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{{Merge|Jung Myung Seok|date=December 2013}}
[[File:Jungmyungseok.png|right|frame|<center>Jung Myung-seok, founder of Providence]]
[[File:Jungmyungseok.png|right|frame|<center>Jung Myung-seok, founder of Providence]]
'''Providence''' is a Christian [[new religious movement|religious movement]] founded by [[Jung Myung Seok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/79421/seoul-former-jms-cult-members-tell-their-stories/ |title=Seoul: Former JMS cult members tell their stories |publisher=Asian Correspondent |date=2012-04-02 |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref> The movement began as a splinter group from the [[Unification Church]]<ref>[[Chunichi Shinbun]]. 17 February 2007. [http://wayback.archive.org/web/20070225213503/http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/00/sya/20070217/eve_____sya_____001.shtml 監禁、傷害での立件視野]. "世界基督教統一神霊協会（統一教会）を脱会した韓国人の鄭明析教祖が１９８０年ごろに設立した宗教集団。"</ref> in [[South Korea]] in 1978 where it still has the most members. The organization has been widely referred to by the media as a cult.<ref name=theaustralian>{{cite news| url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21732554-2703,00.html| title=Asian Cult Leader Arrested| publisher=[[The Australian]]| date=2007-05-15|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref><ref name="Fox News">{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,272712,00.html| title=Alleged South Korean Rape Cult Leader Arrested in China| publisher=[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]| date=2007-05-16| accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref>
'''Providence''' is a Christian [[new religious movement|religious movement]] founded by [[Jung Myung Seok]] (also known as and known by the names of '''Joshua Jung''', "Joshua Lee" and "Pastor Joshua")<ref name="Sydney Morning Herald">{{cite news |last=Cubby |first=Ben |date=March 10, 2007 |title=Claims sect using social groups to recruit members |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/claims-sect-using-social-groups-to-recruit-members/2007/03/09/1173166991757.html |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |location= |publisher= |accessdate= 28 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/79421/seoul-former-jms-cult-members-tell-their-stories/ |title=Seoul: Former JMS cult members tell their stories |publisher=Asian Correspondent |date=2012-04-02 |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref> The movement began as a splinter group from the [[Unification Church]]<ref>[[Chunichi Shinbun]]. 17 February 2007. [http://wayback.archive.org/web/20070225213503/http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/00/sya/20070217/eve_____sya_____001.shtml 監禁、傷害での立件視野]. "世界基督教統一神霊協会（統一教会）を脱会した韓国人の鄭明析教祖が１９８０年ごろに設立した宗教集団。"</ref> in [[South Korea]] in 1978 where it still has the most members. The organization has been widely referred to by the media as a cult.<ref name=theaustralian>{{cite news| url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21732554-2703,00.html| title=Asian Cult Leader Arrested| publisher=[[The Australian]]| date=2007-05-15|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref><ref name="Fox News">{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,272712,00.html| title=Alleged South Korean Rape Cult Leader Arrested in China| publisher=[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]| date=2007-05-16| accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref>


After rape allegations were made against Jung, he fled Korea in 1999. Jung was finally captured by Chinese police in May 2007.<ref name="theaustralian"/><ref name="Fox News"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/12/us-korea-sect-idUSSEO9345720080812 |title=South Korean religious sect leader jailed for rape |publisher=Reuters |date=2008-08-12 |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref> In April 2009, the Supreme court of South Korea sentenced him to 10 years imprisonment.<ref name="straitstimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_336458.html|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|title=Cult head jailed for sex crimes|date=2009-02-10|accessdate=2009-02-10}}</ref>
Following accusations against him by South Korean police of rape, fraud and embezzlement, Jung fled the country in 1999 and spent time in Hong Kong and China before being arrested by Chinese police in May 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/12/us-korea-sect-idUSSEO9345720080812 |title=South Korean religious sect leader jailed for rape |publisher=Reuters |date=2008-08-12 |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref><ref name=theaustralian>{{cite news| url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic/?verb=sr&csi=244777 | title=Asian Cult Leader Arrested| publisher=[[The Australian]] {{Subscription required | via=[[LexisNexis]]}} | date=2007-05-15|accessdate=2013-11-02 | quote=Jung, wanted by Korean police for rape, fraud, and embezzlement, escaped South Korea in 1999 and was later placed on the Interpol wanted list. He next surfaced in Hong Kong in 2003, where he was charged with being an illegal immigrant, granted bail and fled again — apparently to China. He was caught by police in Anshan, in Laioning, the Chinese province that borders North Korea.}}</ref><ref name="Fox News">{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,272712,00.html| title=Alleged South Korean Rape Cult Leader Arrested in China| publisher=[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]| date=2007-05-16| accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/12/us-korea-sect-idUSSEO9345720080812 |title=South Korean religious sect leader jailed for rape |publisher=Reuters |date=2008-08-12 |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref> In April 2009, the Supreme court of South Korea sentenced him to 10 years imprisonment.<ref name="straitstimes">{{cite news| url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_336458.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101115020432/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_336458.html | publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] | title=Cult head jailed for sex crimes | date=2009-02-10 |archivedate=2010-11-15 | accessdate=2013-10-29}}</ref>


Other names for the church include '''Jesus Morning Star''' ('''JMS''') (the most known name in South Korea), Christian Gospel Mission (CGM, official name in South Korea), Setsuri ("providence" in Japanese), International Christian Association (ICA), Morning Star Church, The Bright Moon Church, Ae-chun Church, Young-dong Church, Nak-seong-dae Church, and Seoul Church.
Other names for the church include '''Jesus Morning Star''' ('''JMS''') (the most known name in South Korea), Christian Gospel Mission (CGM, official name in South Korea), Setsuri ("providence" in Japanese), International Christian Association (ICA), Morning Star Church, The Bright Moon Church, Ae-chun Church, Young-dong Church, Nak-seong-dae Church, and Seoul Church.

==Beliefs==
Jung's teaching is explained to followers in a series of 30 secret lectures. After a series of Bible studies aiming to demonstrate that the [[Great Tribulation]] has already begun, the final, most secret lectures prove that Jung is the Messiah using [[numerology]], explain that those who do not "meet" him will not go to Heaven, and warn that any who betray him are committing a grave crime.<ref> Sakurai, Yoshihide. [http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/33015 "Cult Problems on Campus : Why were students involved in the “Setsuri” (Providence) cult group?"] ''Journal of Higher Education and Lifelong Learning'' 15 (2007)</ref> It is also taught that Eve was 14 years old when she first had sex with Adam.<ref>{{cite conference|last=Sakurai|first=Yoshihide|title=カルト問題と格差社会との関連 | language=Japanese | trans_title=The context of social disparity and the cult problem | journal=宗教と現代がわかる本 [Religion in the Modern World] | year=2007 | pages=140–143 | url=http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/35495|quote=人間の始祖、アダムとイブは堕天使ルシファーにより誘惑され、成長以前に不義の性交を行い（元摂理信者のノートによれば、禁断の木の実を食べたイブは当時 14 歳であった！）(The first humans, Adam and Eve engaged in underage intercourse -- according to Providence believers, Eve was 14 when she partake of the forbidden fruit!)}}</ref>

Jung teaches that he is here to finish the restoration history of the [[Holy Trinty]], asserting that he is the [[messiah]] of this time period and has the responsibility to save all mankind.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2007/05/117_2823.html| title=Suspect of Corrupt Cult Founder Arrested in China| publisher=[[The Korea Times]]| date=2007-05-13| accessdate=2008-02-27 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913080827/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2007/05/117_2823.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> Jung claims that the [[Christian]] doctrine of bodily resurrection is false but that people can be saved through him.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/02/113_19368.html| title=Cult Leader Extradited to Korea| publisher=[[The Korea Times]]| date=2008-02-21| accessdate=2008-02-27 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080401134040/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/02/113_19368.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-04-01}}</ref>

Jung's teachings are similar to the Unification Church.<ref name="lovecult">{{cite news| title='Love' cult snares student|publisher=[[Japan Times]]|date=2002-10-27|quote=“The church’s doctrine is composed of the so-called ’30 precepts,’ although it’s pretty clear that they’re derived from the Unification Church,” explains Toyoshige Aizawa, a Christian minister engaged in weaning young people away from cults. “Jong has twisted the biblical story of Adam and Eve to deal with sex, saying, ‘To atone for Adam and Eve’s original sin, which was visited upon all mankind, it’s necessary to engage in intercourse with the Lord.’ In this case, he means himself, since he claims to be a reincarnation of Jesus.”}}</ref> According to one researcher, nine of the 30 secret lectures resemble the Unification Church's ''[[Divine Principle]]'' very closely.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[:ko:탁명환|탁명환]]|title=기독교 이단 연구|year=1986|publisher=국제 종교 문제 연구소}}</ref> The main differences are that:

#it identifies Jung as the Messiah (rather than [[Sun Myung Moon]])
#it teaches that original sin, originating in [[Eve (Bible)|Eve]]'s intercourse with [[Satan]], can be defeated by having sex with Jung.<ref name=aptvnews /><ref name="lovecult" /><ref>{{cite conference|last=Sakurai|first=Yoshihide|title=カルト問題と格差社会との関連 | language=Japanese | trans_title=The context of social disparity and the cult problem | journal=宗教と現代がわかる本 [Religion in the Modern World] | year=2007 | pages=140–143 | url=http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/35495}}</ref>

Jung encourages his followers to form non-religious organisations for the purpose of attracting young people without initially revealing the religious nature of the group or their real motives,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asahi.com/paper/editorial20060818.html|archiveurl=http://www.asyura2.com/0601/cult3/msg/326.html|title=教団のワナにはまるな |trans_title=Another problem cult|publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]]|date=2006-08-18|archivedate=1900-01-01|accessdate=2013-12-18|quote=The gimmicks the sect uses to increase its membership are nothing new. At university campuses, the sect's recruiters first approach students under the guise of a sports or cultural circle. After building close personal relationships with these students, the members reveal the religious nature of their group and start indoctrinating them. The favorite targets are serious-minded young people who feel alienated from their families and schools and wish to change their lives.}}</ref> in a practice which has been described as "fraudulent" by lawyers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200607310108.html|archiveurl=http://icsahome.com/infoserv_respond/by_group.asp?ID=30280|title=Cult aimed at elite in 50 universities|publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]]| date=2006-07-31|archivedate=1900-01-01| accessdate=2013-12-18|quote=Ex-members say recruiting on campus started on Jung's orders in the mid-1990s. "It's a fraudulent activity, as they conceal the group's identity in luring members," a lawyer said. An ex-member in his 30s said he and other cultists were deprived of sleep--forced to work late into the night and then wake up early to listen to Jung's videotaped preaching.}}</ref>

==History==

Jung was born in [[Geumsan County]], [[South Chungcheong]]. According to Yoshihide Sakurai, a professor of sociology at [[Hokkaido University]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://jpars.org/online/view-issue/authors2012/yoshihide-sakurai | title=Yoshihide Sakurai — Religious Studies in Japan | publisher=Japanese Association for Religious Studies | year=2011 | accessdate=2013-11-02}}</ref> Jung was involved with the [[Unification Church]] from 1975 to 1978, and as a result, Jung's teachings closely resemble those of the Unification Church.<ref>{{cite conference|last=Sakurai|first=Yoshihide|title=日本のカルト問題 : 「摂理」を事例に|trans_title=Japan's cult problem: a case study of 'Providence'|language=Japanese|journal=日本近代学会大会 [Japan Modern Society]|date=2007-05-18|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2115/35238|quote=1975-77 年の間に統一教（統一教会）に関わった。そのために、摂理の教義は統一教会の教義とかなり似通ったものになっている。(From 1975 to 1978 he was involved with the Unification Church. For this reason, Providence's teachings resemble the Unification Church quite closely.)}}</ref><ref name="inch7">{{cite web|url=http://www.hdjongkyo.co.kr/html/sup01_1.html?Hid=7|title=///현대종교///|accessdate=2013-11-04|author=Information Network on Christian Heresy|language=Korean|quote=정명석은 1975년도에 측근 신도들에게 통일교 창시자 문선명의 사명은 끝났고 1978년부터 자신의 사명이 시작됐다고 공언하기도 했다.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icsahome.com/view_document.asp?ID=38296 |title=South Korean cult merges sex with prayer|publisher=[[Kyodo News]] Service, Japan |date=2006-07-27 |accessdate=2013-12-26|Quote=Jung honed his sagely credentials as an acolyte of South Korea's Unification Church ... Its Bible-based teaching is similar to that of the Unification Church but departs from it}}</ref>

In 1980, he began his first church which has grown into the international religious movement known as "Providence."

According to the Information Network on Christian Heresies, in 1986 the vice president of Providence attempted to act on the sex scandals surrounding the group, but he was shut out of the organizational system and Jung consolidated all power around himself.<ref>{{cite book|author=현대종교 발행인|title=신흥종교 2002 실태조사연구집　 자칭 한국의 재림주들|publisher=국제종교문제연구소장|location=2002}}</ref>

===Sexual abuse charges===

In 1999, [[Seoul Broadcasting System]] (SBS) in Korea reported about sexual abuse allegedly committed by Jung. According to former members, Jung had forced dozens of women to have sex with him, and said that they would go to hell if they told anyone what he had done.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200607290185.html|archiveurl=http://www.icsahome.com/view_document_1.asp?gc_id=262|title=2,000 Japanese join cult led by suspected sex offender on the run from Interpol|publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]]|date=2006-07-29|archivedate=1900-01-01|accessdate=2013-12-18|quote=He stayed at his aides' homes in Osaka and Chiba prefectures, where he summoned up to 10 female followers almost every day and indecently assaulted them under the pretext of 'health checks,' they said. Some Japanese female followers were instructed to go overseas for a rendezvous with Jung, they said. The aides told them to never mention the meetings with Jung, warning they would go to hell if they revealed the secret.}}</ref> This resulted in Jung fleeing the country one day later.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/s2168234.htm | title=China extradites SKorea cult leader| publisher=[[Radio Australia]]| date=2008-02-21| accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref> He was officially charged in 2001.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.npa.go.kr/eng/visitor/visitorView.jsp?seq=406 | archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20070901142356/http://www.npa.go.kr/eng/visitor/visitorView.jsp?seq=406 | archivedate=2007-09-01 | title=Ask the Police| publisher=[[Law enforcement in South Korea|Korean National Police Agency]]| date=2005-07-04| accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref> Providence sued SBS to prevent them from airing the show again. At the end of the trial in 2002, a witness who had testified that there was no sexual exploitation from 1993-4 was found guilty of perjury.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sakurai|first=Yoshihide|title=「摂理」は大学のキャンパスにいる カルトの被害をどう食い止めるか|journal=中央公論|year=2006|month=10|volume=121|issue=10|pages=142-149|url=http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/17100|quote=2002 年ソウル地方法院では、SBS 放送禁止仮処分訴訟において、1993-4 年にかけて鄭との集団性交渉はなかったと証言した証人を偽証罪により懲役 1 年に課した。 (In 2002, the Seoul District Court, in the matter of the SBS broadcast ban injunction, ruled that a witness who had testified that there was no mass sexual relations from 1993-4 had committed perjury, and sentenced him to 1 year in prison.)}}</ref>

Jung was arrested in 2003 for overstaying his visa in Hong Kong and was due to be returned to Korea, but when released on bail, fled the extradition hearing.<ref name=theaustralian /><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.npa.go.kr/eng/visitor/visitorView.jsp?seq=167
| archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20081009220613/http://www.npa.go.kr/eng/visitor/visitorView.jsp?seq=167
| archivedate=2008-10-09 | title=Ask the Police| publisher=[[Law enforcement in South Korea|Korean National Police Agency]]| date=2003-09-21| accessdate=2006-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22998981-23109,00.html
| title=Accused rapist cult leader faces extradition to Korea| publisher=[[News Limited]]| date=2008-01-02| accessdate=2008-02-27|archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20080115174612/http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22998981-23109,00.html
|archivedate=2008-01-15}}</ref>

In April 2006, a press conference was held by the anti-cult group [[EXODUS (NGO)|EXODUS]] in which four unidentified women dressed in baseball caps and bandanas covering their faces,accused Jung of organised sex crimes against themselves and other women, who required medical treatment.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnbnews.com/category/read.html?bcode=7019| title="JMS 정명석 성폭행 계속...정부 뭐하나" 울분| language=Korean|trans_title=Jung Myung Seok assaults continuing; outrage over government inaction|accessdate=2007-01-20|publisher=CNB News|date=2006-04-18|quote=피해자들은 이 날 오후 4시 안국동 느키나무까페에서 ‘JMS 비리 폭로 및 수사 촉구를 위한 기자회견’을 열고 최근 언론을 통해 알려진 정명석의 성폭행 당시 상황 등을 낱낱이 공개했다. (Victims held a press conference at 4PM today in the Nukinamu Cafe in Anguk Dong demanding the exposure and investigation into the JMS corruption case and more fully clarifying events surrounding the Jung Myung Seok sexual assaults that had recently been reported in the media.)}}</ref>

After nearly 9 years on the run,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/2008/02/21/143806/China-extradites.htm| title=China extradites chief of alleged S. Korean rapist cult| publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], [[The China Post]]| date=2008-02-21| accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref> Jung was arrested by Chinese police in May 2007.<ref name="theaustralian"/><ref name="Fox News"/> He was extradited back to South Korea on February 20, 2008.<ref name="iht">{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/20/asia/AS-GEN-SKorea-Cult-Leader.php | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604164157/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/20/asia/AS-GEN-SKorea-Cult-Leader.php | archivedate=2008-06-04 | title=South Korean religious sect leader extradited from China to face rape charges|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]], [[Associated Press|AP]]| date=2008-02-20|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref> Jung has also been charged with fraud and embezzlement of church funds.<ref name="joongang">{{cite web| url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2886496| title=Cult boss extradited to face sex raps| publisher=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]| date=2008-02-21| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110718172736/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2886496 | archivedate=2011-07-18 | accessdate=2013-11-04 | quote=Jung was taken directly to the Seoul Central Public Prosecutors’ Office from the airport. Prosecutors began questioning Jung after his arrival regarding nine complaints filed against him on charges that include embezzlement and sexual assault.}}</ref>

South Korean media reported that Jung had claimed to have received a "special revelation" from God, and that many female members of his cult were ordered to undress for a "health check" and have sex with him to wipe off their sins. Jung denies the charges, his followers say.<ref name=aptvnews>{{cite news|publisher=[[Associated Press Television News]]| date=2008-02-20|accessdate=2008-02-29|title=South Korean fugitive cult leader Jung extradited back to Seoul|url=http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/view/7f51b2b481ecfc4cc98ff70932bd2783?subClipIn=00:00:00&subClipOut=00:00:00|archiveurl=http://archive.is/pgoah| archivedate=2013-04-07}}</ref>

In 2008, in response to the rape allegations, Providence pastor Bae Jae-yong said that it was "distorted rumor that was created by the people who have slandered him" and that "all fundamental truth will be clarified by [Jung] at the prosecutor's office".<ref name="iht"/>

In January 2008, the [[Supreme Court of South Korea]] awarded two females 1 Korean and 1 Japanese 50,000,000 W and 10,000,000 W in damages for sexual assault.<ref name="yonhap2008">{{cite news| url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2008/02/23/56/0302000000AEN20080223001200315F.HTML| title=Religious sect leader formally arrested on rape charges| publisher=[[Yonhap]]| date=2008-02-23| accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://nuri.donga.com/nurinews/view.php?k_id=200801110239&m=2 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215060441/http://nuri.donga.com/nurinews/view.php?k_id=200801110239&m=2 | archivedate=2008-02-15 |publisher=Donganuri News|title=JMS 정명석씨, 신도 성폭행 6천만원 위자료 확정|language=Korean|trans_title=Court upholds compensation for JMS's raped followers in the amount of 60 million won |date=2008-01-11|accessdate=2008-01-27|quote=JMS 정명석 총재에게 성추행ㆍ성폭행 당한 여성신도 2명이 위자료를 받게 됐다. (Two female followers received compensation for sexual assault and rape by Leader Jung Myung Soek.)}}</ref> Providence followers started riots outside of newspapers that reported the court's verdict, forcing ''[[The Dong-a Ilbo]]'' to temporarily shut down.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/01/17/2008011701088.html | title=언론계에 'JMS 공포' | language=Korean | trans_title=JMS terror in the world of media | publisher=[[Chosun Ilbo]] | date=2008-01-17 | quote=17일 언론계에 따르면 JMS 신도 40여명은 지난 14일 서울 광화문 동아일보 사옥 13층 편집국에 난입, "정명석 총재 관련 기사를 내리라"고 강요하며 장시간 난동을 부렸다. (The press reported on the 17th that on the 14th, 40 followers of JMS forced their way into the editorial department on the 13th floor of the Dong-a Ilbo Building in Gwanghwamun Seoul, demanded the paper recall articles about Jung Myung-seok, and created a general disturbance for several hours.)}}</ref>

In August 2008, Jung was convicted of sexual abuse charges and sentenced by Seoul Central District Court to six years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news| title=Sect leader imprisoned | publisher=''7 Days'' {{Subscription required | via=HighBeam}} | location=[[Dubai, UAE]] | date=2008-08-13 | accessdate=2013-10-31 | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-182888207.html | quote=A South Korean court yesterday sentenced Jung Myung-seok, the leader of a fringe religious sect, to six years in jail for raping female followers, a court official said.... Former members have told the Seoul court that young and attractive women were presented to Jung as 'gifts' and he forced them into sex as a part of a purification ritual. | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/08/12/2008081201759.html | title=정명석 JMS총재 징역 6년 선고 | language=Korean | trans_title=JMS leader Jung Myung-Seok sentenced to six years in prison | publisher=[[Chosun Ilbo]] | date=2008-08-13 | accessdate=2013-10-29 | quote=서울중앙지법 형사26부(재판장 배기열)는 12일 여자 신도들을 성폭행한 혐의로 구속기소된 JMS(기독교복음선교회) 총재 정명석(63)씨에게 징역 6년을 선고했다. (The Seoul Central District Court #26 Criminal Division (Justice Bae Ki-yeol) delivered a prison sentence of six years to JMS President Jung Myung-seok, 63, who had been arrested and charged with raping 12 female followers.)}}</ref> In February 2009, the Seoul High Court added four years to the lower court's sentence of six years.<ref name="straitstimes"/> Jung's appeal to the Supreme Court of South Korea of his 10 years imprisonment sentence was dismissed in April 2009.<ref name="yonhap2009">{{cite news| url=http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/society/2009/04/23/0702000000AKR20090423068400004.HTML | title=JMS 정명석 징역 10년 확정 | language=Korean | trans_title=Jung Myung-Seok's 10-year prison sentence upheld | publisher=[[Yonhap]]| date=2009-04-23| accessdate=2013-10-29|quote=여신도들을 성폭행한 혐의(강간) 등으로 구속기소된 국제크리스천연합(JMS) 총재 정명석(64)씨에게 징역 10년을 선고한 원심을 확정했다.}}</ref>

As of 2012, at least 10 women were still being kept for sexual exploitation by church leaders, according to Kim Jin-ho, former director of the cult and a representative of the organization No JMS (JMS 피해대책협의회). One former member who was a victim of Jung's sex crimes said that "there were over 1,000 women recruited for sexual exploitation, and even from prison he managed them, including minors." Jo Gyeong-suk, former head of the cult's Seoul branch, said that "not a few of those women committed suicide. They become severely depressed and receive psychiatric treatment, suffer various illnesses and social phobias as a result of the stress, and are unable to marry."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/Show.asp?IDX=2100287 | title=JMS 정명석, 탈퇴자에 대한 테러 지시 | language=Korean | trans_title=Jung Myung-Seok orders terror on JMS defectors | publisher=Nocut News | date=2012-03-28|quote=성범죄 피해자이기도 했던 한 탈퇴자는 "성상납 대기조 '상록수' 회원이 1천여 명에 이르며, 옥중에서도 미성년자를 포함한 여신도들을 관리하고 있다"고 폭로했다. . . . JMS 전 사무국장 출신의 JMS 피해대책협의회 김진호 대표는 "JMS는 현재 여성지도자 10여 명이 상록수를 관리하고 있다"며, 이들을 정명석의 성범죄를 도운 공범으로 검찰에 고발하겠다"고 밝혔다.}}</ref> A press conference produced video evidence, with photos of a topless woman licking pictures of Jung. Jung's followers responded that the videos were made before 2008 and did not amount to proof that the women actually had intercourse with Jung.<ref>{{cite news | last=Jeong | first=Jae-won | url=http://www.newsnjoy.or.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=37401 | title='나체 동영상' 파문으로 다시 주목받는 JMS | language=Korean | trans_title=JMS: 'Naked' video again in the spotlight | publisher=NewsNJoy|quote= 논란이 된 동영상에 대해서는 "5년 이상 지난 과거의 영상이며, 성상납의 증거가 될 수 없다"고 반박했다.}}</ref>


== Media broadcasts and news reports ==
== Media broadcasts and news reports ==

Revision as of 02:43, 16 January 2014

Jung Myung-seok, founder of Providence

Providence is a Christian religious movement founded by Jung Myung Seok (also known as and known by the names of Joshua Jung, "Joshua Lee" and "Pastor Joshua")[1][2] The movement began as a splinter group from the Unification Church[3] in South Korea in 1978 where it still has the most members. The organization has been widely referred to by the media as a cult.[4][5]

Following accusations against him by South Korean police of rape, fraud and embezzlement, Jung fled the country in 1999 and spent time in Hong Kong and China before being arrested by Chinese police in May 2007.[6][4][5][7] In April 2009, the Supreme court of South Korea sentenced him to 10 years imprisonment.[8]

Other names for the church include Jesus Morning Star (JMS) (the most known name in South Korea), Christian Gospel Mission (CGM, official name in South Korea), Setsuri ("providence" in Japanese), International Christian Association (ICA), Morning Star Church, The Bright Moon Church, Ae-chun Church, Young-dong Church, Nak-seong-dae Church, and Seoul Church.

Beliefs

Jung's teaching is explained to followers in a series of 30 secret lectures. After a series of Bible studies aiming to demonstrate that the Great Tribulation has already begun, the final, most secret lectures prove that Jung is the Messiah using numerology, explain that those who do not "meet" him will not go to Heaven, and warn that any who betray him are committing a grave crime.[9] It is also taught that Eve was 14 years old when she first had sex with Adam.[10]

Jung teaches that he is here to finish the restoration history of the Holy Trinty, asserting that he is the messiah of this time period and has the responsibility to save all mankind.[11] Jung claims that the Christian doctrine of bodily resurrection is false but that people can be saved through him.[12]

Jung's teachings are similar to the Unification Church.[13] According to one researcher, nine of the 30 secret lectures resemble the Unification Church's Divine Principle very closely.[14] The main differences are that:

  1. it identifies Jung as the Messiah (rather than Sun Myung Moon)
  2. it teaches that original sin, originating in Eve's intercourse with Satan, can be defeated by having sex with Jung.[15][13][16]

Jung encourages his followers to form non-religious organisations for the purpose of attracting young people without initially revealing the religious nature of the group or their real motives,[17] in a practice which has been described as "fraudulent" by lawyers.[18]

History

Jung was born in Geumsan County, South Chungcheong. According to Yoshihide Sakurai, a professor of sociology at Hokkaido University,[19] Jung was involved with the Unification Church from 1975 to 1978, and as a result, Jung's teachings closely resemble those of the Unification Church.[20][21][22]

In 1980, he began his first church which has grown into the international religious movement known as "Providence."

According to the Information Network on Christian Heresies, in 1986 the vice president of Providence attempted to act on the sex scandals surrounding the group, but he was shut out of the organizational system and Jung consolidated all power around himself.[23]

Sexual abuse charges

In 1999, Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS) in Korea reported about sexual abuse allegedly committed by Jung. According to former members, Jung had forced dozens of women to have sex with him, and said that they would go to hell if they told anyone what he had done.[24] This resulted in Jung fleeing the country one day later.[25] He was officially charged in 2001.[26] Providence sued SBS to prevent them from airing the show again. At the end of the trial in 2002, a witness who had testified that there was no sexual exploitation from 1993-4 was found guilty of perjury.[27]

Jung was arrested in 2003 for overstaying his visa in Hong Kong and was due to be returned to Korea, but when released on bail, fled the extradition hearing.[4][28][29]

In April 2006, a press conference was held by the anti-cult group EXODUS in which four unidentified women dressed in baseball caps and bandanas covering their faces,accused Jung of organised sex crimes against themselves and other women, who required medical treatment.[30]

After nearly 9 years on the run,[31] Jung was arrested by Chinese police in May 2007.[4][5] He was extradited back to South Korea on February 20, 2008.[32] Jung has also been charged with fraud and embezzlement of church funds.[33]

South Korean media reported that Jung had claimed to have received a "special revelation" from God, and that many female members of his cult were ordered to undress for a "health check" and have sex with him to wipe off their sins. Jung denies the charges, his followers say.[15]

In 2008, in response to the rape allegations, Providence pastor Bae Jae-yong said that it was "distorted rumor that was created by the people who have slandered him" and that "all fundamental truth will be clarified by [Jung] at the prosecutor's office".[32]

In January 2008, the Supreme Court of South Korea awarded two females 1 Korean and 1 Japanese 50,000,000 W and 10,000,000 W in damages for sexual assault.[34][35] Providence followers started riots outside of newspapers that reported the court's verdict, forcing The Dong-a Ilbo to temporarily shut down.[36]

In August 2008, Jung was convicted of sexual abuse charges and sentenced by Seoul Central District Court to six years imprisonment.[37][38] In February 2009, the Seoul High Court added four years to the lower court's sentence of six years.[8] Jung's appeal to the Supreme Court of South Korea of his 10 years imprisonment sentence was dismissed in April 2009.[39]

As of 2012, at least 10 women were still being kept for sexual exploitation by church leaders, according to Kim Jin-ho, former director of the cult and a representative of the organization No JMS (JMS 피해대책협의회). One former member who was a victim of Jung's sex crimes said that "there were over 1,000 women recruited for sexual exploitation, and even from prison he managed them, including minors." Jo Gyeong-suk, former head of the cult's Seoul branch, said that "not a few of those women committed suicide. They become severely depressed and receive psychiatric treatment, suffer various illnesses and social phobias as a result of the stress, and are unable to marry."[40] A press conference produced video evidence, with photos of a topless woman licking pictures of Jung. Jung's followers responded that the videos were made before 2008 and did not amount to proof that the women actually had intercourse with Jung.[41]

Media broadcasts and news reports

Japan

Providence was first reported in Japanese media in late July 2006.[42] While most reports were about the sexual allegations, the Asahi Shimbun commented on the Providence group (known in Japan as Setsuri) in their August 19, 2006 editorial. It reported that Providence is "causing serious social problems in Japan", labeling it as a "cult" and "sect". It reported that the organization was pressuring members to live together, make regular donations, marry within the organization, and follow the strict guidance of its founder.[43]

Police raided eight Providence facilities in Chiba, Japan on suspicion a senior member illegally obtained residence status. They also searched a facility in the city's Chuo Ward.[44] The senior member, a Korean, was arrested for overstaying her visa. It was learned that Providence recruited "high class, high income" men and selected women for "style and looks".[45]

Hong Kong

The religion has been reported about in Hong Kong, known as "月明教會" (The Bright Moon Church) there. In October 2006 a former member, under pseudonym "Geung"(阿強), told Oriental Daily News that the church has about 100 core members in Hong Kong, many of whom are medical graduates, while some are assistant professors. Though the church has been in Hong Kong for years, the slow development made it fairly unknown until its media exposure to the public. To attract youth, the church temporarily created an organisation to run various community activities, known as the United Culture and Arts Network (UCAN).

Taiwan

The organization's earliest activity in Taiwan was in 1988.[46] The organization is commonly known as Jesus Morning Star church (JMS), Chinese: 晨星會; Hanyu Pinyin: Chéngxīng huì; Tongyong Pinyin: chéeng sīn hùei; lit. 'Jesus Morning Star church'), "攝理教" or "攝禮教" (shè lǐ jìao).

The organization itself rejects these common names, officially registered as "中華基督教新時代青年會" (China Christian Youth Association, CCYA), and sometimes calls itself "攝理教會", and Providence Church.[47]

In November 2001 the Taiwanese version of Next Magazine published the article "Korean cult leader raped over one hundred Taiwanese female college students". Allegedly involved National Taiwan University, Fu Jen Catholic University, and National Chengchi University all denied the report, stated that there were no cult activities in their campuses at the time. NCCU acknowledged that there had been such activities many years ago. There had been similar reports in 1997.[48] Members of EXODUS soon came to Taiwan and held a press conference with an involved woman.[49]

In October 2005 Apple Daily (Taiwan) reported that many student clubs in National Central University and other campuses are recruiting for Providence Church. These clubs hold a wide variety of activities including the "Eagle Cup" soccer tournament in Taipei city and regular model training. The paper quoted an undisclosed former church member, that the church's "modeling department" is in fact a channel of recruiting sexual partners for Jung. The paper obtained three audio recordings of dialogs of some female members, which say that Jung have had sex with ten female members by mutual consent, most of them college students from the modeling department.[50]

In June 2006 Jung commissioned a friend to file a private prosecution against a former church member named Wang Wen-yi (王文益) along with many media in Taipei. During the trial Wang admitted that he released three unverified audio recordings to the media. Keelung District Court's judgment is that Wang's statements of "Jung sexually violated female college students" are defamations, media's reports during 2005 October 13 to 16 are untrue, and Wang was sentenced to 30 days of detention with two years of probation. [51]

References

  1. ^ Cubby, Ben (March 10, 2007). "Claims sect using social groups to recruit members". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  2. ^ "Seoul: Former JMS cult members tell their stories". Asian Correspondent. 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
  3. ^ Chunichi Shinbun. 17 February 2007. 監禁、傷害での立件視野. "世界基督教統一神霊協会（統一教会）を脱会した韓国人の鄭明析教祖が１９８０年ごろに設立した宗教集団。"
  4. ^ a b c d "Asian Cult Leader Arrested". The Australian. 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2008-02-27. Cite error: The named reference "theaustralian" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c "Alleged South Korean Rape Cult Leader Arrested in China". Fox News. 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  6. ^ "South Korean religious sect leader jailed for rape". Reuters. 2008-08-12. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
  7. ^ "South Korean religious sect leader jailed for rape". Reuters. 2008-08-12. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
  8. ^ a b "Cult head jailed for sex crimes". AFP. 2009-02-10. Archived from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2013-10-29.
  9. ^ Sakurai, Yoshihide. "Cult Problems on Campus : Why were students involved in the “Setsuri” (Providence) cult group?" Journal of Higher Education and Lifelong Learning 15 (2007)
  10. ^ Sakurai, Yoshihide (2007). カルト問題と格差社会との関連. 宗教と現代がわかる本 [Religion in the Modern World] (in Japanese). pp. 140–143. 人間の始祖、アダムとイブは堕天使ルシファーにより誘惑され、成長以前に不義の性交を行い（元摂理信者のノートによれば、禁断の木の実を食べたイブは当時 14 歳であった！）(The first humans, Adam and Eve engaged in underage intercourse -- according to Providence believers, Eve was 14 when she partake of the forbidden fruit!) {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "Suspect of Corrupt Cult Founder Arrested in China". The Korea Times. 2007-05-13. Archived from the original on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  12. ^ "Cult Leader Extradited to Korea". The Korea Times. 2008-02-21. Archived from the original on 2008-04-01. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  13. ^ a b "'Love' cult snares student". Japan Times. 2002-10-27. "The church's doctrine is composed of the so-called '30 precepts,' although it's pretty clear that they're derived from the Unification Church," explains Toyoshige Aizawa, a Christian minister engaged in weaning young people away from cults. "Jong has twisted the biblical story of Adam and Eve to deal with sex, saying, 'To atone for Adam and Eve's original sin, which was visited upon all mankind, it's necessary to engage in intercourse with the Lord.' In this case, he means himself, since he claims to be a reincarnation of Jesus."
  14. ^ 탁명환 [in Korean] (1986). 기독교 이단 연구. 국제 종교 문제 연구소.
  15. ^ a b "South Korean fugitive cult leader Jung extradited back to Seoul". Associated Press Television News. 2008-02-20. Archived from the original on 2013-04-07. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  16. ^ Sakurai, Yoshihide (2007). カルト問題と格差社会との関連. 宗教と現代がわかる本 [Religion in the Modern World] (in Japanese). pp. 140–143. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "教団のワナにはまるな". Asahi Shimbun. 2006-08-18. Archived from the original on 1900-01-01. Retrieved 2013-12-18. The gimmicks the sect uses to increase its membership are nothing new. At university campuses, the sect's recruiters first approach students under the guise of a sports or cultural circle. After building close personal relationships with these students, the members reveal the religious nature of their group and start indoctrinating them. The favorite targets are serious-minded young people who feel alienated from their families and schools and wish to change their lives. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Cult aimed at elite in 50 universities". Asahi Shimbun. 2006-07-31. Archived from the original on 1900-01-01. Retrieved 2013-12-18. Ex-members say recruiting on campus started on Jung's orders in the mid-1990s. "It's a fraudulent activity, as they conceal the group's identity in luring members," a lawyer said. An ex-member in his 30s said he and other cultists were deprived of sleep--forced to work late into the night and then wake up early to listen to Jung's videotaped preaching.
  19. ^ "Yoshihide Sakurai — Religious Studies in Japan". Japanese Association for Religious Studies. 2011. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  20. ^ Sakurai, Yoshihide (2007-05-18). 日本のカルト問題 : 「摂理」を事例に. 日本近代学会大会 [Japan Modern Society] (in Japanese). 1975-77 年の間に統一教（統一教会）に関わった。そのために、摂理の教義は統一教会の教義とかなり似通ったものになっている。(From 1975 to 1978 he was involved with the Unification Church. For this reason, Providence's teachings resemble the Unification Church quite closely.) {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Information Network on Christian Heresy. "///현대종교///" (in Korean). Retrieved 2013-11-04. 정명석은 1975년도에 측근 신도들에게 통일교 창시자 문선명의 사명은 끝났고 1978년부터 자신의 사명이 시작됐다고 공언하기도 했다.
  22. ^ "South Korean cult merges sex with prayer". Kyodo News Service, Japan. 2006-07-27. Retrieved 2013-12-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Quote= ignored (|quote= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ 현대종교 발행인. 신흥종교 2002 실태조사연구집　 자칭 한국의 재림주들. 2002: 국제종교문제연구소장.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  24. ^ "2,000 Japanese join cult led by suspected sex offender on the run from Interpol". Asahi Shimbun. 2006-07-29. Archived from the original on 1900-01-01. Retrieved 2013-12-18. He stayed at his aides' homes in Osaka and Chiba prefectures, where he summoned up to 10 female followers almost every day and indecently assaulted them under the pretext of 'health checks,' they said. Some Japanese female followers were instructed to go overseas for a rendezvous with Jung, they said. The aides told them to never mention the meetings with Jung, warning they would go to hell if they revealed the secret.
  25. ^ "China extradites SKorea cult leader". Radio Australia. 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  26. ^ "Ask the Police". Korean National Police Agency. 2005-07-04. Archived from the original on 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  27. ^ Sakurai, Yoshihide (2006). "「摂理」は大学のキャンパスにいる カルトの被害をどう食い止めるか". 中央公論. 121 (10): 142–149. 2002 年ソウル地方法院では、SBS 放送禁止仮処分訴訟において、1993-4 年にかけて鄭との集団性交渉はなかったと証言した証人を偽証罪により懲役 1 年に課した。 (In 2002, the Seoul District Court, in the matter of the SBS broadcast ban injunction, ruled that a witness who had testified that there was no mass sexual relations from 1993-4 had committed perjury, and sentenced him to 1 year in prison.) {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ^ "Ask the Police". Korean National Police Agency. 2003-09-21. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2006-11-21.
  29. ^ "Accused rapist cult leader faces extradition to Korea". News Limited. 2008-01-02. Archived from the original on 2008-01-15. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  30. ^ ""JMS 정명석 성폭행 계속...정부 뭐하나" 울분" (in Korean). CNB News. 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2007-01-20. 피해자들은 이 날 오후 4시 안국동 느키나무까페에서 'JMS 비리 폭로 및 수사 촉구를 위한 기자회견'을 열고 최근 언론을 통해 알려진 정명석의 성폭행 당시 상황 등을 낱낱이 공개했다. (Victims held a press conference at 4PM today in the Nukinamu Cafe in Anguk Dong demanding the exposure and investigation into the JMS corruption case and more fully clarifying events surrounding the Jung Myung Seok sexual assaults that had recently been reported in the media.) {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "China extradites chief of alleged S. Korean rapist cult". AFP, The China Post. 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  32. ^ a b "South Korean religious sect leader extradited from China to face rape charges". International Herald Tribune, AP. 2008-02-20. Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  33. ^ "Cult boss extradited to face sex raps". JoongAng Ilbo. 2008-02-21. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2013-11-04. Jung was taken directly to the Seoul Central Public Prosecutors' Office from the airport. Prosecutors began questioning Jung after his arrival regarding nine complaints filed against him on charges that include embezzlement and sexual assault.
  34. ^ "Religious sect leader formally arrested on rape charges". Yonhap. 2008-02-23. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  35. ^ "JMS 정명석씨, 신도 성폭행 6천만원 위자료 확정" (in Korean). Donganuri News. 2008-01-11. Archived from the original on 2008-02-15. Retrieved 2008-01-27. JMS 정명석 총재에게 성추행ㆍ성폭행 당한 여성신도 2명이 위자료를 받게 됐다. (Two female followers received compensation for sexual assault and rape by Leader Jung Myung Soek.) {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "언론계에 'JMS 공포'" (in Korean). Chosun Ilbo. 2008-01-17. 17일 언론계에 따르면 JMS 신도 40여명은 지난 14일 서울 광화문 동아일보 사옥 13층 편집국에 난입, "정명석 총재 관련 기사를 내리라"고 강요하며 장시간 난동을 부렸다. (The press reported on the 17th that on the 14th, 40 followers of JMS forced their way into the editorial department on the 13th floor of the Dong-a Ilbo Building in Gwanghwamun Seoul, demanded the paper recall articles about Jung Myung-seok, and created a general disturbance for several hours.) {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "Sect leader imprisoned". Dubai, UAE: 7 Days  – via HighBeam (subscription required) . 2008-08-13. Retrieved 2013-10-31. A South Korean court yesterday sentenced Jung Myung-seok, the leader of a fringe religious sect, to six years in jail for raping female followers, a court official said.... Former members have told the Seoul court that young and attractive women were presented to Jung as 'gifts' and he forced them into sex as a part of a purification ritual. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  38. ^ "정명석 JMS총재 징역 6년 선고" (in Korean). Chosun Ilbo. 2008-08-13. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 서울중앙지법 형사26부(재판장 배기열)는 12일 여자 신도들을 성폭행한 혐의로 구속기소된 JMS(기독교복음선교회) 총재 정명석(63)씨에게 징역 6년을 선고했다. (The Seoul Central District Court #26 Criminal Division (Justice Bae Ki-yeol) delivered a prison sentence of six years to JMS President Jung Myung-seok, 63, who had been arrested and charged with raping 12 female followers.) {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ "JMS 정명석 징역 10년 확정" (in Korean). Yonhap. 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 여신도들을 성폭행한 혐의(강간) 등으로 구속기소된 국제크리스천연합(JMS) 총재 정명석(64)씨에게 징역 10년을 선고한 원심을 확정했다. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ "JMS 정명석, 탈퇴자에 대한 테러 지시" (in Korean). Nocut News. 2012-03-28. 성범죄 피해자이기도 했던 한 탈퇴자는 "성상납 대기조 '상록수' 회원이 1천여 명에 이르며, 옥중에서도 미성년자를 포함한 여신도들을 관리하고 있다"고 폭로했다. . . . JMS 전 사무국장 출신의 JMS 피해대책협의회 김진호 대표는 "JMS는 현재 여성지도자 10여 명이 상록수를 관리하고 있다"며, 이들을 정명석의 성범죄를 도운 공범으로 검찰에 고발하겠다"고 밝혔다. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ Jeong, Jae-won. "'나체 동영상' 파문으로 다시 주목받는 JMS" (in Korean). NewsNJoy. 논란이 된 동영상에 대해서는 "5년 이상 지난 과거의 영상이며, 성상납의 증거가 될 수 없다"고 반박했다. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ "South Korean cult merges sex with prayer". Kyodo News Service, Japan. 2006-07-27. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  43. ^ Another Problem Cult. "Another problem cult". Asahi Shimbun.
  44. ^ "Setsuri cult facilities raided over immigration suspicions". The Japan Times. 2007-01-20. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
  45. ^ Weekly Fuji, January 19, 2007. カルトＳＥＸ教団に強制捜査…教祖にせっせと女性貢ぐ
  46. ^ "總會長的點點滴滴--海外宣教". 總會長的點點滴滴 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 中華基督教新時代青年會CCYA（攝理教會）. Archived from the original on 2006-03-28. Retrieved 2006-04-22. 台灣的宣教活動自從1988年開始
  47. ^ "立案證書" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 中華基督教新時代青年會CCYA（攝理教會）.
  48. ^ 李美嬅, 陳洛薇 (2001-11-09). "宗教染指　上百女生受害？某周刊指韓國攝理教會教主涉嫌引誘非禮　遭點名臺大、政大、輔大否認" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Central Daily News. p. 8.
  49. ^ 陳志東 (2001-12-10). "攝理教韓受害女性控訴教主　記者會火爆口角衝突" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). ETtoday.com. Retrieved 2006-04-22. [dead link]
  50. ^ 黃白雪 (2005-10-13). "踢爆邪教魔爪校園再現" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Apple Daily (Taiwan).
  51. ^ 楊惠琪 (2006-06-22). "攝理教主性怪癖 ？ 教友亂爆料" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). United Daily News. p. C4/北市綜合. (Membership database)
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