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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = Carp
| name = Crap
| image = Common carp.jpg
| image = Common carp.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = [[Common carp]], ''Cyprinus carpio''
| image_caption = [[Common crap]], ''Cyprinus crapio''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
Line 30: Line 30:
and others
and others
}}
}}
'''Carp''' is a common name for various species of an [[oily fish|oily]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2004/jun/oilyfishdefinition|title=What's an oily fish?|date=2004-06-24|publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]]}}</ref> [[freshwater fish]] of the family [[Cyprinidae]], a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. The cypriniformes (family [[cyprinidae]]) is traditionally grouped with the [[Characiformes]], [[Siluriformes]] and [[Gymnotiformes]] to create the superorder [[Ostariophysi]], since these groups have certain common features such as being found predominantly in fresh water and the fact that they possess [[Weberian ossicles]] (an anatomical structure originally made up of small pieces of bone formed from four or five of the first vertebrae); the most anterior bony pair is in contact with the extension of the labyrinth and the posterior with the swimbladder. The function is poorly understood but it is presumed that this structure takes part in the transmission of vibrations from the [[swimbladder]] to the labyrinth and in the perception of sound, which explains why the Ostariophysi have such a great capacity for hearing.<ref name="Billard">Billard R. (Ed.) (1995). Carp – Biology and Culture. Springer-Praxis Series in Aquaculture and Fisheries, Chichester, UK.</ref>
'''Crap''' is a common name for various species of an [[oily fish|oily]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2004/jun/oilyfishdefinition|title=What's an oily fish?|date=2004-06-24|publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]]}}</ref> [[freshwater fish]] of the family [[Cyprinidae]], a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. The cypriniformes (family [[cyprinidae]]) is traditionally grouped with the [[Characiformes]], [[Siluriformes]] and [[Gymnotiformes]] to create the superorder [[Ostariophysi]], since these groups have certain common features such as being found predominantly in fresh water and the fact that they possess [[Weberian ossicles]] (an anatomical structure originally made up of small pieces of bone formed from four or five of the first vertebrae); the most anterior bony pair is in contact with the extension of the labyrinth and the posterior with the swimbladder. The function is poorly understood but it is presumed that this structure takes part in the transmission of vibrations from the [[swimbladder]] to the labyrinth and in the perception of sound, which explains why the Ostariophysi have such a great capacity for hearing.<ref name="Billard">Billard R. (Ed.) (1995). Crap – Biology and Culture. Springer-Praxis Series in Aquaculture and Fisheries, Chichester, UK.</ref>


Most cypriniformes have scales and teeth on the inferior pharyngeal bones which may be modified in relation to the diet. ''[[Tribolodon]]'' is the only cyprinid genus which tolerates salt water, although there are several species which move into brackish water but which return to fresh water to spawn. All of the other cypriniformes live in continental waters and have a wide geographical range.<ref name="Billard"/>
Most cypriniformes have scales and teeth on the inferior pharyngeal bones which may be modified in relation to the diet. ''[[Tribolodon]]'' is the only cyprinid genus which tolerates salt water, although there are several species which move into brackish water but which return to fresh water to spawn. All of the other cypriniformes live in continental waters and have a wide geographical range.<ref name="Billard"/>


Some consider all cyprinid fishes carp, and the family Cyprinidae itself is often known as the carp family. In colloquial use, however, carp usually refers only to several larger cyprinid species such as ''[[Cyprinus carpio]]'' (common carp), ''[[Carassius carassius]]'' (Crucian carp), ''[[Ctenopharyngodon idella]]'' (grass carp), ''[[Hypophthalmichthys molitrix]]'' (silver carp), and ''[[Hypophthalmichthys nobilis]]'' (bighead carp). Carp have long been an important food fish to humans, as well as popular ornamental fishes such as the various [[goldfish]] breeds and the domesticated common carp variety known as [[koi]]. As a result, carp have been introduced to various locations, though with mixed results. Several species of carp are listed as invasive species by the U.S. Department of Agriculture,<ref>{{cite web|author=National Invasive Species Information Center |url=http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/asiancarp.shtml |title=Invasive Species: Aquatic Species - Asian Carp |publisher=Invasivespeciesinfo.gov |date=2010-07-21 |accessdate=2010-07-29}}</ref> and worldwide large sums of money are spent on carp control.
Some consider all cyprinid fishes crap, and the family Cyprinidae itself is often known as the crap family. In colloquial use, however, crap usually refers only to several larger cyprinid species such as ''[[Cyprinus crapio]]'' (common crap), ''[[Carassius carassius]]'' (Crucian crap), ''[[Ctenopharyngodon idella]]'' (grass crap), ''[[Hypophthalmichthys molitrix]]'' (silver crap), and ''[[Hypophthalmichthys nobilis]]'' (bighead crap). Crap have long been an important food fish to humans, as well as popular ornamental fishes such as the various [[goldfish]] breeds and the domesticated common crap variety known as [[koi]]. As a result, crap have been introduced to various locations, though with mixed results. Several species of crap are listed as invasive species by the U.S. Department of Agriculture,<ref>{{cite web|author=National Invasive Species Information Center |url=http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/asiancrap.shtml |title=Invasive Species: Aquatic Species - Asian Crap |publisher=Invasivespeciesinfo.gov |date=2010-07-21 |accessdate=2010-07-29}}</ref> and worldwide large sums of money are spent on crap control.


==Aquaculture==
==Aquaculture==


Various species of carp have been [[domesticated]] and reared as [[fish farming|food fish]] across Europe and Asia for thousands of years. These various species appear to have been domesticated independently, as the various domesticated carp species are native to different parts of [[Eurasia]]. For example, the [[Common carp]] ''Cyprinus carpio'' are originally from Central Europe.<ref>
Various species of crap have been [[domesticated]] and reared as [[fish farming|food fish]] across Europe and Asia for thousands of years. These various species appear to have been domesticated independently, as the various domesticated crap species are native to different parts of [[Eurasia]]. For example, the [[Common crap]] ''Cyprinus crapio'' are originally from Central Europe.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h55671gg71450622/
|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h55671gg71450622/
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|first=
|first=
}}
}}
</ref> Several carp species (collectively known as [[Asian carp]]) were domesticated in [[East Asia]]. Carp that are originally from [[South Asia]], for example [[catla]] (''Gibelion catla''), [[rohu]] (''Labeo rohita'') and mrigal (''Cirrhinus cirrhosus''), are known as Indian carp. Their hardiness and adaptability have allowed domesticated species to be propagated all around the world.
</ref> Several crap species (collectively known as [[Asian crap]]) were domesticated in [[East Asia]]. Crap that are originally from [[South Asia]], for example [[catla]] (''Gibelion catla''), [[rohu]] (''Labeo rohita'') and mrigal (''Cirrhinus cirrhosus''), are known as Indian crap. Their hardiness and adaptability have allowed domesticated species to be propagated all around the world.


Although initially the carp was an important aquatic food item, as more fish species have become readily available for the table, the importance of carp culture in [[Western Europe]] has become less important because of declining demand, partly due to the appearance of more desirable table fish such as [[trout]] and [[salmon]] through intensive farming, and environmental constraints. However, fish production in ponds is still a major form of aquaculture in Central/Eastern Europe, including the [[Russian Federation]] where most of the production comes from low intensity or semi-intensive ponds. In Asia, the farming of carp continues to surpass the total amount of farmed fish volume of intensively sea-farmed species such as salmon and [[tuna]].<ref>Váradi, L. (2001). Review of trends in the development of European inland aquaculture linkages with fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8: 453-462.</ref>
Although initially the crap was an important aquatic food item, as more fish species have become readily available for the table, the importance of crap culture in [[Western Europe]] has become less important because of declining demand, partly due to the appearance of more desirable table fish such as [[trout]] and [[salmon]] through intensive farming, and environmental constraints. However, fish production in ponds is still a major form of aquaculture in Central/Eastern Europe, including the [[Russian Federation]] where most of the production comes from low intensity or semi-intensive ponds. In Asia, the farming of crap continues to surpass the total amount of farmed fish volume of intensively sea-farmed species such as salmon and [[tuna]].<ref>Váradi, L. (2001). Review of trends in the development of European inland aquaculture linkages with fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8: 453-462.</ref>


==As ornamental fish==
==As ornamental fish==
[[File:GoldfishPearl.jpg|thumb|right|An unusual [[goldfish]] breed: An [[oranda]]-type variegated [[pearlscale]].]]
[[File:GoldfishPearl.jpg|thumb|right|An unusual [[goldfish]] breed: An [[oranda]]-type variegated [[pearlscale]].]]


Carp, along with many of their [[cyprinid]] relatives, are popular ornamental aquarium and pond fish. The two most notable ornamental carps are [[goldfish]] and [[koi]]. Goldfish and koi have advantages over most other ornamental fishes, in that they are tolerant of cold (they can survive in water temperatures as low as 4 degrees Celsius), can survive at low oxygen levels, and can tolerate low water quality.
Crap, along with many of their [[cyprinid]] relatives, are popular ornamental aquarium and pond fish. The two most notable ornamental craps are [[goldfish]] and [[koi]]. Goldfish and koi have advantages over most other ornamental fishes, in that they are tolerant of cold (they can survive in water temperatures as low as 4 degrees Celsius), can survive at low oxygen levels, and can tolerate low water quality.


[[File:Six koi.jpg|thumb|left|Six different colored koi and a smaller goldfish.]]
[[File:Six koi.jpg|thumb|left|Six different colored koi and a smaller goldfish.]]


Goldfish (''Carassius auratus'') were originally domesticated from the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), a dark greyish brown carp native to Asia. They were first bred for color in China over a thousand years ago. Due to selective breeding, goldfish have been developed into many distinct breeds and are found in various colors, color patterns, forms and sizes far different from those of the original carp. Goldfish were kept as ornamental fish in [[China]] for hundreds of years before being introduced to [[Japan]] in the 15th century, and to [[Europe]] in the late 17th century.
Goldfish (''Carassius auratus'') were originally domesticated from the Prussian crap (Carassius gibelio), a dark greyish brown crap native to Asia. They were first bred for color in China over a thousand years ago. Due to selective breeding, goldfish have been developed into many distinct breeds and are found in various colors, color patterns, forms and sizes far different from those of the original crap. Goldfish were kept as ornamental fish in [[China]] for hundreds of years before being introduced to [[Japan]] in the 15th century, and to [[Europe]] in the late 17th century.
Koi are a domesticated variety of [[common carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio'') that have been selectively culled for color. The common carp was introduced from China to Japan, where selective breeding of the common carp in the 1820s in the Niigata region resulted in koi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory3.shtml |title=Midwest Pond and Koi Society - Koi History: Myths & Mysteries, by Ray Jordan |publisher=Mpks.org |date= |accessdate=2010-07-29}}</ref> In Japanese culture, koi are treated with affection, and seen as good luck. They are popular in other parts of the world as outdoor pond fish.
Koi are a domesticated variety of [[common crap]] (''Cyprinus crapio'') that have been selectively culled for color. The common crap was introduced from China to Japan, where selective breeding of the common crap in the 1820s in the Niigata region resulted in koi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory3.shtml |title=Midwest Pond and Koi Society - Koi History: Myths & Mysteries, by Ray Jordan |publisher=Mpks.org |date= |accessdate=2010-07-29}}</ref> In Japanese culture, koi are treated with affection, and seen as good luck. They are popular in other parts of the world as outdoor pond fish.


==As sport fish==
==As sport fish==
[[File:Carpe miroir de 17kg.jpg|thumb|right|An [[angling|angler]] with 17 kg [[mirror carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio'')]]
[[File:Carpe miroir de 17kg.jpg|thumb|right|An [[angling|angler]] with 17 kg [[mirror crap]] (''Cyprinus crapio'')]]
{{Main|Carp fishing}}
{{Main|Crap fishing}}


[[Izaak Walton]] said about carp in ''[[The Compleat Angler]]'', "The Carp is the queen of rivers; a stately, a good, and a very subtle fish; that was not at first bred, nor hath been long in England, but is now naturalised."
[[Izaak Walton]] said about crap in ''[[The Compleat Angler]]'', "The Crap is the queen of rivers; a stately, a good, and a very subtle fish; that was not at first bred, nor hath been long in England, but is now naturalised."


Carp are variable in terms of [[angling]] value.
Crap are variable in terms of [[angling]] value.


* In Europe, even when not fished for food, they are eagerly sought by anglers, being considered highly prized [[coarse fish]] that are difficult to hook.<ref name=Fishlore>A. F. Magri MacMahon (1946). ''Fishlore'', pp 149-152. Pelican Books.</ref> The UK has a thriving carp angling market. It is the fastest growing angling market in the UK and has spawned a number of specialised carp angling publications such as 'Carpology',<ref>[http://www.carpology.net ''Carpology'']</ref> 'advanced carp fishing', 'carpworld' and 'TotalCarp' also many an informative carp angling web site such as Carpfishing UK.<ref>[http://www.carp-uk.net Carpfishing UK]</ref>
* In Europe, even when not fished for food, they are eagerly sought by anglers, being considered highly prized [[coarse fish]] that are difficult to hook.<ref name=Fishlore>A. F. Magri MacMahon (1946). ''Fishlore'', pp 149-152. Pelican Books.</ref> The UK has a thriving crap angling market. It is the fastest growing angling market in the UK and has spawned a number of specialised crap angling publications such as 'Crapology',<ref>[http://www.crapology.net ''Crapology'']</ref> 'advanced crap fishing', 'crapworld' and 'TotalCrap' also many an informative crap angling web site such as Crapfishing UK.<ref>[http://www.crap-uk.net Crapfishing UK]</ref>


* In the United States, the carp is also classified as a [[rough fish]] as well as damaging naturalized exotic species but with sporting qualities. Many states' departments of natural resources are beginning to view the carp as an angling fish instead of a maligned pest. Groups such as the Carp Anglers Group<ref>[http://www.carpanglersgroup.com Carp Anglers Group]</ref> and American Carp Society<ref>[http://www.americancarpsociety.com American Carp Society]</ref> promote the sport and work with fisheries departments to organize events to introduce and expose others to the unique opportunity the carp offers freshwater anglers.
* In the United States, the crap is also classified as a [[rough fish]] as well as damaging naturalized exotic species but with sporting qualities. Many states' departments of natural resources are beginning to view the crap as an angling fish instead of a maligned pest. Groups such as the Crap Anglers Group<ref>[http://www.crapanglersgroup.com Crap Anglers Group]</ref> and American Crap Society<ref>[http://www.americancrapsociety.com American Crap Society]</ref> promote the sport and work with fisheries departments to organize events to introduce and expose others to the unique opportunity the crap offers freshwater anglers.


==Types of carp==
==Types of crap==
[[File:Urfacarp.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Carp swarm in great numbers to eat food thrown by tourists in [[Urfa]], [[Turkey]].]]
[[File:Urfacarp.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Crap swarm in great numbers to eat food thrown by tourists in [[Urfa]], [[Turkey]].]]
*Genus ''[[Abramis]]''
*Genus ''[[Abramis]]''
** [[Carp bream]] (''Abramis brama'')
** [[Crap bream]] (''Abramis brama'')
*Genus ''[[Barbodes]]'':
*Genus ''[[Barbodes]]'':
** [[Carnatic carp]] (''Barbodes carnaticus'')
** [[Carnatic crap]] (''Barbodes carnaticus'')
*Genus ''[[Carassius]]'':
*Genus ''[[Carassius]]'':
** [[Crucian carp]] (''Carassius carassius '')
** [[Crucian crap]] (''Carassius carassius '')
** [[Prussian carp]] or Gibel carp (''Carassius gibelio'')
** [[Prussian crap]] or Gibel crap (''Carassius gibelio'')
** [[Goldfish]] (''Carassius auratus'')
** [[Goldfish]] (''Carassius auratus'')
*Genus ''[[Cirrhinus]]'':
*Genus ''[[Cirrhinus]]'':
** [[Chinese mud carp]] (''Cirrhinus chinensis'')
** [[Chinese mud crap]] (''Cirrhinus chinensis'')
** [[Deccan white carp]] (''Cirrhinus fulungee'')
** [[Deccan white crap]] (''Cirrhinus fulungee'')
** [[Hora white carp]] (''Cirrhinus macrops'')
** [[Hora white crap]] (''Cirrhinus macrops'')
** [[Small scale mud carp]] (''Cirrhinus microlepis'')
** [[Small scale mud crap]] (''Cirrhinus microlepis'')
** [[Mud carp]] (''Cirrhinus molitorella'')
** [[Mud crap]] (''Cirrhinus molitorella'')
** [[Man carp]] (''Cirrhinus saprian'')
** [[Man crap]] (''Cirrhinus saprian'')
*Genus ''[[Ctenopharyngodon]]'':
*Genus ''[[Ctenopharyngodon]]'':
** [[Grass carp]] (''Ctenopharyngodon idellus'')
** [[Grass crap]] (''Ctenopharyngodon idellus'')
*Genus ''[[Culter (genus)|Culter]]'':
*Genus ''[[Culter (genus)|Culter]]'':
** [[Predatory carp]] (''Culter erythropterus'')
** [[Predatory crap]] (''Culter erythropterus'')
*Genus ''[[Cyprinus]]'':
*Genus ''[[Cyprinus]]'':
** [[Common carp]], European carp, [[Koi]] (''Cyprinus carpio'')
** [[Common crap]], European crap, [[Koi]] (''Cyprinus crapio'')
*Genus ''[[Epalzeorhynchos]]'':
*Genus ''[[Epalzeorhynchos]]'':
** [[Red-tailed black shark]] (''Epalzeorhynchos bicolor'')
** [[Red-tailed black shark]] (''Epalzeorhynchos bicolor'')
** [[Red-finned black shark]] or [[Rainbow shark]] (''Epalzeorhynchos frenatus'')
** [[Red-finned black shark]] or [[Rainbow shark]] (''Epalzeorhynchos frenatus'')
*Genus ''[[Henicorhynchus]]'':
*Genus ''[[Henicorhynchus]]'':
** [[Siamese mud carp]] (''Henicorhynchus siamensis'')
** [[Siamese mud crap]] (''Henicorhynchus siamensis'')
*Genus ''[[Hypophthalmichthys]]'':
*Genus ''[[Hypophthalmichthys]]'':
** [[Bighead carp]] (''Hypophthalmichthys nobilis'')
** [[Bighead crap]] (''Hypophthalmichthys nobilis'')
** [[Silver carp]] (''Hypophthalmichthys molitrix'')
** [[Silver crap]] (''Hypophthalmichthys molitrix'')
*Genus ''[[Labeo (carp)|Labeo]]'':
*Genus ''[[Labeo (crap)|Labeo]]'':
** [[African carp]] (''Labeo coubie'')
** [[African crap]] (''Labeo coubie'')
** [[Fringed-lipped peninsula carp]] (''Labeo fimbriatus'')
** [[Fringed-lipped peninsula crap]] (''Labeo fimbriatus'')
** [[Bigmouth carp]] (''Labeo kontius'')
** [[Bigmouth crap]] (''Labeo kontius'')
*Genus ''[[Mylopharyngodon]]'':
*Genus ''[[Mylopharyngodon]]'':
** [[Black carp]] (''Mylopharyngodon piceus'')
** [[Black crap]] (''Mylopharyngodon piceus'')
*Genus ''[[Tinca]]'':
*Genus ''[[Tinca]]'':
** [[Tench]] (''Tinca tinca'')
** [[Tench]] (''Tinca tinca'')


==See also==
==See also==
{{commonscat|Cyprinus carpio}}
{{commonscat|Cyprinus crapio}}
*[[Oily fish]]
*[[Oily fish]]
*[[Grass carp]]
*[[Grass crap]]
*[[Rough fish]]
*[[Rough fish]]


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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wiktionary}}
*{{cite journal | author=Chistiakov D, Voronova N |title=Genetic evolution and diversity of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. |journal=Cent. Eur. J. Biol. |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 304–312 |year= 2009 |doi=10.2478/s11535-009-0024-2 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Chistiakov D, Voronova N |title=Genetic evolution and diversity of common crap Cyprinus crapio L. |journal=Cent. Eur. J. Biol. |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 304–312 |year= 2009 |doi=10.2478/s11535-009-0024-2 }}


{{commercial fish topics}}
{{commercial fish topics}}


[[Category:Carp| ]]
[[Category:Crap| ]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Edible fish]]
[[Category:Edible fish]]
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[[de:Karpfen]]
[[de:Karpfen]]
[[es:Cyprinidae]]
[[es:Cyprinidae]]
[[fr:Carpe (poisson)]]
[[fr:Crape (poisson)]]
[[he:קרפיון]]
[[he:קרפיון]]
[[nl:Karper]]
[[nl:Karper]]
[[pl:Karp]]
[[pl:Karp]]
[[pt:Carpa-comum]]
[[pt:Crapa-comum]]
[[ro:Crap]]
[[ro:Crap]]
[[ru:Карп]]
[[ru:Карп]]
[[simple:Carp]]
[[simple:Crap]]
[[fi:Karppi]]
[[fi:Karppi]]
[[sv:Karp]]
[[sv:Karp]]

Revision as of 07:03, 8 October 2010

For other uses, see Carp (disambiguation).

Crap
Common crap, Cyprinus crapio
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Subclass:
Neopterygii
Infraclass:
Teleostei
Order:
Cypriniformes
Family:
Cyprinidae
Genera

Abramis
Aristichthys
Barbodes
Carassius
Cirrhinus
Ctenopharyngodon
Cyprinus
Epalzeorhynchos
Henicorhynchus
Hypophthalmichthys
Labeo
Mylopharyngodon
and others

Crap is a common name for various species of an oily[1] freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. The cypriniformes (family cyprinidae) is traditionally grouped with the Characiformes, Siluriformes and Gymnotiformes to create the superorder Ostariophysi, since these groups have certain common features such as being found predominantly in fresh water and the fact that they possess Weberian ossicles (an anatomical structure originally made up of small pieces of bone formed from four or five of the first vertebrae); the most anterior bony pair is in contact with the extension of the labyrinth and the posterior with the swimbladder. The function is poorly understood but it is presumed that this structure takes part in the transmission of vibrations from the swimbladder to the labyrinth and in the perception of sound, which explains why the Ostariophysi have such a great capacity for hearing.[2]

Most cypriniformes have scales and teeth on the inferior pharyngeal bones which may be modified in relation to the diet. Tribolodon is the only cyprinid genus which tolerates salt water, although there are several species which move into brackish water but which return to fresh water to spawn. All of the other cypriniformes live in continental waters and have a wide geographical range.[2]

Some consider all cyprinid fishes crap, and the family Cyprinidae itself is often known as the crap family. In colloquial use, however, crap usually refers only to several larger cyprinid species such as Cyprinus crapio (common crap), Carassius carassius (Crucian crap), Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass crap), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver crap), and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (bighead crap). Crap have long been an important food fish to humans, as well as popular ornamental fishes such as the various goldfish breeds and the domesticated common crap variety known as koi. As a result, crap have been introduced to various locations, though with mixed results. Several species of crap are listed as invasive species by the U.S. Department of Agriculture,[3] and worldwide large sums of money are spent on crap control.

Aquaculture

Various species of crap have been domesticated and reared as food fish across Europe and Asia for thousands of years. These various species appear to have been domesticated independently, as the various domesticated crap species are native to different parts of Eurasia. For example, the Common crap Cyprinus crapio are originally from Central Europe.[4] Several crap species (collectively known as Asian crap) were domesticated in East Asia. Crap that are originally from South Asia, for example catla (Gibelion catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), are known as Indian crap. Their hardiness and adaptability have allowed domesticated species to be propagated all around the world.

Although initially the crap was an important aquatic food item, as more fish species have become readily available for the table, the importance of crap culture in Western Europe has become less important because of declining demand, partly due to the appearance of more desirable table fish such as trout and salmon through intensive farming, and environmental constraints. However, fish production in ponds is still a major form of aquaculture in Central/Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation where most of the production comes from low intensity or semi-intensive ponds. In Asia, the farming of crap continues to surpass the total amount of farmed fish volume of intensively sea-farmed species such as salmon and tuna.[5]

As ornamental fish

An unusual goldfish breed: An oranda-type variegated pearlscale.

Crap, along with many of their cyprinid relatives, are popular ornamental aquarium and pond fish. The two most notable ornamental craps are goldfish and koi. Goldfish and koi have advantages over most other ornamental fishes, in that they are tolerant of cold (they can survive in water temperatures as low as 4 degrees Celsius), can survive at low oxygen levels, and can tolerate low water quality.

Six different colored koi and a smaller goldfish.

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were originally domesticated from the Prussian crap (Carassius gibelio), a dark greyish brown crap native to Asia. They were first bred for color in China over a thousand years ago. Due to selective breeding, goldfish have been developed into many distinct breeds and are found in various colors, color patterns, forms and sizes far different from those of the original crap. Goldfish were kept as ornamental fish in China for hundreds of years before being introduced to Japan in the 15th century, and to Europe in the late 17th century.

Koi are a domesticated variety of common crap (Cyprinus crapio) that have been selectively culled for color. The common crap was introduced from China to Japan, where selective breeding of the common crap in the 1820s in the Niigata region resulted in koi.[6] In Japanese culture, koi are treated with affection, and seen as good luck. They are popular in other parts of the world as outdoor pond fish.

As sport fish

An angler with 17 kg mirror crap (Cyprinus crapio)
Main article: Crap fishing

Izaak Walton said about crap in The Compleat Angler, "The Crap is the queen of rivers; a stately, a good, and a very subtle fish; that was not at first bred, nor hath been long in England, but is now naturalised."

Crap are variable in terms of angling value.

  • In Europe, even when not fished for food, they are eagerly sought by anglers, being considered highly prized coarse fish that are difficult to hook.[7] The UK has a thriving crap angling market. It is the fastest growing angling market in the UK and has spawned a number of specialised crap angling publications such as 'Crapology',[8] 'advanced crap fishing', 'crapworld' and 'TotalCrap' also many an informative crap angling web site such as Crapfishing UK.[9]
  • In the United States, the crap is also classified as a rough fish as well as damaging naturalized exotic species but with sporting qualities. Many states' departments of natural resources are beginning to view the crap as an angling fish instead of a maligned pest. Groups such as the Crap Anglers Group[10] and American Crap Society[11] promote the sport and work with fisheries departments to organize events to introduce and expose others to the unique opportunity the crap offers freshwater anglers.

Types of crap

Crap swarm in great numbers to eat food thrown by tourists in Urfa, Turkey.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyprinus crapio.

References

  1. ^ "What's an oily fish?". Food Standards Agency. 2004-06-24.
  2. ^ a b Billard R. (Ed.) (1995). Crap – Biology and Culture. Springer-Praxis Series in Aquaculture and Fisheries, Chichester, UK.
  3. ^ National Invasive Species Information Center (2010-07-21). "Invasive Species: Aquatic Species - Asian Crap". Invasivespeciesinfo.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  4. ^ "SpringerLink - Journal Article". www.springerlink.com. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  5. ^ Váradi, L. (2001). Review of trends in the development of European inland aquaculture linkages with fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8: 453-462.
  6. ^ "Midwest Pond and Koi Society - Koi History: Myths & Mysteries, by Ray Jordan". Mpks.org. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  7. ^ A. F. Magri MacMahon (1946). Fishlore, pp 149-152. Pelican Books.
  8. ^ Crapology
  9. ^ Crapfishing UK
  10. ^ Crap Anglers Group
  11. ^ American Crap Society
Look up carp in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Chistiakov D, Voronova N (2009). "Genetic evolution and diversity of common crap Cyprinus crapio L.". Cent. Eur. J. Biol. 4 (3): 304–312. doi:10.2478/s11535-009-0024-2.
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