Kurdish separatism in Iran: Difference between revisions
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|date=1918-present<ref name=cornell10>Benjamin Smith. ''Land and Rebellion: |
|date=1918-present<ref name=cornell10>Benjamin Smith. ''Land and Rebellion: |
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Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective''.P.10. "The Kurds of Iran: Opportunistic and Failed Resistance, 1918‐". [http://government.arts.cornell.edu/assets/psac/sp09/Smith_Kurdish_Separatism_Feb09_PSAC.pdf]</ref><ref name=noi>AYLIN ÜNVER NOI. ''The Arab Spring - its effects on the Kurds and the approaches of Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq on the Kurdish issue.'' Gloria Center. 1 July 2012. "There is a long history of tension between the Kurds and the government in Iran. This began with Reza Shah Pahlavi recapturing the lands that Kurdish leaders had gained control of between 1918 and 1922."; "Iran fears that the creation of a semi-autonomous state in northern Iraq might motivate its own Kurdish minority to press for greater independence. However, Iran’s concern about Kurdish separatism does not approach the level of Turkey’s concern. Still, there have been repeated clashes between Kurds and Iranian security forces" [http://www.gloria-center.org/2012/07/the-arab-spring-its-effects-on-the-kurds-and-the-approaches-of-turkey-iran-syria-and-iraq-on-the-kurdish-issue/]</ref> |
Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective''.P.10. "The Kurds of Iran: Opportunistic and Failed Resistance, 1918‐". [http://government.arts.cornell.edu/assets/psac/sp09/Smith_Kurdish_Separatism_Feb09_PSAC.pdf]</ref><ref name=noi>AYLIN ÜNVER NOI. ''The Arab Spring - its effects on the Kurds and the approaches of Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq on the Kurdish issue.'' Gloria Center. 1 July 2012. "There is a long history of tension between the Kurds and the government in Iran. This began with Reza Shah Pahlavi recapturing the lands that Kurdish leaders had gained control of between 1918 and 1922."; "Iran fears that the creation of a semi-autonomous state in northern Iraq might motivate its own Kurdish minority to press for greater independence. However, Iran’s concern about Kurdish separatism does not approach the level of Turkey’s concern. Still, there have been repeated clashes between Kurds and Iranian security forces" [http://www.gloria-center.org/2012/07/the-arab-spring-its-effects-on-the-kurds-and-the-approaches-of-turkey-iran-syria-and-iraq-on-the-kurdish-issue/]</ref><ref name="elling">{{cite book|last=Elling|first=Rasmus Christian|title=Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|year=2013|isbn=9780230115842|oclc=714725127}}</ref> |
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{{Campaignbox Kurdish insurgency in Iran}} |
{{Campaignbox Kurdish insurgency in Iran}} |
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The '''Kurdish insurgency in Iran'''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chubin|first1=Shahram|authorlink1=Shahram Chubin|last2=Zabih|first2=Sepehr|title=The Foreign Relations of Iran: A Developing State in a Zone of Great-Power Conflict|year=1974|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520026834|oclc=1219525|page=312}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hiltermann|first=Joost R.|title=A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja|year=2007|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=New York City|isbn=9780521876865|oclc=77831064|page=162}}</ref>, or the '''Kurdish–Iranian conflict'''<ref>[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=kfHCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22kurdish+iranian+conflict%22&dq=%22kurdish+iranian+conflict%22&source=bl&ots=ovEYg6kwcK&sig=TBoRnNW9Gn2VFuM1b1njN1xhgOY&hl=iw&sa=X&ei=KgIwUJfSMKLB0QWCvIHoDA&redir_esc=y ''Contemporary Gulf''. 1980]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=VuG5AAAAIAAJ&q=%22kurdish+iranian+conflict%22&dq=%22kurdish+iranian+conflict%22&source=bl&ots=rsUq0qaaoN&sig=b3e4vSmtNQYJwWPtLizCeLdL3as&hl=iw&sa=X&ei=KgIwUJfSMKLB0QWCvIHoDA&redir_esc=y ''Near East, North Africa report.'' 1994]</ref> is an ongoing,<ref name=cornell10/><ref name=habeeb/><ref name=uarkansas/> long running, dispute between the Kurdish opposition in Western Iran and the governments of Iran,<ref name=habeeb>William Mark Habeeb, Rafael D. Frankel, Mina Al-Oraibi. ''The Middle East in Turmoil: Conflict, Revolution, and Change.'' ABC-CLIO publishing. P.46. [http://books.google.co.il/books?id=9ENuHIJEqZIC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=%22kurdish+separatism+in+Iran%22+-wikipedia&source=bl&ots=unrT-yQjFi&sig=1KZhMJplZheteZXeRF1zdIPycSo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rSsdUJfzJu-T0QWV-YHQBw&ved=0CFUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22kurdish%20separatism%20in%20Iran%22%20-wikipedia&f=false]</ref> lasting since the emergence of Pahlavi Reza Shah in 1918.<ref name=cornell10/> Some put the starting point of the organized Kurdish separatism to 1943,<ref name=uarkansas>University of Arkansas. Political Science department. Iran/Kurds (1943-present). Retrieved 09 September 2012. [http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/irankurds-1943-present/]</ref> when KDPI and Komala began their political activities in Iran, aiming to gain self-rule in Kurdish regions. |
The '''Kurdish insurgency in Iran'''<ref name="elling"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chubin|first1=Shahram|authorlink1=Shahram Chubin|last2=Zabih|first2=Sepehr|title=The Foreign Relations of Iran: A Developing State in a Zone of Great-Power Conflict|year=1974|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520026834|oclc=1219525|page=312}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hiltermann|first=Joost R.|title=A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja|year=2007|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=New York City|isbn=9780521876865|oclc=77831064|page=162}}</ref>, or the '''Kurdish–Iranian conflict'''<ref>[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=kfHCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22kurdish+iranian+conflict%22&dq=%22kurdish+iranian+conflict%22&source=bl&ots=ovEYg6kwcK&sig=TBoRnNW9Gn2VFuM1b1njN1xhgOY&hl=iw&sa=X&ei=KgIwUJfSMKLB0QWCvIHoDA&redir_esc=y ''Contemporary Gulf''. 1980]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=VuG5AAAAIAAJ&q=%22kurdish+iranian+conflict%22&dq=%22kurdish+iranian+conflict%22&source=bl&ots=rsUq0qaaoN&sig=b3e4vSmtNQYJwWPtLizCeLdL3as&hl=iw&sa=X&ei=KgIwUJfSMKLB0QWCvIHoDA&redir_esc=y ''Near East, North Africa report.'' 1994]</ref> is an ongoing,<ref name=cornell10/><ref name=habeeb/><ref name=uarkansas/><ref name="elling"/> long running, dispute between the Kurdish opposition in Western Iran and the governments of Iran,<ref name=habeeb>William Mark Habeeb, Rafael D. Frankel, Mina Al-Oraibi. ''The Middle East in Turmoil: Conflict, Revolution, and Change.'' ABC-CLIO publishing. P.46. [http://books.google.co.il/books?id=9ENuHIJEqZIC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=%22kurdish+separatism+in+Iran%22+-wikipedia&source=bl&ots=unrT-yQjFi&sig=1KZhMJplZheteZXeRF1zdIPycSo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rSsdUJfzJu-T0QWV-YHQBw&ved=0CFUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22kurdish%20separatism%20in%20Iran%22%20-wikipedia&f=false]</ref> lasting since the emergence of Pahlavi Reza Shah in 1918.<ref name=cornell10/> Some put the starting point of the organized Kurdish separatism to 1943,<ref name=uarkansas>University of Arkansas. Political Science department. Iran/Kurds (1943-present). Retrieved 09 September 2012. [http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/irankurds-1943-present/]</ref> when KDPI and Komala began their political activities in Iran, aiming to gain self-rule in Kurdish regions. |
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The revolts caused great destruction to the Iranian Kurdistan and its people,{{citation needed|date=August 2011}} failing however to gain any success in the insurgency struggle for Kurdish autonomy.<ref name=habeeb/> The insurgency attempts were often finalized with a bloody outcome.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} Several thousands,{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} including many Assyrian civilians,{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} died in the [[Simko Shikak revolt]] between 1918 and 1922 (the conflict of Simko with Iran peaked in 1920). Simko's second rebellion was defeated by central government in 1926,<ref name=cornell10/> while another Kurdish tribal revolt was put down in 1931. |
The revolts caused great destruction to the Iranian Kurdistan and its people,{{citation needed|date=August 2011}} failing however to gain any success in the insurgency struggle for Kurdish autonomy.<ref name=habeeb/> The insurgency attempts were often finalized with a bloody outcome.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} Several thousands,{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} including many Assyrian civilians,{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} died in the [[Simko Shikak revolt]] between 1918 and 1922 (the conflict of Simko with Iran peaked in 1920). Simko's second rebellion was defeated by central government in 1926,<ref name=cornell10/> while another Kurdish tribal revolt was put down in 1931. |
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Revision as of 15:36, 9 August 2013
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2012) |
 | This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (August 2013) |
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 | This article's lead section may be too long. (May 2013) |
The Kurdish insurgency in Iran[3][6][7], or the Kurdish–Iranian conflict[8][9] is an ongoing,[1][10][11][3] long running, dispute between the Kurdish opposition in Western Iran and the governments of Iran,[10] lasting since the emergence of Pahlavi Reza Shah in 1918.[1] Some put the starting point of the organized Kurdish separatism to 1943,[11] when KDPI and Komala began their political activities in Iran, aiming to gain self-rule in Kurdish regions.
The revolts caused great destruction to the Iranian Kurdistan and its people,[citation needed] failing however to gain any success in the insurgency struggle for Kurdish autonomy.[10] The insurgency attempts were often finalized with a bloody outcome.[citation needed] Several thousands,[citation needed] including many Assyrian civilians,[citation needed] died in the Simko Shikak revolt between 1918 and 1922 (the conflict of Simko with Iran peaked in 1920). Simko's second rebellion was defeated by central government in 1926,[1] while another Kurdish tribal revolt was put down in 1931.
The boldest insurgency attempt of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI) took place in 1946, when nearly 1,000 died in the Mahabad arena of the 1946 Iran crisis,[11] which attempted to establish an autonomous Kurdish state in Western Iran.[11][12] More than a decade later, in violent tribal uprisings,[11] launched with KDPI support through the 1960s, Kurdish regions suffered a major blow. A Kurdish rebellion was also put down in 1966-1967.
In the most violent episode[citation needed] of the conflict, more than 30,000 Kurds died starting with the 1979 rebellion until the end of KDPI insurgency of 1990s.[5] Violent struggle in the Kurdish region re-emerged in 2004 as the still ongoing PJAK rebellion, in which hundreds Kurdish militants and Iranian forces and civilians have died. Though a cease-fire between Iran and PJAK was established in September 2011, several deadly clashes have followed.
History
1918-1922 Simko Shikak revolt
Simko Shikak revolt was a rebellion by Kurdish tribes, led by Simko Shikak from 1918 until 1922. Since 1920, the rebellious Simko entered the conflict with Iranian leadership with the emergence of the Pahlavi Reza Shah.[13]
1926 Simko rebellion in Iran
By 1926, Simko had regained control of his tribe and begun another outright rebellion against the state.[13] When the army engaged him, half of his troops defected to the tribe’s previous leader and Simqu fled to Iraq.[13]
Republic of Mahabad (1946)
Iran crisis of 1946 included a separatist attempt of KDPI to establish the independent Republic of Mahabad in Iranian Kurdistan.[11] The attempt failed with military victory of the Iranian forces and the Kurdush Republic was abolished. Some 1,000 died during the crisis.[11]
1967 Kurdish revolt
In mid-1960s a series of Kurdish tribal disturbances erupted in Western Iran, fed up by the revival of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDP-I).[1] In 1967-8 Iranian government troops suppressed a Kurdish revolt in Western Iran,[11] consolidating the previous Kurdish uprisings in Mahabad-Urumiya region.
1979 rebellion
1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran was an insurrection led by the KDPI and its allies in Iranian Kurdistan, which became the most violent rebellion against the new Iranian regime, following the Islamic Revolution. The rebellion ended in December 1982, with 10,000 killed and 200,000 displaced.[11]
1990s KDPI insurgency
Insurrection by the KDPI took place in Iranian Kurdistan through early and mid-90s, initiated by assassination of its leader in exile in July 1989. The insurrection ended in 1996, as KDPI announced a unilateral cease fire.[citation needed]
PJAK insurrection
Iran–PJAK conflict is a recent rebellion of PJAK, lasting since April 2004 until present.[11] PJAK is based in the border area with Iraqi Kurdistan and is affiliated with the PKK. The PJAK goal is an establishment of a Kurdish autonomy and they do not pose any serious threat to the regime of the Islamic Republic.[10] The activities of PJAK ended, following the 2011 Iranian offensive on PJAK bases and the consequent cease-fire, established on September 2011. The cease-fire was violated twice in 2012. A number of clashes between PJAK and IRGC took place also in May 2013, with at least 2 Iranian soldiers killed.[14]
Iranian intervention in Iraqi-Kurdish conflict
Involvement in Iraq (1970s)
Iranian military support was provided to the Iraqi KDP against its Kurdish rival of Patriotic Union of Kurdistan during the PUK insurgency in 1976-1978.[citation needed]
Involvement in Iraq (1990s)
Iranian intervention in Iraqi Kurdistan was made during Iraqi Kurdish Civil War. Iran first sided with the KDP against PUK in the Kurdish Civil War, switching sides after 1995[citation needed].
See also
- Iranian Kurdistan
- Kurdish people
- List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
- Kurdish–Turkish conflict
References
- ^ a b c d e Benjamin Smith. Land and Rebellion: Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective.P.10. "The Kurds of Iran: Opportunistic and Failed Resistance, 1918‐". [1]
- ^ AYLIN ÜNVER NOI. The Arab Spring - its effects on the Kurds and the approaches of Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq on the Kurdish issue. Gloria Center. 1 July 2012. "There is a long history of tension between the Kurds and the government in Iran. This began with Reza Shah Pahlavi recapturing the lands that Kurdish leaders had gained control of between 1918 and 1922."; "Iran fears that the creation of a semi-autonomous state in northern Iraq might motivate its own Kurdish minority to press for greater independence. However, Iran’s concern about Kurdish separatism does not approach the level of Turkey’s concern. Still, there have been repeated clashes between Kurds and Iranian security forces" [2]
- ^ a b c Elling, Rasmus Christian (2013). Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230115842. OCLC 714725127.
- ^ Iran: Freedom of Expression and Association in the Kurdish Regions. 2009. "This 42-page report documents how Iranian authorities use security laws, press laws, and other legislation to arrest and prosecute Iranian Kurds solely for trying to exercise their right to freedom of expression and association. The use of these laws to suppress basic rights, while not new, has greatly intensified since President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad came to power in August 2005." [3]
- ^ a b c Hicks, Neil. The human rights of Kurds in the Islamic Republic of Iran, April 2000. [4]
- ^ Chubin, Shahram; Zabih, Sepehr (1974). The Foreign Relations of Iran: A Developing State in a Zone of Great-Power Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 312. ISBN 9780520026834. OCLC 1219525.
- ^ Hiltermann, Joost R. (2007). A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja. New York City: Cambridge University Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780521876865. OCLC 77831064.
- ^ Contemporary Gulf. 1980
- ^ Near East, North Africa report. 1994
- ^ a b c d William Mark Habeeb, Rafael D. Frankel, Mina Al-Oraibi. The Middle East in Turmoil: Conflict, Revolution, and Change. ABC-CLIO publishing. P.46. [5]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j University of Arkansas. Political Science department. Iran/Kurds (1943-present). Retrieved 09 September 2012. [6]
- ^ The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga. p.27-28. [7]
- ^ a b c Smith B. Land and Rebellion: Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective. [8]
- ^ Sardasht-ag.ir [9]
External links
- PJAK website (in Persian, Sorani and English)
- Extract from article about Kurdish Iranian militants 28 June 2006