp swarm in great numbers to eat feed thrown by tourists in Urfa, Turkey.

See also

References

  1. ^ Template:Cite article
  2. ^ a b Billard R. (Ed.) (1995). Carp – Biology and Culture. Springer-Praxis Series in Aquaculture and Fisheries, Chichester, UK.
  3. ^ http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/asiancarp.shtml
  4. ^ "SpringerLink - Journal Article". www.springerlink.com. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  5. ^ Váradi, L. (2001). Review of trends in the development of European inland aquaculture linkages with fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8: 453-462.
  6. ^ http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory3.shtml
  7. ^ A. F. Magri MacMahon (1946). Fishlore, pp 149-152. Pelican Books.
  • Chistiakov D, Voronova N (2009). "Genetic evolution and diversity of common carp Cyprinus carpio L.". Cent. Eur. J. Biol. 4 (3): 304–312. doi:10.2478/s11535-009-0024-2.