Jump to content

List of HVDC projects: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 394: Line 394:
|-
|-
| [[Levis De-Icer]] || Canada - Levis {{Coord|46|42|34|N|71|11|29|W|type:landmark|name=Levis Substation}} || Canada - Levis {{Coord|46|42|34|N|71|11|29|W|type:landmark|name=Levis Substation}} || || 27 to 242 || ±17.4 || 250 || 2008 || Thyr || Facility for overhead powerline de-icing. Normal operation: SVC ||
| [[Levis De-Icer]] || Canada - Levis {{Coord|46|42|34|N|71|11|29|W|type:landmark|name=Levis Substation}} || Canada - Levis {{Coord|46|42|34|N|71|11|29|W|type:landmark|name=Levis Substation}} || || 27 to 242 || ±17.4 || 250 || 2008 || Thyr || Facility for overhead powerline de-icing. Normal operation: SVC ||
|-
| [[Heihe B2B]] || China || China || || || || 750 || 2008? || Thyr || [http://www.nari-relays.com/en/files/HVDC%20Control%20and%20Protection%20Solutions.pdf] ||
|-
| [[Gaoling B2B]] || Gaoling, China || Gaoling, China || || || || 1500 || 2008? || Thyr || ||
|-
|-
| HVDC Ballia-Bhiwadi || India - Ballia || India - Bhiwadi {{coord|28|11|0|N|76|48|58|E|type:landmark|name=HVDC Ballia-Bhiwadi - Bhiwadi Static Inverter Plant}} || || 780 || 500 || 2500 || 2009* || Thyr || &nbsp; Supplier: [[Siemens]] || <ref name=hvdcproj01 /><ref>{{cite journal |title=BASIC DESIGN ASPECTS OF 2500 MW BALLIA-BHIWADI 2500 MW HVDC POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (abstract)|url=http://www.cepsi2008.org/CEPSI2008/files/oral/377/riedel_peter.pdf|author=Peter Riedel| coauthors=Kumar, Devinder (Siemens AG, Erlangen, DEU); Kölz, Andreas (Siemens AG, Erlangen, DEU); Kuhn, Matthias (Siemens AG, Erlangen, DEU); Chauhan, Rajeev Kumar (Powergrid Corporation of India Ltd, Gurgaon-122001 (Haryana), India, IND)|date=2008-09-03|accessdate=2008-12-19|work=17th Conference of the Electric Power Supply Industry (CEPSI), Macau/China, October 27–31, 2008}}</ref>
| HVDC Ballia-Bhiwadi || India - Ballia || India - Bhiwadi {{coord|28|11|0|N|76|48|58|E|type:landmark|name=HVDC Ballia-Bhiwadi - Bhiwadi Static Inverter Plant}} || || 780 || 500 || 2500 || 2009* || Thyr || &nbsp; Supplier: [[Siemens]] || <ref name=hvdcproj01 /><ref>{{cite journal |title=BASIC DESIGN ASPECTS OF 2500 MW BALLIA-BHIWADI 2500 MW HVDC POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (abstract)|url=http://www.cepsi2008.org/CEPSI2008/files/oral/377/riedel_peter.pdf|author=Peter Riedel| coauthors=Kumar, Devinder (Siemens AG, Erlangen, DEU); Kölz, Andreas (Siemens AG, Erlangen, DEU); Kuhn, Matthias (Siemens AG, Erlangen, DEU); Chauhan, Rajeev Kumar (Powergrid Corporation of India Ltd, Gurgaon-122001 (Haryana), India, IND)|date=2008-09-03|accessdate=2008-12-19|work=17th Conference of the Electric Power Supply Industry (CEPSI), Macau/China, October 27–31, 2008}}</ref>
Line 504: Line 508:
|-
|-
| [[Lower Churchill Project#Labrador-Island Transmission Link|Labrador-Island Transmission Link]] || Canada - [[Gull Island]], [[Labrador]] {{Coord|52|58|28.6|N|61|23|43.1|W|type:landmark|name=Gull Island Converter Station}} || Canada - [[Soldiers Pond]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] {{Coord|47|25|01.2|N|52|58|38.8|W|type:landmark|name=Soldiers Pond Converter Station}} || 36 || 1167 || 450 || 800 || ? || || Design ||
| [[Lower Churchill Project#Labrador-Island Transmission Link|Labrador-Island Transmission Link]] || Canada - [[Gull Island]], [[Labrador]] {{Coord|52|58|28.6|N|61|23|43.1|W|type:landmark|name=Gull Island Converter Station}} || Canada - [[Soldiers Pond]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] {{Coord|47|25|01.2|N|52|58|38.8|W|type:landmark|name=Soldiers Pond Converter Station}} || 36 || 1167 || 450 || 800 || ? || || Design ||
|-
| Shanghai-Shensi || shanghai, China || Densi, China || || || ±50 || ? || ? || Thyr || [http://www.nari-relays.com/en/files/HVDC%20Control%20and%20Protection%20Solutions.pdf] ||
|-
|-
| [[Lower Churchill Project#Maritime Transmission Link|Maritime Transmission Link]] || Canada - Bottom Brook, [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] || Canada - Cape Breton, [[Nova Scotia]] || 180 || || ? || 500 || ? || || ||
| [[Lower Churchill Project#Maritime Transmission Link|Maritime Transmission Link]] || Canada - Bottom Brook, [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] || Canada - Cape Breton, [[Nova Scotia]] || 180 || || ? || 500 || ? || || ||

Revision as of 11:48, 6 October 2011

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

The following is a list of notable high voltage direct current power transmission projects.

HVDC projects for long-distance transmission have two (or rarely, more) converter stations and a transmission line interconnecting them. Generally overhead lines are used for interconnection, but an important class of HVDC projects use submarine power cables. A back-to-back station has no transmission line and connects two AC grids. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves, thyristors, and igbt power transistors.


Table

This is a sortable table. Click on column icon to sort by other keys. Notes:

  • B2B = "Back to Back" HVDC
  • IGBT = Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
  • Thury = Series-connected generators according René Thury
  • Merc = Mercury arc valve rectifier and inverter
  • Thyr = Thyristor rectifier and inverter
  • To find by location, sort by "Converter Station 1", and look for the country name of either end of the connection that sorts first. If available, coordinates of stations are also listed.
  • "Cable" means undersea or underground cable.
  • "Pole" means overhead wires.
Name
 Converter
station 1
 Converter
station 2
 Cable (km)
 Overhead line (km)
 Volt (kV)
 Power (MW)
 Year
 Type
 Remarks
 Ref
Miesbach-Munich Power Transmission Germany - Miesbach Germany - Munich 57 2 0.0025 1882 Single machine Demonstration facility, dismantled
Gorzente River - Genoa DC transmission scheme Italy - Gorzente River Italy - Genoa ? ? 6 ? 1889 Thury upgraded later to a voltage of 14 kV, power of 2.5 MW and a length of 120 km, dismantled
La Chaux-de-Fonds DC transmission scheme Switzerland - ? Switzerland - ? ? ? 14 ? 1897 Thury dismantled
St. Maurice - Lausanne DC transmission scheme Switzerland - St. Maurice Switzerland - Lausanne ? ? 22 3.7 1899 Thury dismantled
Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme France - Lyon France - Moutiers 10 190 ±75 30 1906 Thury dismantled in 1936
Wilesden-Ironbridge DC transmission scheme UK - Wilesden UK - Ironbridge 22.5 ? 100 ? 1910 Thury dismantled (when?)
Chambéry DC transmission scheme France - ? France - ? ? ? 150 ? 1925 Thury dismantled in 1937
Mechanicville, New York USA - Mechanicville,NY 42°54′45″N 73°40′49″W / 42.91250°N 73.68028°W / 42.91250; -73.68028 (Mechanicville-Schenectaday Transmission - Mechanicville Hydroelectric Power Plant) USA - Schenectaday, NY 37 12 5 1932 Merc experimental, frequency conversion 40 to 60 Hz, dismantled after WW II [1]
Carnegie Steel Company B2B USA - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ? ? ? Merc built for an interconnection between 60 Hz-utility system and a 25 Hz System, dismantled [2]
HVDC Zurich-Wettingen Switzerland - Wettingen 47°27′25″N 8°19′15″E / 47.45694°N 8.32083°E / 47.45694; 8.32083 (Zurich-Wettingen Transmission - Wettingen Hydroelectric Power Plant) Switzerland - Zurich 20 50 0.5 1939 Merc experimental facility built by BBC, dismantled
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
HVDC Charlottenburg-Moabit Germany - Berlin-Moabit Germany - Berlin-Charlottenburg 4.6 100 14 1942 Merc experimental facility built by Siemens, dismantled in 1945
Lehrte-Misburg HVDC Germany - Lehrte 52°22′54″N 9°55′03″E / 52.38167°N 9.91750°E / 52.38167; 9.91750 (Lehrte-Misburg Transmission - Lehrte Substation) Germany - Hannover/Misburg ? 80 16 1944 Merc experimental facility, dismantled
Elbe-Project Germany , Vockerode 51°50′40″N 12°21′50″E / 51.84444°N 12.36389°E / 51.84444; 12.36389 (Elbe-Project - Vockerode Static Inverter Plant (today workshop)) Germany - Berlin, Marienfelde 52°25′49″N 13°22′42″E / 52.43028°N 13.37833°E / 52.43028; 13.37833 (Elbe-Project - Marienfelde Static Inverter Plant (demolished, today hardware store) 115 0 200 60 1945 Merc never placed in service, dismantled
HVDC Trollhattan-Merud Sweden - Trollhattan Sweden - Merud 50 45 6.5 1946 Merc experimental facility built by ASEA, dismantled
Moscow-Kashira Russia - Moscow Russia - Kashira 100 200 30 1951 Merc built of parts of HVDC Elbe-Project, shut down (when?)
Gotland 1 Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E / 57.72806; 16.64750 (Gotland Transmission - Västervik Static Inverter Plant) Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E / 57.58694; 18.19556 (Gotland Transmission - Yigne Static Inverter Plant) 98 200 20 1954 Merc shut down in February 1986
Cross-Channel France - Echingen 50°41′48″N 1°38′21″E / 50.69667°N 1.63917°E / 50.69667; 1.63917 (Cross-Channel ( old) - Echingen Static Inverter Plant) UK - Lydd 50°54′54″N 0°56′50″E / 50.91500°N 0.94722°E / 50.91500; 0.94722 (Cross-Channel ( old) - Lydd Static Inverter Plant) 64 100 160 1961 Merc shut down in 1984
Volgograd-Donbass Russia - Volzhskaya 48°49′34″N 44°40′20″E / 48.82611°N 44.67222°E / 48.82611; 44.67222 (Volgograd-Donnbass - Volzhskaya Static Inverter Plant) Russia - Mikhailovskaya 48°39′13″N 38°33′56″E / 48.65361°N 38.56556°E / 48.65361; 38.56556 (Volgograd-Donnbass - Mikhailovskaya Static Inverter Plant) 475 400 750 1964 Merc  
Konti-Skan 1 Denmark - Vester Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E / 57.06278°N 10.09000°E / 57.06278; 10.09000 (Konti-Skan - Vester Hassing Static Inverter Plant) Sweden - Stenkullen 57°48′15″N 12°19′13″E / 57.80417°N 12.32028°E / 57.80417; 12.32028 (Konti-Skan 1 - Stenkullen Static Inverter Plant (dismantled)) 87 89 250 250 1964 Merc replaced in August 2006 by modern converters using thyristors
Sakuma B2B Japan - Sakuma 35°04′57″N 137°47′56″E / 35.08250°N 137.79889°E / 35.08250; 137.79889 (Sakuma HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Japan - Sakuma 35°04′57″N 137°47′56″E / 35.08250°N 137.79889°E / 35.08250; 137.79889 (Sakuma HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 125 300 1965 Merc replaced in 1993 by new converter using light-triggered thyristors
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
HVDC Inter-Island 1 New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E / -44.56528; 170.19000 (Inter-Island - Benmore Static Inverter Plant) New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E / -41.15028; 174.98111 (Inter-Island - Haywards Static Inverter Plant) 40 571 270 200 1965 Merc Built as +/-250 kV 600 MW link. Cables replaced and paralleled with new pole at +270 kV in 1991. Largely decommissioned in 2007; but 200MW transfer is available in emergency situations. To be fully decommissioned in 2012.
SACOI 1 Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E / 43.05278; 10.69500 (SACOI - Suvereto Static Inverter Plant) France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E / 42.52778; 9.44972 (SACOI - Lucciana Static Inverter Plant) ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E / 40.65194; 8.71333 (SACOI - Codrogianos Static Inverter Plant) 304 118 200 200 1965 Merc replaced in 1986 by thyristors, multiterminal scheme
Vancouver Island 1 Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W / 49.09194°N 123.04194°W / 49.09194; -123.04194 (Vancouver Island Transmission - Delta Static Inverter Plant) Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W / 48.82750°N 123.71528°W / 48.82750; -123.71528 (Vancouver Island Transmission - North Cowichan Static Inverter Plant) 42 33 260 312 1968 Merc  
Pacific DC Intertie USA - Oregon - Celilo 45°35′39″N 121°6′51″W / 45.59417°N 121.11417°W / 45.59417; -121.11417 (Pacific DC Intertie - Celilo Static Inverter Plant) USA - California - Sylmar 34°18′39″N 118°29′21″W / 34.31083°N 118.48917°W / 34.31083; -118.48917 (Pacific DC Intertie - Sylmar Static Inverter Plant) , 34°18′42″N 118°28′53″W / 34.31167°N 118.48139°W / 34.31167; -118.48139 (Pacific DC Intertie - Sylmar A Static Inverter Plant) 1362 500 3100 1970 Merc transmission voltage until 1984 400 kV, maximum transmission 1440 MW power until 1982 1440 MW, from 1982 to 1984 1600 MW, from 1984 to 1989 2000 MW, mercury arc rectifiers replaced in 2004 by photothyristors. Original supplier ASEA/GE. 1989 upgrade by ABB. [2]
Nelson River Bipole 1 Canada - Gillam 56°21′41″N 94°36′48″W / 56.36139°N 94.61333°W / 56.36139; -94.61333 (Nelson River Bipole 1 - Gillam Static Inverter Plant) Canada - Rosser, Manitoba 49°59′34″N 97°25′42″W / 49.99278°N 97.42833°W / 49.99278; -97.42833 (Nelson River Bipole - Rosser Static Inverter Plant) 895 450 1620 1971 Merc Used the largest mercury arc rectifiers ever built. Poles converted to thyristors in 1993, 2004.
Eel River B2B Canada- Eel River, NB 48°01′05″N 66°26′39″W / 48.01806°N 66.44417°W / 48.01806; -66.44417 (Eel River Static Inverter Plant) Canada- Eel River, NB 48°01′05″N 66°26′39″W / 48.01806°N 66.44417°W / 48.01806; -66.44417 (Eel River Static Inverter Plant) 80 320 1972 Thyr  
Kingsnorth UK- Kingsnorth 51°25′11″N 0°35′46″E / 51.41972°N 0.59611°E / 51.41972; 0.59611 (Kingsnorth Transmission - Kingsnorth Static Inverter Plant) UK - London-Beddington 51°22′23″N 0°7′38″W / 51.37306°N 0.12722°W / 51.37306; -0.12722 (Kingsnorth Transmission - Beddington Static Inverter Plant) ; London-Willesden 51°32′41″N 0°15′29″W / 51.54472°N 0.25806°W / 51.54472; -0.25806 (Kingsnorth Transmission - Willesden Static Inverter Plant) 85 266 640 1975 Merc shut down in 1987
Shin Shinano B2B Japan - Shin Shinano 36°08′14″N 137°52′58″E / 36.13722°N 137.88278°E / 36.13722; 137.88278 (Shin Shinano HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Japan - Shin Shinano 36°08′14″N 137°52′58″E / 36.13722°N 137.88278°E / 36.13722; 137.88278 (Shin Shinano HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 125 600 1977 Thyr  
Square Butte USA - Center, ND (Young) 47°4′18″N 101°11′45″W / 47.07167°N 101.19583°W / 47.07167; -101.19583 (Square Butte - Center Static Inverter Plant) USA - Adolph, MN (Arrowhead) 46°46′25″N 92°17′39″W / 46.77361°N 92.29417°W / 46.77361; -92.29417 (Square Butte - Arrowhead Static Inverter Plant) 749 250 500 1977 Thyr  
Vancouver Island 2 Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W / 49.09194°N 123.04194°W / 49.09194; -123.04194 (Vancouver Island Transmission - Delta Static Inverter Plant) Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W / 48.82750°N 123.71528°W / 48.82750; -123.71528 (Vancouver Island Transmission - North Cowichan Static Inverter Plant) 33 42 280 370 1977 Thyr  
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
Cross-Skagerak 1 + 2 Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E / 56.47889; 9.56694 (Cross-Skagerak - Tjele Static Inverter Plant) Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E / 58.26000; 7.89861 (Cross-Skagerak - Kristiansand Static Inverter Plant) 130 100 250 500 1977 Thyr  
David A. Hamil B2B USA - Stegall, Nebraska 41°49′15″N 103°56′32″W / 41.82083°N 103.94222°W / 41.82083; -103.94222 (David A Hamil HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Stegall, Nebraska 41°49′15″N 103°56′32″W / 41.82083°N 103.94222°W / 41.82083; -103.94222 (David A Hamil HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) ±50 100 1977 Thyr  
Cahora Bassa Mozambique - Songo 15°36′41″S 32°44′59″E / 15.61139°S 32.74972°E / -15.61139; 32.74972 (Cahora Bassa Transmission - Songo Static Inverter Plant) South Africa - Apollo 25°55′11″S 28°16′34″E / 25.91972°S 28.27611°E / -25.91972; 28.27611 (Cahora Bassa Transmission - Apollo Static Inverter Plant) 1420 533 1920 1979 Thyr   First HVDC with voltage above 500 kV
CU USA - Underwood, ND
(Coal Creek) 47°22′24″N 101°9′23″W / 47.37333°N 101.15639°W / 47.37333; -101.15639 (CU - Coal Creek Static Inverter Plant)		 USA - Rockford, MN (Dickinson) 45°6′40″N 93°48′36″W / 45.11111°N 93.81000°W / 45.11111; -93.81000 (CU - Rockford Static Inverter Plant) 710 400 1000 1979 Thyr  
Hokkaido-Honshu Japan- Hakodate 41°55′55″N 140°39′47″E / 41.93194°N 140.66306°E / 41.93194; 140.66306 (Hokkaido-Honshu Transmission - Hakodate Static Inverter Plant) Japan - Kamikita 40°48′06″N 141°11′52″E / 40.80167°N 141.19778°E / 40.80167; 141.19778 (Hokkaido-Honshu Transmission - Kamikita Static Inverter Plant) 44 149 250 300 1979 Thyr  
Acaray B2B Paraguay - Ciudad de Este 25°27′26″S 54°37′26″W / 25.45722°S 54.62389°W / -25.45722; -54.62389 (Ciudad de Este HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Paraguay - Ciudad de Este 25°27′26″S 54°37′26″W / 25.45722°S 54.62389°W / -25.45722; -54.62389 (Ciudad de Este HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 25.6 50 1981 Thyr  
Vyborg B2B Russia - Vyborg 60°40′49″N 28°55′7″E / 60.68028°N 28.91861°E / 60.68028; 28.91861 (Vyborg HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Russia - Vyborg 60°40′49″N 28°55′7″E / 60.68028°N 28.91861°E / 60.68028; 28.91861 (Vyborg HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 85 1065 1982 Thyr  
Inga-Shaba Zaire - Kolwezi 10°39′27″S 25°27′08″E / 10.65750°S 25.45222°E / -10.65750; 25.45222 (Inga-Shaba - Kolwezi Static Inverter Plant) Zaire - Inga 05°31′27″S 13°36′39″E / 5.52417°S 13.61083°E / -5.52417; 13.61083 (Inga-Shaba - Inga Static Inverter Plant)) 1700 500 560 1982 Thyr  
Dürnrohr B2B Austria - Dürnrohr 48°19′46″N 15°52′48″E / 48.32944°N 15.88000°E / 48.32944; 15.88000 (GK Durnrohr) Austria - Dürnrohr 48°19′46″N 15°52′48″E / 48.32944°N 15.88000°E / 48.32944; 15.88000 (GK Durnrohr) 145 550 1983 Thyr shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Artesia, New Mexico (Eddy County HVDC B2B) B2B USA - Artesia, NM 32°48′51.7″N 104°14′29.6″W / 32.814361°N 104.241556°W / 32.814361; -104.241556 (Artesia HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Artesia, NM 32°48′51.7″N 104°14′29.6″W / 32.814361°N 104.241556°W / 32.814361; -104.241556 (Artesia HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 82 200 1983 Thyr  
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
Gotland 2 Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E / 57.72806; 16.64750 (Gotland Transmission - Västervik Static Inverter Plant) Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E / 57.58694; 18.19556 (Gotland Transmission - Yigne Static Inverter Plant) 92.9 6.6 150 130 1983 Thyr  
Chateauguay B2B Saint-Constant - Châteauguay 45°15′11″N 73°52′11″W / 45.25306°N 73.86972°W / 45.25306; -73.86972 (Chateauguay HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Saint-Constant - Châteauguay 45°15′11″N 73°52′11″W / 45.25306°N 73.86972°W / 45.25306; -73.86972 (Chateauguay HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 140 1000 1984 Thyr  
Oklaunion B2B USA - Oklaunion, TX 34°5′6″N 99°11′1″W / 34.08500°N 99.18361°W / 34.08500; -99.18361 (Oklaunion HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Oklaunion, TX 34°5′6″N 99°11′1″W / 34.08500°N 99.18361°W / 34.08500; -99.18361 (Oklaunion HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 82 200 1984 Thyr  
Blackwater, New Mexico B2B USA - Blackwater, NM 34°18′3″N 103°10′27″W / 34.30083°N 103.17417°W / 34.30083; -103.17417 (Blackwater HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Blackwater, NM 34°18′3″N 103°10′27″W / 34.30083°N 103.17417°W / 34.30083; -103.17417 (Blackwater HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 57 200 1984 Thyr  
Itaipu 2 Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W / 25.46611°S 54.54250°W / -25.46611; -54.54250 (Itaipu DC Transmission - Foz do Igacu Static Inverter Plant) Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W / 23.66722°S 47.10528°W / -23.66722; -47.10528 (Itaipu DC Transmission - Sao Roque Static Inverter Plant) 805 600 3150 1984 ABB 
Itaipu 1 Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W / 25.46611°S 54.54250°W / -25.46611; -54.54250 (Itaipu DC Transmission - Foz do Igacu Static Inverter Plant) Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W / 23.66722°S 47.10528°W / -23.66722; -47.10528 (Itaipu DC Transmission - Sao Roque Static Inverter Plant) 785 600 3150 1984 ABB 
Nelson River Bipole 2 Canada - Sundance 56°30′14″N 94°8′24″W / 56.50389°N 94.14000°W / 56.50389; -94.14000 (Nelson River Bipole 2 - Sundance Static Inverter Plant) Canada - Rosser 49°59′34″N 97°25′42″W / 49.99278°N 97.42833°W / 49.99278; -97.42833 (Nelson River Bipole - Rosser Static Inverter Plant) 937 500 1800 1985 Thyr  
Madawaska, Quebec B2B Canada- Degelis 47°30′31″N 68°31′25″W / 47.50861°N 68.52361°W / 47.50861; -68.52361 (Deglis HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Degelis 47°30′31″N 68°31′25″W / 47.50861°N 68.52361°W / 47.50861; -68.52361 (Deglis HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 140 350 1985 Thyr  
Miles City, Montana B2B USA - Miles City 46°24′31″N 105°47′36″W / 46.40861°N 105.79333°W / 46.40861; -105.79333 (Miles City HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Miles City 46°24′31″N 105°47′36″W / 46.40861°N 105.79333°W / 46.40861; -105.79333 (Miles City HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 82 200 1985 Thyr  
Highgate, VT B2B USA - Highgate, Vermont 44°56′17″N 73°3′15″W / 44.93806°N 73.05417°W / 44.93806; -73.05417 (Highgate HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Highgate, VT 44°56′17″N 73°3′15″W / 44.93806°N 73.05417°W / 44.93806; -73.05417 (Highgate HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 56 200 1985 Thyr
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
Cross-Channel (new) France - Les Mandarins 50°54′11″N 1°47′5″E / 50.90306°N 1.78472°E / 50.90306; 1.78472 (Cross-Channel ( new) - Les Mandarins Static Inverter Plant) UK - Sellindge 51°6′21″N 0°58′32″E / 51.10583°N 0.97556°E / 51.10583; 0.97556 (Cross-Channel ( new) - Sellindge Static Inverter Plant) 72 270 2000 1986 Thyr 2 bipolar systems
Path 27 USA - Intermountain, Utah 39°30′2″N 112°34′51″W / 39.50056°N 112.58083°W / 39.50056; -112.58083 (Intermountain Transmission - Intermountain Static Inverter Plant) USA - Adelanto, California 34°33′4″N 117°26′14″W / 34.55111°N 117.43722°W / 34.55111; -117.43722 (Intermountain Transmission - Adelanto Static Inverter Plant) 785 500 1920 1986 Thyr  
Uruguaiana B2B Brazil - Uruguaiana 29°48′22″S 57°0′17″W / 29.80611°S 57.00472°W / -29.80611; -57.00472 (Uruguaiana HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Brazil - Uruguaiana 29°48′22″S 57°0′17″W / 29.80611°S 57.00472°W / -29.80611; -57.00472 (Uruguaina HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 17.9 53.9 1986 Thyr  
Broken Hill B2B Australia - Broken Hill 31°59′10″S 141°25′9″E / 31.98611°S 141.41917°E / -31.98611; 141.41917 (Broken Hill HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Australia - Broken Hill 31°59′10″S 141°25′9″E / 31.98611°S 141.41917°E / -31.98611; 141.41917 (Broken Hill HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 8.33 40 1986 Thyr  
Gotland 3 Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E / 57.72806; 16.64750 (Gotland Transmission - Västervik Static Inverter Plant) Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E / 57.58694; 18.19556 (Gotland Transmission - Yigne Static Inverter Plant) 98 150 130 1987 Thyr  
HVDC Zhoushan Ningbo - China Gao Tongge - China 12 42 100 50 1987 Thy
Konti-Skan 2 Denmark - Vester, Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E / 57.06278°N 10.09000°E / 57.06278; 10.09000 (Konti-Skan - Vester Hassing Static Inverter Plant) Sweden - Lindome 57°36′24″N 12°6′40″E / 57.60667°N 12.11111°E / 57.60667; 12.11111 (Konti-Skan - Lindome Static Inverter Plant) 87 60 285 300 1988 Thyr  
Virginia Smith B2B USA - Sidney, Nebraska 41°9′51″N 102°59′15″W / 41.16417°N 102.98750°W / 41.16417; -102.98750 (Virginia Smith HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Sidney, Nebraska 41°9′51″N 102°59′15″W / 41.16417°N 102.98750°W / 41.16417; -102.98750 (Virginia Smith HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 50 200 1988 Thyr   [3]
Gezhouba - Shanghai "GeSha" or "Ge-Nan" China - Gezhouba 30°43′44″N 111°14′39″E / 30.72889°N 111.24417°E / 30.72889; 111.24417 (GeSha - Gezhouba Static Inverter Plant) China - Nan Qiao 30°57′22″N 121°24′48″E / 30.95611°N 121.41333°E / 30.95611; 121.41333 (GeSha - Nan Qiao Static Inverter Plant) 1046 500 1200 1989 Thyr   Supplier: Siemens [4]
Fenno-Skan Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E / 61.15194; 21.62556 (Fenno-Skan - Rauma Static Inverter Plant) Sweden - Dannebo 60°24′14″N 18°08′10″E / 60.40389°N 18.13611°E / 60.40389; 18.13611 (Fenno-Skan - Dannebo Static Inverter Plant) 200 33 400 500 1989 Thyr  
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
Vindhyachal B2B India - Vindhyachal 24°05′38″N 82°40′44″E / 24.09389°N 82.67889°E / 24.09389; 82.67889 (Vindhyachal HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) India - Vindhyachal 24°05′38″N 82°40′44″E / 24.09389°N 82.67889°E / 24.09389; 82.67889 (Vindhyachal HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 176 500 1989 Thyr  
Sileru-Barsoor India - Sileru 17°52′01″N 81°39′21″E / 17.86694°N 81.65583°E / 17.86694; 81.65583 (Sileru-Barsoor Transmission - Sileru Static Inverter Plant) India - Barsoor 19°8′20″N 81°23′47″E / 19.13889°N 81.39639°E / 19.13889; 81.39639 (Sileru-Barsoor Transmission - Barsoor Static Inverter Plant) 196 200 400 1989 Thyr  
McNeill B2B Canada - Mc Neill, Alberta 50°35′56″N 110°01′25″W / 50.59889°N 110.02361°W / 50.59889; -110.02361 (McNeill HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Canada - Mc Neill, Alberta 50°35′56″N 110°01′25″W / 50.59889°N 110.02361°W / 50.59889; -110.02361 (McNeill HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 42 150 1989 Thyr  
Quebec - New England Transmission Canada - Radisson, Quebec 53°43′33″N 77°44′17″W / 53.72583°N 77.73806°W / 53.72583; -77.73806 (Quebec-New England Transmission - Radisson Static Inverter Plant) Canada - Nicolet, Quebec 46°04′47″N 72°14′58″W / 46.07972°N 72.24944°W / 46.07972; -72.24944 (Quebec-New England Transmission - Nicolet Static Inverter Plant);
Canada - Des Cantons, Quebec 45°33′44″N 71°57′01″W / 45.56222°N 71.95028°W / 45.56222; -71.95028 (Quebec-New England Transmission - Des Cantons Static Inverter Plant);
USA - Comerford, NH 44°19′9″N 71°59′35″W / 44.31917°N 71.99306°W / 44.31917; -71.99306 (Quebec-New England Transmission - Comerford Static Inverter Plant);
USA - Ayer, MA 42°34′13″N 71°31′27″W / 42.57028°N 71.52417°W / 42.57028; -71.52417 (Quebec-New England Transmission - James Bay Static Inverter Plant)		 5 1100 450 2000 1991 Thyr Multiterminal- 3 terminals. Supplier:ABB. [2]
Rihand-Delhi India - Rihand 24°01′13″N 82°47′21″E / 24.02028°N 82.78917°E / 24.02028; 82.78917 (Rihand-Delhi Transmission - Rihand Static Inverter Plant) India - Dadri 28°35′36″N 77°36′16″E / 28.59333°N 77.60444°E / 28.59333; 77.60444 (Rihand-Delhi Transmission - Dadri Static Inverter Plant) 814 500 1500 1992 Thyr  
HVDC Inter-Island 2 New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E / -44.56528; 170.19000 (Inter-Island - Benmore Static Inverter Plant) New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E / -41.15028; 174.98111 (Inter-Island - Haywards Static Inverter Plant) 40 570 350 500 1992 Thyr -350 kV 500 MW link in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 1. Operating at 700MW from 2007 to 2012 with a Pole 1 cable until new Pole 3 is commissioned.
Wolmirstedt B2B Germany - Wolmirstedt 52°16′21″N 11°38′10″E / 52.27250°N 11.63611°E / 52.27250; 11.63611 (GK Wolmirstedt ( never in use)) Germany - Wolmirstedt 52°16′21″N 11°38′10″E / 52.27250°N 11.63611°E / 52.27250; 11.63611 (GK Wolmirstedt ( never in use)) 160 600 (1992) Thyr construction work was stopped after reunification, static inverter hall is today part of a recycling yard
SACOI 2 Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E / 43.05278; 10.69500 (SACOI - Suvereto Static Inverter Plant) France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E / 42.52778; 9.44972 (SACOI - Lucciana Static Inverter Plant) ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E / 40.65194; 8.71333 (SACOI - Codrogianos Static Inverter Plant) 118 304 200 300 1992 Thyr multiterminal scheme
Etzenricht B2B Germany - Etzenricht 49°37′52″N 12°6′56″E / 49.63111°N 12.11556°E / 49.63111; 12.11556 (GKK Etzenricht) Germany - Etzenricht 49°37′52″N 12°6′56″E / 49.63111°N 12.11556°E / 49.63111; 12.11556 (GKK Etzenricht) 160 600 1993 Thyr shut down in October 1995, dismantled in 2009
Vienna-Southeast B2B Austria - Vienna 48°7′22″N 16°25′6″E / 48.12278°N 16.41833°E / 48.12278; 16.41833 (GK Wien-Sudost) Austria - Vienna 48°7′22″N 16°25′6″E / 48.12278°N 16.41833°E / 48.12278; 16.41833 (GK Wien-Sudost) 142 600 1993 Thyr shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
Cross-Skagerak 3 Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E / 56.47889; 9.56694 (Cross-Skagerak - Tjele Static Inverter Plant) Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E / 58.26000; 7.89861 (Cross-Skagerak - Kristiansand Static Inverter Plant) 130 100 350 500 1993 Thyr  
Baltic-Cable Germany - Lübeck- Herrenwyk 53°53′46″N 10°48′9″E / 53.89611°N 10.80250°E / 53.89611; 10.80250 (Baltic-Cable - Lubeck-Herrenwyk Static Inverter Plant) Sweden - Kruseberg 55°30′1″N 13°8′45″E / 55.50028°N 13.14583°E / 55.50028; 13.14583 (Baltic-Cable - Kruseberg Static Inverter Plant) 250 12 450 600 1994 Thyr  
Kontek Denmark - Bjaeverskov 55°27′1″N 12°0′27″E / 55.45028°N 12.00750°E / 55.45028; 12.00750 (Kontek - Bjaeverskov Static Inverter Plant) Germany - Bentwisch 54°6′3″N 12°13′1″E / 54.10083°N 12.21694°E / 54.10083; 12.21694 (Kontek - Bentwisch Static Inverter Plant) 170 400 600 1996 Thyr  
Haenam-Cheju SouthKorea - Haenam 34°22′03″N 126°35′34″E / 34.36750°N 126.59278°E / 34.36750; 126.59278 (Haenam-Cheju Transmission - Haenam Static Inverter Plant) SouthKorea - Jeju 33°32′06″N 126°35′44″E / 33.53500°N 126.59556°E / 33.53500; 126.59556 (Haenam-Cheju Transmission - Jeju Static Inverter Plant) 101 180 300 1996 Thyr  
Chandrapur - Padghe India-Chandrapur 20°0′36″N 79°17′06″E / 20.01000°N 79.28500°E / 20.01000; 79.28500 (Chandrapur-Padghe Transmission - Chandrapur Static Inverter Plant) India - Padghe 19°21′30″N 73°11′21″E / 19.35833°N 73.18917°E / 19.35833; 73.18917 (Chandrapur-Padghe Transmission - Padghe Static Inverter Plant) 0 900 500 1500 1997 Thyr  
Hellsjön-Grängesberg Sweden - Hellsjoen 60°02′50″N 15°08′52″E / 60.04722°N 15.14778°E / 60.04722; 15.14778 (Hellsjön-Grängesberg Transmission - Hellsjön Static Inverter Plant) Sweden - Graengesberg 60°03′53″N 14°59′39″E / 60.06472°N 14.99417°E / 60.06472; 14.99417 (Hellsjön-Grängesberg Transmission - Graengesberg Static Inverter Plant) 10 180 3 1997 IGBT experimental HVDC
Leyte - Luzon Philippines - Ormoc, Leyte 11°5′19″N 124°38′21″E / 11.08861°N 124.63917°E / 11.08861; 124.63917 (Leyte-Luzon Transmission - Ormoc Static Inverter Plant) Naga, Camarines Sur 21 430 400 1600 1998 Thyr
Chandrapur B2B India-Chandrapur 20°5′32″N 79°8′32″E / 20.09222°N 79.14222°E / 20.09222; 79.14222 (Chandrapur HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) India-Chandrapur 20°5′32″N 79°8′32″E / 20.09222°N 79.14222°E / 20.09222; 79.14222 (Chandrapur HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 0 0 205 1000 1998 Thyr  
Welch-Monticello B2B USA - Welch-Monticello, TX 33°03′30.3″N 94°50′36.54″W / 33.058417°N 94.8434833°W / 33.058417; -94.8434833 (Welch Power Plant) Welch Plant 33°03′29″N 94°50′38″W / 33.05806°N 94.84389°W / 33.05806; -94.84389 (HVDC Welch-Monticello HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Welch-Monticello, TX 33°03′29″N 94°50′38″W / 33.05806°N 94.84389°W / 33.05806; -94.84389 (HVDC Welch-Monticello HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Monticello Plant 33°05′29.7″N 95°02′19.92″W / 33.091583°N 95.0388667°W / 33.091583; -95.0388667 (Monticello Power Plant) 162 600 1998 Thyr  
Vizag I India - Visakhapatnam Gazuwaka 17°38′33″N 83°7′57″E / 17.64250°N 83.13250°E / 17.64250; 83.13250 (Vizag I HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) India - Gazuwaka 17°38′33″N 83°7′57″E / 17.64250°N 83.13250°E / 17.64250; 83.13250 (Vizag I HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 176 500 1999 Thyr  
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
Minami-Fukumitsu B2B Japan - Minami- Fukumitsu 36°29′46″N 136°54′57″E / 36.49611°N 136.91583°E / 36.49611; 136.91583 (Minami-Fukumitsu HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Japan - Minami- Fukumitsu 36°29′46″N 136°54′57″E / 36.49611°N 136.91583°E / 36.49611; 136.91583 (Minami-Fukumitsu HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 125 300 1999 Thyr  
Visby-Nas Sweden - Nas 57°05′58″N 18°14′27″E / 57.09944°N 18.24083°E / 57.09944; 18.24083 (Visby-Nas Transmission - Nas Static Inverter Plant) Sweden - Visby 57°37′29″N 18°21′18″E / 57.62472°N 18.35500°E / 57.62472; 18.35500 (Visby-Nas Transmission - Visby Static Inverter Plant) 70 80 50 1999 Thyr  
Kii Channel Japan - Anan 33°49′40″N 134°38′14″E / 33.82778°N 134.63722°E / 33.82778; 134.63722 (Kii Channel Crossing - Anan Static Inverter Plant) Japan - Kihoku 34°12′50″N 135°30′07″E / 34.21389°N 135.50194°E / 34.21389; 135.50194 (Kii Channel Crossing - Kihoku Static Inverter Plant) 50 50 500 1400 2000 Thyr  
SwePol Poland - Bruskowo Wielkie 54°30′8″N 16°53′28″E / 54.50222°N 16.89111°E / 54.50222; 16.89111 (SwePol - Bruskowo Wielkie (Slupsk) Static Inverter Plant) Sweden - Stärnö 56°9′11″N 14°50′29″E / 56.15306°N 14.84139°E / 56.15306; 14.84139 (SwePol - Stärnö Static Inverter Plant) 245 450 600 2000 Thyr  
Garabi HVDC back-to-back station Brazil- Garabi 28°15′19″S 55°40′18″W / 28.25528°S 55.67167°W / -28.25528; -55.67167 (Garabi HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Brazil- Garabi 28°15′19″S 55°40′18″W / 28.25528°S 55.67167°W / -28.25528; -55.67167 (Garabi HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) ±70 400 2000 Thyr  
Terranora interconnector ( Direktlink) Australia - Mullumbimby 28°34′15″S 153°27′8″E / 28.57083°S 153.45222°E / -28.57083; 153.45222 (Directlink - Mullumbimby Static Inverter Plant) Australia - Bungalora 28°15′20″S 153°28′20″E / 28.25556°S 153.47222°E / -28.25556; 153.47222 (Directlink - Bungalora Static Inverter Plant) 59 80 180 2000 IGBT land cable
Rivera B2B Uruguay - Rivera 30°56′29″S 55°33′34″W / 30.94139°S 55.55944°W / -30.94139; -55.55944 (Rivera HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Uruguay - Rivera 30°56′29″S 55°33′34″W / 30.94139°S 55.55944°W / -30.94139; -55.55944 (Rivera HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) ± 20 70 2000 Thyr Supplier:Areva
Eagle Pass, Texas B2B USA - Eagle Pass, TX 28°42′58.8″N 100°29′26.88″W / 28.716333°N 100.4908000°W / 28.716333; -100.4908000 (Eagle Pass HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Eagle Pass, TX 28°42′58.8″N 100°29′26.88″W / 28.716333°N 100.4908000°W / 28.716333; -100.4908000 (Eagle Pass HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 15.9 36 2000 IGBT  
Tjæreborg Denmark - Tjæreborg/Enge 55°26′52″N 8°35′34″E / 55.44778°N 8.59278°E / 55.44778; 8.59278 (Tjaereborg-Enge Transmission - Enge Static Inverter Plant) Denmark - Tjæreborg/Substation 55°28′07″N 8°33′36″E / 55.46861°N 8.56000°E / 55.46861; 8.56000 (Tjaereborg-Enge Transmission - Tjaereborg Static Inverter Plant) 4.3 9 7 2000 IGBT interconnection to wind power generating stations
Tianshengqiao - Guangzhou "Tian-Guang" or TSQ China - Tianshengqiao 24°54′56″N 105°05′47″E / 24.91556°N 105.09639°E / 24.91556; 105.09639 (HVDC Tian-Guang Tianshengqiao Static Inverter Plant) China - Beijiao 23°18′58″N 113°15′05″E / 23.31611°N 113.25139°E / 23.31611; 113.25139 (HVDC Tian-Guang Beijiao Static Inverter Plant) 960 500 1800 2001 Thyr   Supplier: Siemens [4]
Italy-Greece Greece - Arachthos 39°11′00″N 20°57′48″E / 39.18333°N 20.96333°E / 39.18333; 20.96333 (Italy-Greece Transmission - Arachthos Static Inverter Plant) Italy - Galatina 40°9′53″N 18°7′49″E / 40.16472°N 18.13028°E / 40.16472; 18.13028 (Italy-Greece Transmission - Galatina Static Inverter Plant) 200 110 400 500 2001 Thyr  
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
Moyle UK - Auchencrosh 55°04′10″N 4°58′50″W / 55.06944°N 4.98056°W / 55.06944; -4.98056 (Moyle - Auchencrosh Static Inverter Plant) UK - N. Ireland- Ballycronan More 54°50′34″N 5°46′11″W / 54.84278°N 5.76972°W / 54.84278; -5.76972 (Moyle - Ballycronan More Static Inverter Plant) 63.5 250 250 2001 Thyr  
East South-II ESI II India - Talcher, Orissa 21°06′01″N 85°03′49″E / 21.10028°N 85.06361°E / 21.10028; 85.06361 (East South-II - Talcher Static Inverter Plant) India - Kolar, Karnataka 13°10′39″N 78°7′0″E / 13.17750°N 78.11667°E / 13.17750; 78.11667 (East South-II - Kolar Static Inverter Plant) 1450 500 2000 2002 Thyr   [3]
Cross Sound Cable USA - New Haven, CT 41°17′12″N 72°54′8″W / 41.28667°N 72.90222°W / 41.28667; -72.90222 (Cross Sound Cable - New Haven Static Inverter Plant) USA - Shoreham, Long Island 40°57′33″N 72°52′3″W / 40.95917°N 72.86750°W / 40.95917; -72.86750 (Cross Sound Cable - Shoreham Static Inverter Plant) 40 150 330 2002 IGBT buried underwater cable
Thailand-Malaysia Thailand - Khlong Ngae 6°42′56″N 100°27′8″E / 6.71556°N 100.45222°E / 6.71556; 100.45222 (Thailand-Malaysia Transmission - Khlong Ngae Static Inverter Plant) Malaysia - Gurun 5°48′45″N 100°32′6″E / 5.81250°N 100.53500°E / 5.81250; 100.53500 (Thailand-Malaysia Transmission - Gurun Static Inverter Plant) 110 300 300 2002 Thyr  
Murraylink Australia - Red Cliffs 34°17′31″S 142°14′19″E / 34.29194°S 142.23861°E / -34.29194; 142.23861 (Red Cliffs Static Inverter Plant) Australia - Berri 34°14′17″S 140°36′01″E / 34.23806°S 140.60028°E / -34.23806; 140.60028 (Berri Static Inverter Plant) 177 ±150 220 2002 IGBT underground cable
Three Gorges-Changzhou China - Longquan 30°47′6″N 111°31′48″E / 30.78500°N 111.53000°E / 30.78500; 111.53000 (Three Gorges-Changzhou Transmission - Longquan Static Inverter Plant?)? China - Zhengping 31°36′42″N 119°59′27″E / 31.61167°N 119.99083°E / 31.61167; 119.99083 (Three Gorges-Changzhou Transmission - Zhengping Static Inverter Plant) 860 500 3000 2003 Thyr   From north bank of Three Gorges to Zhengping, 200 km from Shanghai in the East grid. Supplier:ABB/Siemens [2][4][5]
Sasaram B2B India-Sasaram 24°56′31″N 83°58′17″E / 24.94194°N 83.97139°E / 24.94194; 83.97139 (Sasaram HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant?)? India-Sasaram 24°56′31″N 83°58′17″E / 24.94194°N 83.97139°E / 24.94194; 83.97139 (Sasaram HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant?)? 0 0 205 500 2003 Thyr  
Rapid City DC Tie B2B USA - Rapid City, South Dakota 44°00′37″N 103°9′54″W / 44.01028°N 103.16500°W / 44.01028; -103.16500 (Rapid City HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Rapid City, South Dakota 44°00′37″N 103°9′54″W / 44.01028°N 103.16500°W / 44.01028; -103.16500 (Rapid City HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 13 200 2003 Thyr [3]
Guizhou-Guangdong I GuG I China - Anshun, Guizhou 26°16′23″N 105°48′21″E / 26.27306°N 105.80583°E / 26.27306; 105.80583 (GuG I - Anshun Static Inverter Plant) China - Zhaoqing, Guangdong 22°54′57″N 112°29′11″E / 22.91583°N 112.48639°E / 22.91583; 112.48639 (GuG I - Zhaoqing Static Inverter Plant) 980 500 3000 2004 Thyr  Supplier: Siemens [2][4]
Three Gorges-Guangdong - Huizhou China - Jingzhou China - Huizhou 23°16′15″N 114°12′5″E / 23.27083°N 114.20139°E / 23.27083; 114.20139 (Three Gorges-Guangdong Transmission - Huizhou Static Inverter Plant) 940 500 3000 2004 Thyr   Supplier = ABB [6] [2]
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
HVDC Troll Norway - Kollsnes 60°33′01″N 4°50′26″E / 60.55028°N 4.84056°E / 60.55028; 4.84056 (Kollsnes-Troll Transmission - Kollsnes Static Inverter Plant) Norway - Offshore platform Troll A 60°40′00″N 3°40′00″E / 60.66667°N 3.66667°E / 60.66667; 3.66667 (Kollsnes-Troll Transmission - Troll A Static Inverter Plant (situated on Troll A offshore platform)) 70 60 80 2004 IGBT power supply for offshore gas compressor. Supplier:ABB [2]
Basslink Australia - LoyYang 38°15′45″S 146°36′29″E / 38.26250°S 146.60806°E / -38.26250; 146.60806 (Basslink - LoyYang Static Inverter Plant) Australia - GeorgeTown, Tasmania 41°6′53″S 146°53′31″E / 41.11472°S 146.89194°E / -41.11472; 146.89194 (Basslink - GeorgeTown Static Inverter Plant) 298.3 71.8 400 600 2005 Thyr One of the longest HVDC cable in operation, [3] [7]
Visakhapatnam B2B Vizag II India - Visakhapatnam 17°38′26″N 83°8′10″E / 17.64056°N 83.13611°E / 17.64056; 83.13611 (Vizag II HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) India - Visakhapatnam 17°38′26″N 83°8′10″E / 17.64056°N 83.13611°E / 17.64056; 83.13611 (Vizag II HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 176 500 2005 Thyr   Installed at Gazuwaka. Supplier:ABB. This is similar in specs to Vizag I and connects the Eastern and Southern grids. [8]
Lingbao B2B China - Lingbao 34°29′31″N 110°53′00″E / 34.49194°N 110.88333°E / 34.49194; 110.88333 (Lingbao HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) China - Lingbao 34°29′31″N 110°53′00″E / 34.49194°N 110.88333°E / 34.49194; 110.88333 (Lingbao HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 168 360 2005 Thyr  
Lamar Co., Colorado B2B USA - Lamar Co., CO 38°12′25.08″N 102°31′43.92″W / 38.2069667°N 102.5288667°W / 38.2069667; -102.5288667 (Lamar HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Lamar Co., CO 38°12′25.08″N 102°31′43.92″W / 38.2069667°N 102.5288667°W / 38.2069667; -102.5288667 (Lamar HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 63.6 210 2005 Thyr Supplier: Siemens; Combination of B2B HVDC & Grid Power Flow Controller (GPFC) [9]
Three Gorges-Shanghai China - Yidu 30°31′45″N 111°22′35″E / 30.52917°N 111.37639°E / 30.52917; 111.37639 (Three Gorges-Shanghai Transmission - Yidu Static Inverter Plant) China - Shanghai 31°14′13″N 121°11′13″E / 31.23694°N 121.18694°E / 31.23694; 121.18694 (Three Gorges-Shanghai Transmission - Shanghai Static Inverter Plant) 900 500 3000 2006 Thyr   Supplier:ABB [2]
Estlink Estonia - Harku 59°23′5″N 24°33′37″E / 59.38472°N 24.56028°E / 59.38472; 24.56028 (Estlink - Harku Static Inverter Plant) Finland - Espoo 60°12′14″N 24°33′06″E / 60.20389°N 24.55167°E / 60.20389; 24.55167 (Estlink - Espoo Static Inverter Plant) 105 150 350 2006 IGBT   Supplier:ABB [2]
Higashi-Shimuzu B2B Japan - Shimuzu 35°03′24″N 138°29′58″E / 35.05667°N 138.49944°E / 35.05667; 138.49944 (Higashi-Shimuzu HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Japan - Shimuzu 35°03′24″N 138°29′58″E / 35.05667°N 138.49944°E / 35.05667; 138.49944 (Higashi-Shimuzu HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 125 300 2006 Thyr  
Guizhou-Guangdong II GuG II China - Xingren China - Shenzhen 22°45′01″N 113°59′28″E / 22.75028°N 113.99111°E / 22.75028; 113.99111 (GuG II - Shenzhen Static Inverter Plant) 1225 500 3000 2007 Thyr  Supplier: Siemens [2][4]
Neptune Cable USA - Long Island (Hicksville) NY 40°45′38″N 73°33′4″W / 40.76056°N 73.55111°W / 40.76056; -73.55111 (Neptune - Hicksville Static Inverter Plant) USA -Sayreville, NJ 40°28′25.38″N 74°21′11.1″W / 40.4737167°N 74.353083°W / 40.4737167; -74.353083 (Neptune - Sayreville Static Inverter Plant) 105 500 660 2007 Thyr   Supplier:Siemens [2][10]
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
Sharyland B2B USA - Mission, TX 26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W / 26.16694°N 98.32361°W / 26.16694; -98.32361 (Sharyland HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Mission, TX 26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W / 26.16694°N 98.32361°W / 26.16694; -98.32361 (Sharyland HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 21 150 2007 Thyr  
Al Fadhili B2B Saudi Arabia - Al Fadhili 26°54′3″N 49°21′3″E / 26.90083°N 49.35083°E / 26.90083; 49.35083 (Al Fadhili HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Saudi Arabia - Al Fadhili 26°54′3″N 49°21′3″E / 26.90083°N 49.35083°E / 26.90083; 49.35083 (Al Fadhili HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 1800 2008 Thyr [4]
NorNed Netherlands - Eemshaven 53°26′4″N 6°51′57″E / 53.43444°N 6.86583°E / 53.43444; 6.86583 (NorNed - Eemshaven Static Inverter Plant) Norway - Feda 58°16′58″N 6°51′55″E / 58.28278°N 6.86528°E / 58.28278; 6.86528 (NorNed - Feda Static Inverter Plant) 580 450 700 2008 Thyr  Supplier:ABB [2]
Levis De-Icer Canada - Levis 46°42′34″N 71°11′29″W / 46.70944°N 71.19139°W / 46.70944; -71.19139 (Levis Substation) Canada - Levis 46°42′34″N 71°11′29″W / 46.70944°N 71.19139°W / 46.70944; -71.19139 (Levis Substation) 27 to 242 ±17.4 250 2008 Thyr Facility for overhead powerline de-icing. Normal operation: SVC
Heihe B2B China China 750 2008? Thyr [5]
Gaoling B2B Gaoling, China Gaoling, China 1500 2008? Thyr
HVDC Ballia-Bhiwadi India - Ballia India - Bhiwadi 28°11′0″N 76°48′58″E / 28.18333°N 76.81611°E / 28.18333; 76.81611 (HVDC Ballia-Bhiwadi - Bhiwadi Static Inverter Plant) 780 500 2500 2009* Thyr   Supplier: Siemens [2][11]
Outaouais B2B Canada - Outaouais 45°36′01″N 75°26′47″W / 45.60028°N 75.44639°W / 45.60028; -75.44639 (Outaouais HVDC back-to-back station) Canada - Outaouais 45°36′01″N 75°26′47″W / 45.60028°N 75.44639°W / 45.60028; -75.44639 (Outaouais HVDC back-to-back station) 315 625 (2x) 2009 Thyr   Expected completion 2009. Supplier:ABB [2]
SAPEI Italy - Latina 41°25′47″N 12°48′25″E / 41.42972°N 12.80694°E / 41.42972; 12.80694 (SAPEI - Latina Static Inverter Plant) Italy - Fiume Santo 40°50′29″N 8°18′21″E / 40.84139°N 8.30583°E / 40.84139; 8.30583 (SAPEI - Fiume Santo Static Inverter Plant) 440 500 500 2009* Thyr   Expected completion 2009-08. Supplier:ABB [2]
NordE.ON 1 Germany - Diele 53°7′31″N 7°18′33″E / 53.12528°N 7.30917°E / 53.12528; 7.30917 (BorWin1 - Diele Static Inverter Plant) Germany - Borkum 2 platform 54°21′15″N 6°01′30″E / 54.35417°N 6.02500°E / 54.35417; 6.02500 (BorWin1 - Borkum 2 Platform) 203 150 400 2009 IGBT   Supplier:ABB [12]
HVDC Valhall Norway - Lista 58°04′37″N 6°46′29″E / 58.07694°N 6.77472°E / 58.07694; 6.77472 (HVDC Valhall - Lista Static Inverter Plant) Norway - Valhall, Offshore platform 292 150 78 2009 IGBT  
Xianjiaba - Shanghai China - Fengxian[6] 30°55′34″N 121°46′15″E / 30.92611°N 121.77083°E / 30.92611; 121.77083 (HVDC Xianjiaba-Shanghai - Fengxian Static Inverter Plant) China - Fulong[7] 2071 800 6400 2010* Thyr   Expected completion 2010 monopole, 2011 for bipole. Supplier:ABB. Update: In operation as of July 2010 (see second reference) [2] [13]
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
Yunnan - Guangdong China - Yunnan province China - Guangdong 1418 ±800 5000 2010 Thyr Supplier: Siemens  [4]
BritNed UK - Grain 51°26′24″N 0°43′0″E / 51.44000°N 0.71667°E / 51.44000; 0.71667 (HVDC Britned - Grain Static Inverter Plant) Netherlands - Maasvlakte 51°57′23″N 4°1′17″E / 51.95639°N 4.02139°E / 51.95639; 4.02139 (HVDC Britned - Maasvlakte Static Inverter Plant) 245 450 1000 2010* Thyr   Operational since April 2011. Supplier:Siemens [2]

[14]

StoreBaelt Denmark- Fraugde 55°21′56″N 10°30′14″E / 55.36556°N 10.50389°E / 55.36556; 10.50389 (StoreBaelt Crossing - Fraugde Substation) Denmark- Herslev ~55°32′N 11°19′E / 55.533°N 11.317°E / 55.533; 11.317 (StoreBaelt Crossing - Herslev Static Inverter Plant ( construction work has not started)) 56 400 600 2010* Thyr   Expected completion 2010. Supplier:Siemens [2]
Trans Bay Cable USA - Pittsburg, CA 38°01′5.04″N 121°51′2.7″W / 38.0180667°N 121.850750°W / 38.0180667; -121.850750 (Trans Bay Cable - East Bay Static Inverter Plant) USA - San Francisco, CA 37°45′8.76″N 122°22′57.9″W / 37.7524333°N 122.382750°W / 37.7524333; -122.382750 (Trans Bay Cable - San Francisco Static Inverter Plant) 85 200 400 2010 IGBT Supplier: Siemens & Pirelli;

[15]

Caprivi Link Namibia - Gerus 20°18′53″S 16°27′9″E / 20.31472°S 16.45250°E / -20.31472; 16.45250 (Caprivi Link - Gerus Static Inverter Plant) Namibia - Zambezi 17°30′6″S 24°13′20″E / 17.50167°S 24.22222°E / -17.50167; 24.22222 (Caprivi Link - Zambezi Static Inverter Plant) 970 500 300 2010 IGBT  
Melo B2B Uruguay - Melo 32°23′03″S 54°09′35″W / 32.38417°S 54.15972°W / -32.38417; -54.15972 (Melo HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Uruguay - Melo 32°23′03″S 54°09′35″W / 32.38417°S 54.15972°W / -32.38417; -54.15972 (Melo HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) ? 500 2011 Thyr Supplier:Areva
Cometa Spain - Morvedre 39°38′28″N 0°14′7″W / 39.64111°N 0.23528°W / 39.64111; -0.23528 (Cometa - Morvedre HVDC Static Inverter) Spain - Santa Ponsa 39°32′2″N 2°30′21″E / 39.53389°N 2.50583°E / 39.53389; 2.50583 (Cometa - Santa Ponsa HVDC Static Inverter) 247 250 400 2011* Thyr   Expected completion 2011. Supplier: Siemens (PRYSMIAN/NEXANS) [2]
Fenno-Skan 2 Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E / 61.15194; 21.62556 (Fenno-Skan - Rauma Static Inverter Plant) Sweden - Finnbole 60°25′30″N 17°3′42″E / 60.42500°N 17.06167°E / 60.42500; 17.06167 (Fenno-Skan - Finnbole HVDC Static Inverter) 200 103 500 800 2011 Thyr  
Sumatera - Jawa Indonesia - Jawa Indonesia - Sumatera 700 500 3000 2011* Thyr   Expected completion 2011. Supplier:? [2]
Jindo - Jeju Korea- Jeju Korea - Jindo 119 250 200 (2x) 2011* Thyr   Expected completion 2011 Supplier:? [2]
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
East West Interconnector Ireland - Woodland 53°28′28″N 6°34′8″W / 53.47444°N 6.56889°W / 53.47444; -6.56889 (East West Interconnector - Woodland HVDC Static Inverter) UK - Shotton, Wales 53°13′38″N 3°4′22″W / 53.22722°N 3.07278°W / 53.22722; -3.07278 (East West Interconnector - Shotton HVDC Static Inverter) 130 500 2012   Planned completion 2012. 2 alternative plans under consideration.
Biswanath- Agra India - Biswanath India - Agra 1825 800 6000 2012* Thyr   Expected completion 2011-2012 bipole [16]
HVDC Inter-Island 3 New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E / -44.56528; 170.19000 (Inter-Island - Benmore Static Inverter Plant) New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E / -41.15028; 174.98111 (Inter-Island - Haywards Static Inverter Plant) 40 570 350 700 2012 Thyr Under construction - new pole to replace Pole 1 and operate in bipole configuration with Pole 2. Will use Pole 1 lines and cables. [17]
Ridgefield B2B ( Hudson Project) USA - Ridgefield, New Jersey 40°49′56″N 74°00′44″W / 40.83222°N 74.01222°W / 40.83222; -74.01222 (Ridgefield HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) USA - Ridgefield, New Jersey 40°49′56″N 74°00′44″W / 40.83222°N 74.01222°W / 40.83222; -74.01222 (Ridgefield HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) ? 660 2013 Thyr
HVDC BorWin2 Germany - Diele Germany - BorWin Beta platform 200 300 800 2012 IGBT [8]
HVDC DolWin1 Germany - Heede 52°58′52″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98111°N 7.25722°E / 52.98111; 7.25722 (HVDC DolWin1 - Heede Static Inverter Plant) Germany - DolWin Alpha platform 165 320 800 2013 IGBT   Supplier:ABB [9]
HVDC HelWin1 Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E / 53.91694; 9.23194 (HVDC HelWin1 - Büttel Static Inverter Plant) Germany - HelWin Alpha platform 130 250 576 2013 IGBT [10]
HVDC SylWin1 Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E / 53.91694; 9.23194 (HVDC SylWin1 - Büttel Static Inverter Plant) Germany - SylWin Alpha platform 205 320 864 2014 IGBT [11]
Estlink 2 Estonia - Püssi 59°22′02″N 27°03′50″E / 59.36722°N 27.06389°E / 59.36722; 27.06389 (Estlink 2 - Püssi Static Inverter Plant) Finland - Anttila 60°22′40″N 25°22′11″E / 60.37778°N 25.36972°E / 60.37778; 25.36972 (Estlink 2 - Anttila Static Inverter Plant) 157 14 450 650 2014 Thy
HVDC Ekibastuz-Centre Kazhakstan - Ekibastus Russia-Tambov 2400 750 6000 ? Thyr unfinished
Akhaltsikhe B2B Georgia - Akhaltsikhe 41°38′58″N 42°59′13″E / 41.64944°N 42.98694°E / 41.64944; 42.98694 (Akhaltsikhe HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) Georgie - Akhaltsikhe 41°38′58″N 42°59′13″E / 41.64944°N 42.98694°E / 41.64944; 42.98694 (Akhaltsikhe HVDC back-to-back Static Inverter Plant) 96 700 2013 Thyr [12]
SydVästlänken Sweden–Hallsberg
Norway–Oslo		 Sweden - Hurva 400 1200 2013-
2015		 IGBT
HVDC NordBalt Sweden - Nybro 56°46′1″N 15°51′35″E / 56.76694°N 15.85972°E / 56.76694; 15.85972 (Nybro substation) Lithuania - Klapeida 55°40′54″N 21°15′29″E / 55.68167°N 21.25806°E / 55.68167; 21.25806 (Klaipeda substation) 450 300 700 2015 IGBT Supplier:ABB [13]
Tres Amigas SuperStation USA - Clovis, New Mexico USA - Clovis, New Mexico ? 5000 ? IGBT
Name Converter
station 1 		Converter
station 2 		Cable (km) Pole (km) Volt (kV) Power (MW) Year Type Remarks Ref
Bakun HVDC Malaysia - Similajau Malaysia - Bentong 670 1030 500 ? ? Thyr unfinished
Labrador-Island Transmission Link Canada - Gull Island, Labrador 52°58′28.6″N 61°23′43.1″W / 52.974611°N 61.395306°W / 52.974611; -61.395306 (Gull Island Converter Station) Canada - Soldiers Pond, Newfoundland 47°25′01.2″N 52°58′38.8″W / 47.417000°N 52.977444°W / 47.417000; -52.977444 (Soldiers Pond Converter Station) 36 1167 450 800 ? Design
Shanghai-Shensi shanghai, China Densi, China ±50 ? ? Thyr [14]
Maritime Transmission Link Canada - Bottom Brook, Newfoundland Canada - Cape Breton, Nova Scotia 180 ? 500 ?

Maps

Europe

  Existing
  Under construction
  Options under consideration
Medium to large HVDC interconnections in western Europe.
  1. Iceland – UK (option), 1.1 GW
  2. Moyle: Auchencrosh, UK – Ballycronan More, Northern Ireland, UK
  3. Norway – UK (option), 1.2 GW
  4. Viking cable (option): Germany – Norway, 600 MW
  5. Kattegat (option): Norway – Zealand Island, Denmark; or Norway – southern Sweden
  6. Fenno-Skan: Rauma, Finland – Dannebo, Sweden
  7. Vyborg
  8. Estlink: Harku, Estonia – Espoo, Finland
  9. NorNed: Feda, Norway – Eemshaven, Netherlands
  10. Cross-Skagerak 1, 2, and 3: Tjele, Denmark – Kristiansand, Norway
  11. Konti-Skan 1 and 2: VesterHassing, Denmark – Stenkullen, Sweden
  12. Gotland: Västervik, Sweden – Yigne, Sweden
  13. NordE.ON 1: Diele, Germany – Borkum 2 platform, Germany
  14. StoreBaelt: Fyn Island, Sjælland, Denmark – Zealand Island, Denmark
  15. (purposely left blank)
  16. SwePol: Stärnö, Sweden – Słupsk, Poland
  17. Baltic-Cable: Lübeck- Herrenwyk, Germany – Kruseberg, Sweden
  18. Kontek: Bjaeverskov, Denmark – Bentwisch, Germany
  19. East West Interconnector: Leinster, Ireland – Anglesey, Wales, UK. Expected completion 2012.
  20. BritNed: UK – Netherlands. Operational since April 2011.
  21. HVDC Cross-Channel: Les Mandarins, France – Sellindge, UK
  22. HVDC Italy-Corsica-Sardinia: "SACOI" – Codrongianos, Sardinia, Italy – Lucciana, Corsica, France – Suvereto, Italy (mainland)
  23. Sapei, Sardinia – Italian mainland
  24. Cometa: Valencia, Spain – Mallorca, Spain
    25 — 28 EuroMed options:
  25. Algeria – Spain
  26. Algeria – Sardinia
  27. Tunis – Sicily
  28. Tripoli – Sicily
  29. HVDC Italy-Greece: Arachthos, Greece – Galatina, Italy

See also

References

  1. ^ James A. Besha, The historic Mechanicville Hydroelectric Station part 2, IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS MAGAZINE Mar/Apr 2007, page 8
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Working Group on HVDC and FACTS Bibliography and Records (2008-07-07). "HVDC PROJECTS LISTING" (PDF). IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  3. ^ a b c "HVDC Transformers- details". Siemens. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "ROLE OF THREE GORGES - CHANGZHOU HVDC IN INTERCONNECTING CENTRAL AND EAST CHINA" (PDF). ABB Asea Brown Boveri. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  5. ^ "China to Construct High-Voltage Transmission System Between Yunnan, Guangdong". Transmission & Distribution World. Penton Media Inc. 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  6. ^ "The Three Gorges–Guangdong HVDC link" (PDF). ABB Asea Brown Boveri. 2005-06-03. Retrieved 2008-12-19. [dead link]
  7. ^ Joerg Dorn (2007-11-06). "HVDC Solutions for System Interconnection and Advanced Grid Access" (PDF). EPRI HVDC conference 2007-09-13 to 14. Siemens: 44. Retrieved 2008-12-19. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "THE SECOND 1 x 500 MW HVDC BACK-TO-BACK INTERCONNECTION AT VIZAG" (PDF). 2005-09-29. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  9. ^ "APPLICATION OF THE GRID POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (GPFC) IN A BACK TO BACK PROJECT- details" (PDF). Siemens. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
  10. ^ "What is Neptune RTS?". Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  11. ^ Peter Riedel (2008-09-03). "BASIC DESIGN ASPECTS OF 2500 MW BALLIA-BHIWADI 2500 MW HVDC POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (abstract)" (PDF). 17th Conference of the Electric Power Supply Industry (CEPSI), Macau/China, October 27–31, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-19. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "NordE.ON 1". ABB. Retrieved 2008-12-20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) [dead link]
  13. ^ [1], Operational announcement.
  14. ^ "BritNed cable live today" (Press release). BritNed. 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  15. ^ "IEEE PES; HVDC Systems and Trans-Bay Cable" (PDF). 16 March 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  16. ^ POWERGRID Corporation of India Limited (2007-08). "National Power Grid Development Investment Program (Facility Concept): Resettlement Planning Document" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 2008-12-27. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ^ "HVDC inter-Island link project - Grid New Zealand". Transpower New Zealand. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  • Vijay K. Sood. HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications Of Static Converters In Power Systems. Springer-Verlag. p. 2. ISBN 978-1402078903.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_HVDC_projects&oldid=454219185"