Henry Williams (missionary)

For other uses, see Henry Williams (disambiguation).

Henry Williams
Henry Williams (about 1865)
Born	(1792-02-11)11 February 1792 Gosport, England
Died	(1867-07-16)16 July 1867 Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, New Zealand
Nationality	British
Other names	Te Wiremu and Karuwha
Occupation	Missionary
Spouse	Marianne (née Coldham)

Henry Williams (11 February 1792 – 16 July 1867) was one of the first missionaries who went to New Zealand in the first half of the 19th century. He was named “the sea-warrior”. He entered the navy at the age of fourteen and served in the Napoleonic Wars. He went to New Zealand in 1823 as a missionary. The Bay of Islands Māori gave Williams the nickname Karu-whā ('Four-eyes' as Henry wore spectacles), he was known more widely as Te Wiremu. His younger brother William Williams was also a missionary in New Zealand. William was “the scholar-surgeon”. Although Henry Williams was not the first missionary in New Zealand – Thomas Kendall, John Gare Butler, John King and William Hall having come before him – he was “the first to make the mission a success, partly because the others had opened up the way, but largely because he was the only man brave enough, stubborn enough, and strong enough to keep going, no matter what the dangers, and no matter what enemies he made”.

Henry Williams translated the Treaty of Waitangi into the Māori language, with some help from his son Edward (1840).

In 1844, he was installed as Archdeacon of Waimate.

Parents, brothers and sisters

Henry was the son of Thomas Williams (Gosport, England, 27 May 1753 – Nottingham 6 January 1804) and Mary Marsh (10 April 1756 – 7 November 1831). They married at Gosport on 17 April 1783.

Thomas Williams was a supplier of uniforms to the Royal Navy, in Gosport. In 1796 Thomas and Mary and their six children moved to Nottingham, then the thriving centre of the East Midlands industrial revolution. Thomas invested in a lace-making machine. The family prospered. In 1802-03 Thomas was one of the city's two chamberlains and in 1803–04 he was one of the two sheriffs. In 1804 he died of typhus at the age of 50, leaving Mary with five sons and three daughters to look after.

Thomas and Mary Williams had nine children, six (including Henry) who were born in Gosport, and three (including William) in Nottingham:

• Mary (Gosport, England, 2 March 1784 – Gosport, England, 19 April 1786)
• Thomas Sydney (Gosport, England, 11 February 1786 – Altona, Germany, 12 February 1869)
• Lydia (Gosport, England, 17 January 1788 – 13 December 1859), who married on 7 July 1813 to Edward Garrard Marsh (8 February 1783 – 20 September 1862)
• John (Gosport, England, 22 March 1789 – New Zealand, 9 March 1855)
• Henry (Gosport, England, 11 February 1792 – Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, New Zealand 16 July 1867)
• Joseph William (Gosport, England, 27 October 1793 – Gosport, England, August 1799)
• Mary Rebecca (Nottingham, England, 3 June 1795 – Bethlehem, Palestine 17 December 1858)
• Catherine (Nottingham, England, 28 July 1797 – Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England, 11 July 1881)
• William (Nottingham, England, 18 July 1800 – Napier, New Zealand, 9 February 1878)

Thomas Williams died when Henry was 11 years old. William was only three years old then.

1806–1815: Navy years

In 1806, when he was 14, Henry entered the Royal Navy, serving on HMS Barfleur. He became a midshipman in 1807. He then served on HMS Maida during the Battle of Copenhagen when the Danish fleet was seized in 1807. Henry landed with the party of seamen who manned the breaching battery before the city. In HMS Galatea, he took part in the Battle of Tamatave (1811) between three English frigates, under the command of Captain Schomberg, and three French vessels of superior force. He was wounded, from the effects of which he never entirely recovered. For this service he qualified for the Naval General Service Medal, which was awarded in 1847 with clasp "Off Tamatave 20 May 1811".

After the outbreak of the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States he served on HMS Saturn as part of the blockading-squadron off New York. He was transferred to HMS Endymion and served under Captain Henry Hope in the action on 14 January 1815 against the American warship USS President. When the latter was forced to surrender, Williams was a member of the small prize crew that sailed the badly damaged vessel to port, after riding out a storm and quelling a mutiny of the American prisoners.

Before serving on HMS Saturn Henry sat and passed his examinations for the rank of lieutenant, although he was not promoted to lieutenant until 28 February 1815, after the Treaty of Ghent was ratified by the United States. When peace came in 1815, he retired on half pay. At the age of 23 he had been "in the North Sea and the Baltic, around the French and Spanish coasts, southwards to the Cape, up to the eastern shores of Madagascar, across the Indian Ocean to Mauritius, and northward to the coast of India. After service at Madras and Calcutta, it was on into the cold American winter and that epic last naval engagement in which he took part, on the Endymion". In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the issue of the Naval General Service Medal, with clasp "Endymion wh. President", to any still surviving crew from Endymion.

His experiences during the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812 influenced Henry in his decision to become a Christian missionary and peacemaker in carrying out the work of the Church Missionary Society in what was then considered an isolated and dangerous mission in Aotearoa, New Zealand.

Marriage and children

Henry married on 20 January 1818 to Marianne Coldham (Yorkshire, England, 12 December 1793 – Pakaraka, New Zealand, 16 December 1879). They had eleven children:

• Edward Marsh (2 November 1818 – 11 October 1909)
• Marianne (28 April 1820 – 25 November 1919)
• Samuel (17 January 1822 – 14 March 1907)
• Henry (10 November 1823 – 6 December 1907)
• Thomas Coldham (18 July 1825 – 19 May 1912)
• John William (6 April 1827 – 27 April 1904)
• Sarah (26 February 1829 – 5 April 1866)
• Catherine (Kate) (24 February 1831 – 8 January 1902)
• Caroline Elizabeth (13 November 1832 – 20 January 1916)
• Lydia Jane (2 December 1834 – 28 November 1891)
• Joseph Marsden (5 March 1837 – 30 March 1892)

Missionary

Edward Garrard Marsh, the husband of his sister Lydia, would play an important role in Henry's life. Marsh was a member of the Church Missionary Society (CMS). Henry received The Missionary Register from him, which described the work of CMS missionaries. Henry took a special interest in New Zealand and its native Māori people. It was not until 1819 that Henry offered his services as a missionary to the CMS. He was initially accepted as a lay settler, but was ordained later.

He studied surgery and medicine, and learned about boat-building. He studied for Holy Orders for two years, and was ordained Deacon of the (Anglican) Church of England, on 2 June 1822, by the Bishop of London; and as an Anglican Priest, on 16 June 1822, by the Bishop of Lincoln.

On 17 September Henry and Marianne and three children sailed for Sydney, Australia on the Lord Sidmouth, a convict ship. In February 1823, at Hobart, Henry met Samuel Marsden for the first time. At Sydney he met Marsden again. In July 1823 they set sail for New Zealand, accompanying Marsden on his (fourth) visit to New Zealand on board the Brampton. In 1823 he arrived in the Bay of Islands and settled at Paihia. Paihia was across the bay from Kororareka (nowadays Russell); then described as "the hell-hole of the South Pacific" because of the abuse of alcohol and prostitution that was caused by the sealing ships and whaling ships that visited Kororareka.

The early days at Paihia

The members of the Church Missionary Society were under the protection of Hongi Hika, the rangatira (chief) and war leader of the Ngāpuhi iwi (tribe). The immediate protector of the Paihia mission was the chief Te Koki and his wife Hamu, a woman of high rank and the owner of the land occupied by the mission at Paihia. The missionary team had quite diverse members:

• Charles Baker, arrived on 9 June 1828. He was stationed at Kerikeri and then at Kororareka (Russell).
• A.N. Brown, arrived in October 1829. He was put in charge of the school at Paihia. In 1835 he opened the Matamata mission station and in 1838 he went to Tauranga.
• William Colenso, arrived in December 1834 to work as a printer and missionary.
• George Clarke, arrived 4 April 1824. A blacksmith at Kerikeri.
• Richard Davis, a farmer, arrived on 7 May 1824. He established a garden at the Paihia mission. In 1831 he established a farm at the Waimate mission. In 1843 he was ordained as a minister and appointed to Kaikohe.
• William T. Fairburn, a carpenter; Rev. J. Butler's “Journal” mentions his being in the Bay of Islands in January 1821. In 1823 he was in Sydney and returned on board the Brampton with Rev. Henry Williams and his wife Marianne; He later went with John A. Wilson, James Preece and John Morgan to establish the Putiri mission station. His daughter Elizabeth married William Colenso.
• Octavius Hadfield, arrived in December 1838 and was ordained a minister at Paihia on 6 January 1839, that year he travelled to Otaki with Henry Williams, where he established a mission station.
• James Kemp, arrived 12 August 1819. Blacksmith, keeper of the mission stores and catechist, and school teacher at Kerikeri.
• Samuel Marsden Knight (a nephew of Samuel Marsden), catechist arrived in June 1835.
• Robert Maunsell, arrived in 1835 and worked with the Rev. William Williams on the translation of the Bible. He later established the Manukau mission station in 1835.
• William Puckey, carpenter, arrived on 12 August 1819 and worked with Joseph Matthews to establish the Kaitaia mission station in 1833. William Puckey was the father of William Gilbert Puckey.
• William Gilbert Puckey joined the mission in 1821. He served as the mate of the Herald; then worked for the CMS mission, including collaborating with William Williams on the translation of the New Testament.
• James Shepherd, visited with Marsden in 1817 and placed at Rangihoua in 1820. A skilled gardener, who taught the Māori how to plant vegetables, fruit and trees. He was generally employed among the different tribes, instructing them in the Christian religion, as he understood the Māori language better than any of the other missionaries at that time. He served at the mission stations at Kaeo, Te Puna on the Purerua Peninsula and Whangaroa.
• William Wade, printer, arrived in December 1834 and worked with William Colenso at Paihia. He later established the Tauranga mission station in 1835.

See also: Church Missionary Society

Watercolour painting by Henry Williams of the CMS mission house at Paihia

Henry was appointed to be the leader of the missionary team. He had a different approach to the missionary work than Marsden. Marsden's policy had been to teach useful skills as a preparation for evangelism. This approach had little success. Also, in order to obtain essential food, they had yielded to the pressure to trade in muskets, the item of barter in which Māori showed the greatest interest in order to engage in inter-tribal warfare.

Henry concentrated on the salvation of souls. Schools were established, which addressed religious instruction, reading and writing and practical skills. Henry also stopped the trade in muskets, although this had the consequence of reducing trade for food as the Māori withheld the supply of food so as to pressure the missionaries to resume the trade in muskets. Eventually the mission began to grow sufficient food for itself. The Māori eventually came to see that the ban on muskets was the only way to bring an end to the tribal wars, but that took some time.

At first there were several conflicts and confrontations with the Ngāpuhi. One of the most severe was the confrontation with the chief Tohitapu on 12 January 1824, which was witnessed by other chiefs. The incident began when Tohitapu visited the mission, finding the gate being shut, Tohitapu jumped over fence. Henry demanded that Tohitapu enter the mission using the gate. Tohitapu was a chief and a tohunga, skilled to the magic known as makutu. Tohitapu was offended by William's demand and began a threatening haka flourishing his mere and taiaha. Henry Williams faced down this challenge. Tohitapu then seized a pot, which he claimed as compensation for hurting his foot in jumping over the fence, whereupon Williams seized the pot off Tohitapu. The incidence continued through the night during which Tohitapu began a karakia, a chant of bewitchment. Henry Williams had no fear of the karakia. The next morning Tohitapu and Henry reconciled their differences - Tohitapu remained a supporter of Henry Williams and the mission at Paihia.

This incident and others in which Henry Williams faced down belligerent chiefs, contributed to his growing mana among the Māori by established to the Māori that Henry Williams had a forceful personality, “[a]lthough his capacity to comprehend the indigenous culture was severely constrained by his evangelical Christianity, his obduracy was in some ways an advantage in dealings with the Maori. From the time of his arrival he refused to be intimidated by the threats and boisterous actions of utu and muru plundering parties”.

The building of the schooner Herald

In 1826 the 55 ton schooner Herald was constructed on the beach at Paihia. Henry was assisted by Gilbert Mair who became the captain of the Herald with William Gilbert Puckey as the mate. This ship enabled Henry the better to provision the mission stations and to more easily visit the more remote areas of New Zealand. (She was wrecked in 1828 while trying to enter Hokianga Harbour). One of the first trips of the Herald brought Henry to Port Jackson, Australia. Here he joined his younger brother William and his wife Jane. William, who had studied as a surgeon, had decided to become a missionary in New Zealand. They sailed to Paihia on board the Sir George Osborne, the same ship that brought William and Jane from England.

The translation of the Bible and dictionary making

The first book published in the Māori language was A Korao no New Zealand! The New Zealanders First Book!, published by Thomas Kendall in 1815. Kendall travelled to London in 1820 with Hongi Hika and Waikato (a lower ranking Ngāpuhi chief) during which time work was done with Professor Samuel Lee at Cambridge University, which resulted in the First Grammar and Vocabulary of the New Zealand Language (1820). The CMS missionaries did not have a high regard for this book. Henry organised the CMS missionaries into a systematic study of the language and soon started translating the Bible into Māori.

After 1826 William Williams became involved in the translation of the Bible and other Christian literature, with Henry Williams devoting more time to his efforts to establish CMS missions in the Waikato, Rotorua and Bay of Plenty. Robert Maunsell worked with William Williams on the translation of the Bible. William Williams concentrated on the New Testament; Maunsell worked on the Old Testament, portions of which were published in 1827, 1833 and 1840 with the full translation completed in 1857. In July 1827 the first Māori Bible was printed comprising 3 chapters of Genesis, 20th chapter of Exodus, 1st chapter of the Gospel of St John, 30 verses of the 5th chapter of the Gospel of St Matthew, the Lord’s Prayer and some hymns.

William Gilbert Puckey also collaborating with William Williams on the translation of the New Testament, which was published in 1837 and its revision in 1844. William Williams published the Dictionary of the New Zealand Language and a Concise Grammar in 1844.

The Musket Wars

In 1827 there were new battles between Māori tribes. Hongi Hika, the paramount Ngāpuhi chief, was largely involved. He was hurt and died many months later. Henry was active in promoting a peaceful solution in what threatened to be a bloody war. Apart from that, on the morning of 5 January a brig had arrived, the Wellington, a convict ship, from Sydney, bound for Norfolk Island. The convicts had risen, making prisoners of the captain, crew, guard and passengers. Henry convinced the captains of two whalers in the harbour to fire into and retake the Wellington. Forty convicts escaped. Threats were made to shoot Henry Williams, whom the convicts considered instrumental in their capture.

In 1830 there was a battle, in Kororareka, sometimes called the Girls' War, which led to the death of the Ngāpuhi leader Hengi. Henry tried to bring peace. Tohitapu then cooperated. When the highly respected Rev. Samuel Marsden arrived, it looked like peace. But Hengi's sons Mango and Kahaka were not satisfied with the situation. In March 1831 and March 1832 new raids took place. Henry tried to bring peace again, but the majority of Ngāpuhi maintained the offensive. When Henry sailed back to Paihia he was caught in a raging sea. Henry took command out of the hands of the captain and saved the ship.

Inter-tribal was a exacerbated by the trade in muskets resulted in what are known as the Musket Wars. In his journals Henry Williams provides an account of a musket war expedition or heke that took place between Dec 1831 and ended in Nov 1832. In 1833 Henry was involved in negotiations to free a number of slaves, taken by Ngāpuhi, most of them Ngāti Porou, from the East Coast.

Expansion of the activities of the CMS mission

On 7 February 1830 Rawiri Taiwhanga (1818–1874), a Ngāpuhi chief, was baptised. He was the first high-ranking Māori to be converted to Christianity. This gave the missionary work of the CMS a great impetus, as it influenced many others to do the same. Hone Heke attended the CMS mission school at Kerikeri in 1824 and 1825. Heke and his wife Ono, were baptised on 9 August 1835, with Heke later became a lay reader of the Church of England. For a time Heke lived at Paihia during which time Henry Williams became a close friend and adviser.

Henry Williams played a leading role in the southward extension of the missionary activities. “He made several trips to other parts of the North Island to explore the possibilities for expansion, and directed the establishment of new missions. He sent missionaries to begin work at several places in the Waikato during the 1830s. His brother William and his wife Jane moved to Turanga, in Poverty Bay, at the end of the decade, and stations were founded as far south as Otaki”.

“From 1830 to 1840 Henry Williams ruled the mission with a kind but firm hand.(...) And when the first settlers of the New Zealand Company landed at Wellington in 1839, Williams did his best to repel them, because he felt they would overrun the country, taking the land and teaching the Māori godless customs”.

Treaty of Waitangi

Henry Williams played an important role in the coming about of the Treaty of Waitangi (1840). Together with his son he translated the English draft of the Treaty into Māori.

In his translation he used a dialect known as "Missionary Māori", which was not traditional Māori, but had been made up by the missionaries. An example of this in the Treaty is kawanatanga, a cognate word which Williams is believed to have transplanted from English. It appeared in the Māori language for the first time in the Treaty and hence, some argue, was an inappropriate choice. There is considerable debate about what would have been a more appropriate term. Some scholars argue that mana (prestige, authority) would have more accurately conveyed the transfer of sovereignty; although others argue that mana cannot be given away and is not the same thing as sovereignty.

Hone Heke was the first chief to sign the Treaty of Waitangi on 6 May 1840, although he was later to cut down the flagstaff on Flagstaff Hill Kororareka (nowadays Russell) to express his dissatisfaction with how the representatives of Crown subsequently treated the authority of the chiefs as being subservient to that of the Crown.

Henry Williams was also involved in explaining the Treaty to Māori leaders, firstly at the meetings with William Hobson at Waitangi, but later also when he travelled to many places to persuade Māori chiefs to sign the Treaty. His involvement in these debates brought him “into the increasingly uncomfortable role of mediating between two races”.

Dismissed from service; rehabilitation

In the 1830s Henry Williams purchased 11,000 acres (5,420 hectares) from Te Morenga of Tai-a-mai (Pakaraka), to provide employment and financial security for his six sons and five daughters as the Church Missionary Society had no arrangements for pensions or other maintenance of CMS missionaries and their families that lived in New Zealand. The Church Missionary Society and implemented land purchase policies for its missionaries in Australia, which involved the Society paying for the purchase of land for the children of missionaries, but discussions for such a policy for the New Zealand missions had not been settled. The purchase of the land was reviewed by Land Commissioner FitzGerald under the Land Claims Ordinance 1841. FitzGerald, in the Land Office report of 14 July 1844, recommended that Governor FitzRoy confirm the award in favour of the Rev. Henry Williams of 9,000 of the 11,000 acres as Henry Williams “appears to have paid on behalf of himself and children enough to entitle them to (22,131) twenty-two thousand one hundred and thirty-one acres”. This did not end the controversy over the purchase of land by Henry Williams as the New Zealand Company, and others with an interest in acquiring Māori land, continued to attack the character of Henry Williams.

In 1845 George Grey arrived in New Zealand to take up his appointment as Governor. At this time Hone Heke challenged the authority of the British, beginning by cutting down the flagstaff on Flagstaff Hill at Kororareka on four occasions. On this flagstaff the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand had previously flown, now the Union Jack was hoisted; hence the flagstaff symbolised the grievances of Heke and his allies as to changes that had followed the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. Hone Heke, who was born at Pakaraka, the location of the land Henry Williams had purchased, took no action against the CMS missionaries during the Flagstaff War and directed his protest at the representatives of Crown with Hone Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti fighting the English soldiers and Māori tribes that remained loyal to the Crown. During the Flagstaff War Henry Williams wrote letters to Hone Heke in an attempt to persuade Heke and Kawiti to cease the conflict. In 1846, following the battles at Ohaeawai pā and Ruapekapeka pā, Hone Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti sought to end the Flagstaff War; with Tāmati Wāka Nene acting as an intermediary, they agreed peace terms with Governor Grey.

In following years Governor Grey listened to the voices speaking against the CMS missionaries and Governor Grey accused Henry Williams and the other CMS missionaries of being responsible for the Flagstaff War; The newspaper New Zealander of 31 January 1846 inflamed the attack in an article that referring to "TREASONABLE LETTERS. Among the recent proclamations in the Government Gazette of the 24th instant, is one respecting some letters found in the pa at Ruapekapeka, and stating that his Excellency, although aware that they were of a treasonable nature, ordered them to be consigned to the flames, without either perusing or allowing a copy of them to be taken." In a thinly disguise reference to Henry Williams, with the reference to "their Rangatira pakeha [gentlemen] correspondents", the New Zealander went on to state: "We consider these English traitors far more guilty and deserving of severe punishment, than the brave natives whom they have advised and misled. Cowards and knaves in the full sense of the terms, they have pursued their traitorous schemes, afraid to risk their own persons, yet artfully sacrificing others for their own aggrandizement, while, probably at the same time, they were most hypocritically professing most zealous loyalty."

In a letter of 25 June 1846 to W. E. Gladstone the Colonial Secretary in Sir Robert Peel's government, Governor Grey referred to the land acquired by the CMS missionaries and commented that "Her Majesty's Government may also rest satisfied that these individuals cannot be put in possession of these tracts of land without a large expenditure of British blood and money”. The first Anglican bishop of New Zealand, George Augustus Selwyn, took the side of Grey in relation to the purchase of the land, and in 1849 the CMS decided to dismiss Henry from service when Henry refused to give up the land acquired for his family at Pakaraka.

Henry and Marianne moved to Pakaraka. Here his children were farming the land that was the source of his troubles. He continued to minister and preach in the Holy Trinity Church at Pakaraka, which was build by his family. Henry and Marianne lived by the church in a house known as The Retreat, that still stands. In 1854 he was reinstated to the CMS after Bishop Selwyn and George Grey addressed the committee of the CMS and requested that Henry Williams be reinstated.

Governor Grey’s first term of office ended in 1853. Sir George Grey returned to New Zealand in 1861 as Governor. Henry Williams welcomed his return with Sir George and Henry meeting at Waimate in November 1861.

Henry Williams died on 16 July 1867 was buried in the grounds of the Holy Trinity Church at Pakaraka.

Gallery

• 
  Holy Trinity Church at Pakaraka
• 
  Interior of the Holy Trinity
• 
  A plaque in the church

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

Literature and sources

• Rogers, Lawrence M. (editor) (1961) - The Early Journals of Henry Williams 1826 to 1840. Christchurch : Pegasus Press. online available at New Zealand Electronic Text Centre (NZETC) (2011-06-27)
• Carleton, Hugh (1874) - The life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate. Auckland NZ. Online available from Early New Zealand Books (ENZB).
• Crosby, Ron (2004) - Gilbert Mair, Te Kooti's Nemesis. Reed Publ. Auckland NZ. ISBN 0-7900-0969-2
• Evans, Rex D. (compiler) (1992) - Faith and farming Te huarahi ki te ora; The Legacy of Henry Williams and William Williams. Published by Evagean Publishing, 266 Shaw Road, Titirangi, Auckland NZ. ISBN 0-908951-16-7 (soft cover), ISBN 0-908951-17-5 (hard cover), ISBN 0-908951-18-3 (leather bound)
• Fitzgerald, Caroline (2011) - Te Wiremu - Henry Williams: Early Years in the North, Huia Publishers, New Zealand ISBN 978-1-86969-439-5
• Fitzgerald, Caroline (2004) - Letters from the Bay of Islands, Sutton Publishing Limited, United Kingdom; ISBN 0-7509-3696-7 (Hardcover). Penguin Books, New Zealand, (Paperback) ISBN 0-14-301929-5
• Gillies, Iain and John (1998) - East Coast Pioneers. A Williams Family Portrait; A Legacy of Land, Love and Partnership. Published by The Gisborne Herald Co. Ltd, Gladstone Road, Gisborne NZ. ISBN 0-473-05118-4
• Mitcalfe, Barry (1963) - Nine New Zealanders. Christchurch NZ. The chapter 'Angry peacemaker: Henry Williams – A missionary's courage wins Maori converts' (p. 32 - 36)
• Fisher, Robin (2007) - Williams, Henry 1792 - 1867 in Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (DNZB), updated 22 June 2007
• Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973) - Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams, Christchurch : Pegasus Press
• Williams, William (1867) - Christianity among the New Zealanders. London. Online available from ENZB.

External links

• Henry Williams copy of the Treaty of Waitangi on New Zealand History online.
• Henry Williams biography from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
• The Early Journals of Henry Williams; Senior Missionary in New Zealand of the Church Missionary Society (1826–40). Edited by Lawrence M. Rogers. Pegasus Press, Christchurch 1961, at NZETC
• some sketches made by Henry Williams at NZETC
• The Character of Henry Williams described by Hugh Carleton (1874) – The Life of Henry Williams