Ritwik Ghatak

ঋত্বিক ঘটক Ritwik Ghatak
File:Ritwik ghatak.jpg
Occupation	Film maker and writer

Ritwik Kumar Ghatak (Bengali: ঋত্বিক (কুমার) ঘটক, Rittik (Kumar) Ghôţok; 4 November 1925– 6 February 1976) was a Bengali Indian filmmaker and script writer. Ghatak is considered to be one of the greatest and most significant filmmakers in Indian and Bengali cinema as well as the world. His stature among Indian directors is comparable to that of Satyajit Ray.

Early life

Ritwik Ghatak was born in Rajshahi in East Bengal (now Bangladesh). He and his family moved to Calcutta (now Kolkata) in West Bengal just before millions of other refugees from East Bengal began to flood into the city, fleeing the catastrophic Bengal famine of 1943 and the partition of Bengal in 1947. Identification with this tide of refugees was to define his practice, providing an overriding metaphor for cultural dismemberment and exile that unified his subsequent creative work. The 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to more refugees fleeing to India, was to also have a similar impact on his work.

Creative career

In 1948, Ghatak wrote his first play Kalo sayar (The Dark Lake), and participated in a revival of the landmark play Nabanna. In 1951, Ghatak joined the Indian People's Theatre Association ( IPTA ). He wrote, directed and acted in plays and translated Bertolt Brecht and Gogol into Bengali. In 1957, he wrote and directed his last play Jwala (The Burning).

Ghatak entered the film industry with Nemai Ghosh's Chinnamul (1950) as actor and assistant director. Chinnamul was followed two years later by Ghatak's first completed film Nagarik (1952), both major break-throughs for the Indian cinema. Ghatak's early work sought theatrical and literary precedent in bringing together a documentary realism, a stylized performance often drawn from the folk theatre, and a Brechtian use of the filmic apparatus.

Ghatak's first commercial release was Ajantrik (1958), a comedy-drama film with science fiction themes. It was one of the earliest Indian films to portray an inanimate object, in this case an automobile, as a character in the story.

Ghatak's greatest commercial success as a script writer was for Madhumati (1958), one of the earliest films to deal with the theme of reincarnation. It was a Hindi film directed by another Bengali filmmaker Bimal Roy. The film earned Ghatak his first award nomination, for the Filmfare Best Story Award.

Ritwik Ghatak directed eight full-length films. His best-known films, Meghe Dhaka Tara (The Cloud-Capped Star) (1960), Komal Gandhar (E-Flat) (1961), and Subarnarekha (Golden Lining) (1962), a trilogy based in Calcutta and addressing the condition of refugee-hood, proved controversial and the commercial failure of Komal Gandhar (E-Flat) and Subarnarekha prevented him from making features through the remainder of the 1960s. In all three films, he used a basic and at times starkly realistic storyline, upon which he inscribed a range of mythic references, especially of the Mother Deliverer, through a dense overlay of visual and aural registers.

Ghatak moved briefly to Pune in 1966, where he taught at the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII). During his year at FTII, he was involved in the making of two student films, viz., Fear and Rendezvous.

Ghatak returned to film making only in the 1970s, when a Bangladeshi producer financed the 1973 epic Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (A River Called Titas). Making films became difficult because of his poor health due to extreme alcoholism and consequent diseases. His last film was the autobiographical Jukti Takko Aar Gappo (Reason, Debate And Story) (1974), in which he portrayed Neelkantha (Nilkanth) the lead character. He also had a number of incomplete feature and short films in his credit.

Ghatak's father Suresh Chandra Ghatak was a district magistrate and also a poet and playwright; his mother's name was Indubala Devi. He was their 11th and youngest child. His elder brother Manish Ghatak was a radical writer of his time, a professor of English and a social activist who was deeply involved with the IPTA theatre movement in its heyday and later on headed the Tebhaga Andolan of North Bengal. Manish Ghatak's daughter is the writer and activist Mahasweta Devi. Ghatak's wife Surama was a school teacher and his son Ritaban is a film-maker.

Impact and influence

At the time of his death (February 1976), Ghatak's primary impact would seem to have been through former students. Though his stint teaching film at FTII was brief, one-time students Mani Kaul, John Abraham, and especially Kumar Shahani (among many others), carried Ghatak's ideas and theories, which were further elaborated upon in his book Cinema And I, into the mainstream of Indian art film. Other students of his at the FTII included the acclaimed filmmakers Saeed Akhtar Mirza and Adoor Gopalakrishnan.

Ghatak stood entirely outside the world of Indian commercial film. None of the elements of the commercial cinema (singing and dancing, melodrama, stars, glitz) featured in his work. He was watched by students and intelligentsia, not by the masses. His students have also tended to work in the art cinema or independent cinema tradition.

While other neo-realist directors like Satyajit Ray succeeded in creating an audience outside India during their lifetime, Ghatak was not so fortunate. While he was alive, his films were appreciated primarily within India. Satyajit Ray did what he could to promote his colleague, but Ray's generous praise did not translate into international fame for Ghatak. For example, Ghatak's Nagarik (1952) was perhaps the earliest example of a Bengali art film, preceding Ray's Pather Panchali by three years, but was not released until after his death in 1977. His first commercial release Ajantrik (1958) was also one of the earliest Indian films to portray an inanimate object, in this case an automobile, as a character in the story, many years before the Herbie films. Ghatak's Bari Theke Paliye (1958) had a similar plot to François Truffaut's later film The 400 Blows (1959), but Ghatak's film remained obscure while Truffaut's film went on to become one of the most famous films of the French New Wave. One of Ghatak's final films, A River Named Titas (1973), is one of the earliest films to be told in a hyperlink format, featuring multiple characters in a collection of interconnected stories, predating Robert Altman's Nashville (1975) by two years.

Ghatak's only major commercial success was Madhumati (1958), a Hindi film which he wrote the screenplay for. The film was one of the earliest to deal with the theme of reincarnation and is believed to have been the source of inspiration for many later works dealing with the theme of reincarnation in Indian cinema, Indian television, and perhaps world cinema. It may have been the source of inspiration for the American film The Reincarnation of Peter Proud (1975) and the Hindi film Karz (1980), both of which dealt with reincarnation and have been influential in their respective cultures. Karz in particular was remade several times: as the Kannada film Yuga Purusha (1989), the Tamil film Enakkul Oruvan (1984), and more recently the Bollywood film Karzzzz (2008). Karz and The Reincarnation of Peter Proud may have also inspired the American film Chances Are (1989). The most recent film to be directly inspired by Madhumati is the hit Bollywood film Om Shanti Om (2007), which led to the late Bimal Roy's daughter Rinki Bhattacharya accusing the film of plagiarism and threatening legal action against its producers.

Ghatak's work as a director also had an impact on many later Indian filmmakers, including those from the Bengali film industry and elsewhere. For example, Mira Nair has cited Ghatak as well as Ray as the reasons she became a filmmaker. Ghatak's impact as a director began to spread beyond India much later; beginning in the 1990s, a project to restore Ghatak's films was undertaken, and international exhibitions (and subsequent DVD releases) have belatedly generated an increasingly global audience. In a critics' poll of all-time greatest films conducted by the Asian film magazine Cinemaya in 1998, Subarnarekha was ranked at #11 on the list. In the 2002 Sight & Sound critics' and directors' poll for all-time greatest films, Meghe Dhaka Tara was ranked at #231 and Komal Gandhar at #346 on the list. In 2007, A River Named Titas topped the list of 10 best Bangladeshi films, as chosen in the audience and critics' polls conducted by the British Film Institute.

Work

Films

Director and screenwriter

• Nagarik (The Citizen) (1952)
• Ajantrik (The Unmechanical, The Pathetic Fallacy) (1958)
• Bari Theke Paliye (The Runaway) (1958)
• Meghe Dhaka Tara (The Cloud-Capped Star) (1960)
• Kamol Gandhar (E-Flat) (1961)
• Subarnarekha (1962/1965)
• Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (A River Called Titash) (1973)
• Jukti Takko Aar Gappo (Reason, Debate and a Story) (1974)

Screenwriter

• Musafir (1957)
• Madhumati (1958)
• Swaralipi (1960)
• Kumari Mon (1962)
• Deeper Nam Tiya Rong (1963)
• Rajkanya (1965)

Actor

• Tothapi (1950)
• Chinnamul (1951)
• Kumari Mon (1962)
• Subarnarekha (1962)
• Titas Ekti Nadir Nam (1973)
• Jukti, Takko, aar Gappo (1974)

Short films and documentaries

• The Life of the Adivasis (1955)
• Places of Historic Interest in Bihar (1955)
• Scissors (1962)
• Fear (1965)
• Rendezvous (1965)
• Civil Defence (1965)
• Scientists of Tomorrow (1967)
• Yeh Kyon (Why/The Question) (1970)
• Amar Lenin (My Lenin) (1970)
• Puruliar Chhau (The Chhau Dance of Purulia) (1970)
• Durbar Gati Padma (The Turbulent Padma) (1971)

Incomplete films and documentaries

• Bedeni (1951)
• Kato Ajanare (1959)
• Bagolar Bangodarshan (1964–65)
• Ronger Golam (1968)
• Ramkinkar (1975)

Screenplays aborted before shooting

• Okal Basonto (1957)
• Amritokumbher Sandhane (1957)
• Arjan Sardar (1958)
• Bolidan (1963)
• Aronyak (1963)
• Shyam Se Neha Lagei (1964)
• Sansar Simante (1968)
• Padda Nadir Majhi
• Notun Fasol
• Raja
• Sei Bishnupriya
• Princess Kalaboti
• Lojja

Theatre

• Chandragupto (Dwijendralal Ray), actor
• Achalayoton (Tagore) (1943), director and actor
• Kalo Sayor (Ghatak) (1947–48), actor and director
• Kalonko (Bhattacharya) (1951), actor
• Dolil (Ghatak) (1952), actor and director
• Kato Dhane Kato Chaal (Ghatak)(1952)
• Officer (Gogol) (1953), actor,
• Ispaat (Ghatak) (1954–55), un-staged
• Khorir Gondi (Bertolt Brecht|Brecht)
• Galileo Chorit (Brecht)
• Jagoran (Atindra Mozumdar), actor
• Jalonto (Ghatak)
• Jala (Ghatak)
• Dakghar (Tagore)
• Dheu (Biru Mukhopadhay)
• Dhenki Swarge geleo Dhan bhane (Ghatak/Panu Paul)
• Natir Puja (Tagore)
• Nabanna (Bhattacharya)
• Nildarpan (Dinabandhu Mitra), actor
• Nicher Mahal (Gorky), un-staged
• Netajike nie (Ghatak)
• Poritran (Tagore)
• Falguni (Tagore)
• Bidyasagar (Banaphool)
• Bisarjan (Tagore)
• Vangabandor (Panu Paul), actor
• Voter vet (Panu Paul), actor
• Musanfiro ke lie (Gorky), actor
• Macbeth (Shakespeare), actor
• Raja (Tagore)
• Sanko (Ghatak), actor
• Sei Meye (Ghatak), director
• Strir Patro (Tagore)
• Hojoborala (Sukumar Ray)

Books

• Ritwik Ghataker Galpo (includes the short stories "Gaachti", "Shikha", "Rupkotha", "Chokh", "Comred", "Prem", "Maar", and "Raaja")
• Galileo Charit (Bengali translation of Brecht's Life of Galileo)
• Jala (play)
• Dolil (play)
• Meghe Dhaka Tara (screenplay)
• Chalachitra, Manus ebong aro kichu
• Cinema and I, Ritwik Memorial Trust, Kolkata
• On Cultural Front
• Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema, Seagall Books Pvt. Ltd, Kolkata
• Ritwik Ghatak Stories, Translated from Bengali by Rani Ray, New Delhi, Shrishti Publishers and Distributors

Further reading

• Ritwik: Surama Ghatak, Calcutta, Asha Prakasani
• Ritwik and His Films: in two volumes, edited by Rajat Ray
• Ritwik Kumar Ghatak: edited by Rajat Ray, Shristi Prakasan
• Ritwikke Sesh Valobasa: Pratiti Devi, Bangladesh, Sahitya Prakas
• Ritwiktantra: Sanjay Mukhopadhaya, Kolkata Ritwik Cine Society
• Riwik Kumar Ghatak: (a monograph) Haimanti Banerjee, National Film Archive, Pune

References

• Carrigy, Megan (October 2003), "Ritwik Ghatak", Senses of Cinema, retrieved 2009-05-03
• Hood, John W. (2000), The Essential Mystery: Major Filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema, New Delhi: Orient Longman, ISBN 8125018700

External links

• Ritwik Ghatak at IMDb
• Interview with Ghatak at Indian Auteur
• Ghatak at Calcuttaweb
• Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
• Biography
• Film Analysis Acquarello
• Kinship and History in Ritwik Ghatak by Moinak Biswas
• The Film We Accompany by Raymond Bellour
• Ritwik Ghatak-Reinventing the Cinema by Jonathan Rosenbaum
• A special issue on the Cinema of Ritwik Ghatak

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