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'''Kinder Morgan''' is an American [[energy company]]. It is the fourth largest energy company in North America.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.kindermorgan.com/about_us/about_us_corp_profile.cfm/|title=About Us|website=http://kindermorgan.com|accessdate=25 Aug 2014}}</ref> The Kinder Morgan group publicly traded companies include Kinder Morgan, Inc. (NYSE: KMI), Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. (NYSE: KMP), Kinder Morgan Management, LLC (NYSE: KMR) and El Paso Pipeline Partners, L.P. (NYSE: EPB).
'''Kinder Morgan''' is the fourth largest [[energy company]] in North America.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.kindermorgan.com/about_us/about_us_corp_profile.cfm/|title=About Us|website=http://kindermorgan.com|accessdate=25 Aug 2014}}</ref> The Kinder Morgan group publicly traded companies include Kinder Morgan, Inc. (NYSE: KMI), Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. (NYSE: KMP), Kinder Morgan Management, LLC (NYSE: KMR) and El Paso Pipeline Partners, L.P. (NYSE: EPB).


Kinder Morgan owns about 180 terminals that store and handle products such as [[gasoline]], [[coal]], and [[petroleum coke]]. Kinder Morgan's CO2 division provides [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) for [[enhanced oil recovery]] projects in North America.<ref>Failure Investigation Report – Central Florida Pipeline 10-inch Jet Fuel Pipeline Failure, July 22, 2011, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_4DFEE9C3F71E6C9384A34BA182C1F157C5212A00/filename/cntrl_FL_red_appD.pdf.</ref> in 2014, a third of the natural gas that moves in the United States passes through a Kinder Morgan asset.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2014/06/02/kinder-morgan-energy/| title=Kinder Morgan: The energy boom’s mighty middleman| website= Fortune.com| last=Otterbourg|first=Ken|date=2 Jun 2014| accessdate=8 Sep 2014}}</ref>
Kinder Morgan owns about 180 terminals that store and handle products such as [[gasoline]], [[coal]], and [[petroleum coke]]. Kinder Morgan's CO2 division provides [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) for [[enhanced oil recovery]] projects in North America.<ref>Failure Investigation Report – Central Florida Pipeline 10-inch Jet Fuel Pipeline Failure, July 22, 2011, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_4DFEE9C3F71E6C9384A34BA182C1F157C5212A00/filename/cntrl_FL_red_appD.pdf.</ref> in 2014, a third of the natural gas that moved in the United States passed through a Kinder Morgan asset.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2014/06/02/kinder-morgan-energy/| title=Kinder Morgan: The energy boom’s mighty middleman| website= Fortune.com| last=Otterbourg|first=Ken|date=2 Jun 2014| accessdate=8 Sep 2014}}</ref>


Kinder Morgan has been cited by the U.S. government in 24 incidents which led to five federal enforcement actions from 2006 to 2014.<ref>Pipeline Operator Information, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/operator/Operatorlist.html?nocache=5346.</ref>
Kinder Morgan has been cited by the U.S. government in 24 incidents which led to five federal enforcement actions from 2006 to 2014.<ref>Pipeline Operator Information, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/operator/Operatorlist.html?nocache=5346.</ref>
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==History==
==History==


Kinder was founded in 1997 when a group of investors acquired the general partner of a small, publicly traded pipeline limited partnership (Enron Liquids Pipeline, L.P.).<ref name="about"/>
Kinder Morgan was founded in 1997 when a group of investors acquired the general partner of a small, publicly traded pipeline limited partnership (Enron Liquids Pipeline, L.P.).<ref name="about"/>


On December 23, 2013, Kinder Morgan announced that, through its Kinder Morgan Energy partner subsidiary (ticker KMP on NYSE), it has agreed to acquire the US oil tanker operator [[American Petroleum Tankers]] (APT) and its affiliated company SCT (State Class Tankers) from the US private equity investment firms Blackstone Group and Cerberus Capital management. APT operates a fleet of five US flagged MR 50,000 tons - 330,000 barrels - oil tankers and has four other similar other tankers on order from the General Dynamics shipbuilding company [[National Steel and Shipbuilding Company|NASSCO]] in California. This acquisition appears to be the first case whereby a pipeline operator will also be able to offer marine transportation.<ref>Kinder Morgan Tankers, http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/terminals/apt.cfm</ref>
On December 23, 2013, Kinder Morgan announced that, through its Kinder Morgan Energy partner subsidiary (ticker KMP on NYSE), it would acquire the US oil tanker operator [[American Petroleum Tankers]] (APT) and its affiliated company SCT (State Class Tankers) from the US private equity investment firms Blackstone Group and Cerberus Capital management. APT operates a fleet of five US flagged MR 50,000 tons - 330,000 barrels - oil tankers and has four other similar tankers on order from the General Dynamics shipbuilding company [[National Steel and Shipbuilding Company|NASSCO]] in California. This acquisition appears to be the first case whereby a pipeline operator will also be able to offer marine transportation.<ref>Kinder Morgan Tankers, http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/terminals/apt.cfm</ref>

This acquisition would facilitate the export of U.S. natural resources to overseas markets, and Kinder Morgan has lined up "some LNG export customers" as of July 2014.<ref>Kinder Morgan Energy Partners' (KMP) CEO Richard Kinder on Q2 2014 Results - Earnings Conference Call July 18, 2014, 2:46 AM ET, by SA Transcripts, http://seekingalpha.com/article/2322165-kinder-morgan-energy-partners-kmp-ceo-richard-kinder-on-q2-2014-results-earnings-conference-call, accessed 2014-07-20.</ref>


In addition to its role in the energy transportation and storage industry, Kinder Morgan operates in two major oil fields in Texas: the [[Yates Oil Field]] and the SACROC Unit. Kinder Morgan produces approximately 55,000 barrels per day between the two areas, and claims to be the second-largest oil producer in Texas.<ref>[http://www.kne.com/business/co2/ Kinder Morgan {{CO2}}: description of {{CO2}} and oil operations]</ref>
In addition to its role in the energy transportation and storage industry, Kinder Morgan operates in two major oil fields in Texas: the [[Yates Oil Field]] and the SACROC Unit. Kinder Morgan produces approximately 55,000 barrels per day between the two areas, and claims to be the second-largest oil producer in Texas.<ref>[http://www.kne.com/business/co2/ Kinder Morgan {{CO2}}: description of {{CO2}} and oil operations]</ref>
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On August 28, 2006, Kinder Morgan announced that it would be taken private in a management-led [[leveraged buyout]] totaling approximately $22 billion. Outside participants in the transaction include [[Fayez Sarofim]], [[Goldman Sachs Capital Partners]] and Highstar Capital (then owned by [[American International Group]]).<ref>[http://www.kindermorgan.com/investor/KMI_1q09.pdf SEC Form 10-Q, March 31, 2009]</ref>
On August 28, 2006, Kinder Morgan announced that it would be taken private in a management-led [[leveraged buyout]] totaling approximately $22 billion. Outside participants in the transaction include [[Fayez Sarofim]], [[Goldman Sachs Capital Partners]] and Highstar Capital (then owned by [[American International Group]]).<ref>[http://www.kindermorgan.com/investor/KMI_1q09.pdf SEC Form 10-Q, March 31, 2009]</ref>


On September 8, 2010, a notice of a [[class action]] settlement was filed in the District Court of Shawnee County Kansas. The proposed settlement is to resolve claims of breach of [[fiduciary duty]] owed to Kinder Morgan shareholders by persons involved with the buyout. The settlement payment is to be $200 million. A hearing on the settlement was scheduled for November 12, 2010.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}
On September 8, 2010, a notice of a [[class action]] settlement was filed in the District Court of Shawnee County Kansas. The proposed settlement is to resolve claims of breach of [[fiduciary duty]] owed to Kinder Morgan shareholders by persons involved with the buyout. The settlement payment is to be $200 million. A hearing on the settlement was scheduled for November 12, 2010.<ref>Consolidated Case No. 06-C-801, http://www.shawneecourt.org/DocumentCenter/Home/View/239, accessed 2014-10-03.</ref>


In October 2011, Kinder Morgan Inc. agreed to buy [[El Paso Corp.]] (EP) for $21.1 billion and will make the combined company have 67,000 miles (107,000 kilometers) of gas lines and eclipse Enterprise Products Partners LP (EPD) as the biggest U.S. pipeline operator. The transaction paid with shares of Kinder Morgan, Kinder Morgan warrants, and all of cash portion $11.5 billion through [[Barclays Plc]] (BARC) borrowing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-16/kinder-to-buy-el-paso-for-21-1-billion-making-biggest-u-s-pipe-company.html |title=Kinder Morgan to Buy El Paso for $21 Billion in Cash, Stock |date=October 18, 2011}}</ref>
In October 2011, Kinder Morgan Inc. agreed to buy [[El Paso Corp.]] (EP) for $21.1 billion and gave the combined company 67,000 miles (107,000 kilometers) of gas lines, eclipsing Enterprise Products Partners LP (EPD) as the biggest U.S. pipeline operator. The transaction paid with shares of Kinder Morgan, Kinder Morgan warrants, and all of cash portion $11.5 billion through [[Barclays Plc]] (BARC) borrowing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-16/kinder-to-buy-el-paso-for-21-1-billion-making-biggest-u-s-pipe-company.html |title=Kinder Morgan to Buy El Paso for $21 Billion in Cash, Stock |date=October 18, 2011}}</ref>


==Companies==
==Companies==
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===Trans Mountain Oil Pipeline===
===Trans Mountain Oil Pipeline===
In Canada, Kinder Morgan operates the Trans Mountain oil pipeline which links Alberta with Vancouver, BC, as well as the Cochin natural gas pipeline between Western Canada and the US Mid West. In 2013, Kinder Morgan completed the filing of its application to the Canadian National Energy Board ("NEB") for building a second parallel pipeline to Trans Mountain, which would nearly triple the transportation capacity of Trans Mountain from 300,000 to 850,000 barrels per day, for an estimated investment of $5.4 billion. This expansion would enable the export of larger volumes of Alberta bituminous sands oil to the US and to Asian countries.
In Canada, Kinder Morgan operates the Trans Mountain oil pipeline which links Alberta with Vancouver, BC, as well as the Cochin natural gas pipeline between Western Canada and the US Midwest. In 2013, Kinder Morgan completed the filing of its application to the Canadian National Energy Board ("NEB") for building a second parallel pipeline to Trans Mountain, which would nearly triple the transportation capacity of Trans Mountain from 300,000 to 850,000 barrels per day, for an estimated investment of $5.4 billion. This expansion would enable the export of larger volumes of Alberta's bituminous sands oil to the US and to Asian countries.


Kinder Morgan has indicated that it already has the support of several large customers for this expansion, i.e.: BP Canada Energy Trading Co., Canadian Natural Resources, Canadian Oil Sands Ltd., Cenovus Energy Inc., Devon Canada Corp., Husky Energy Marketing Inc., Imperial Oil Ltd., Nexen Marketing Inc., Statoil Canada Ltd., Suncor Energy Marketing Inc., Suncor Energy Products Partnership, Tesoro Refining & Marketing Co. and Total E&P Canada Ltd.
Kinder Morgan had the support of several large customers for this expansion, i.e.: BP Canada Energy Trading Co., Canadian Natural Resources, Canadian Oil Sands Ltd., Cenovus Energy Inc., Devon Canada Corp., Husky Energy Marketing Inc., Imperial Oil Ltd., Nexen Marketing Inc., Statoil Canada Ltd., Suncor Energy Marketing Inc., Suncor Energy Products Partnership, Tesoro Refining & Marketing Co. and Total E&P Canada Ltd.


However, this project, like other new pipeline projects, will face opposition, especially from the Indian First Nations who have title to the lands crossed by the pipelines as well as from environmentally concerned citizens. (See below, "Challenges to Kinder Morgan Pipelines" and "Accidents").
However, this project, like other new pipeline projects, faced opposition, especially from the Indian First Nations with title to the lands crossed by the pipelines as well as from environmentally concerned citizens. (See below, "Challenges to Kinder Morgan Pipelines" and "Accidents").


===Challenges to Kinder Morgan Pipelines===
===Challenges to Kinder Morgan Pipelines===


The '''Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain''' existing pipeline for transporting [[diluted bitumen]] between [[Edmonton]], Alberta and [[Burnaby]], East of Vancouver, BC is proposed to be nearly tripled with a capacity of 850,000 barrels per day from 300,000, for a total investment of $5.4 billion. [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-10/kinder-morgan-increases-size-of-trans-mountain-pipe-expansion.html]
The '''Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain''' existing pipeline for transporting [[diluted bitumen]] between [[Edmonton]], Alberta and [[Burnaby]], East of Vancouver, BC would be nearly tripled with a capacity of 850,000 barrels per day from 300,000, for a total investment of $5.4 billion. [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-10/kinder-morgan-increases-size-of-trans-mountain-pipe-expansion.html]
<ref name=NYT614>{{cite news|title=Canada Seeks Alternatives to Transport Oil Reserves|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/science/earth/canada-seeks-new-ways-to-get-oil-reserves-to-market.html|accessdate=June 14, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 13, 2012|author=Elisabeth Rosenthal}}</ref><ref>http://www.transmountain.com/project/project-overview/</ref>
<ref name=NYT614>{{cite news|title=Canada Seeks Alternatives to Transport Oil Reserves|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/science/earth/canada-seeks-new-ways-to-get-oil-reserves-to-market.html|accessdate=June 14, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 13, 2012|author=Elisabeth Rosenthal}}</ref><ref>http://www.transmountain.com/project/project-overview/</ref>


This project is controversial, as are similar pipeline projects [[Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines|Northern Gateway]] from Alberta to [[Kitimat]], BC, [[Keystone XL]] to the US south and [[Enbridge#Oil and product pipelines|Line 9]] (Enbridge's project, from Sarnia to Montreal), all of which expand the transportation capacity of [[heavy crude]] to refineries or loading ports for export to the US or overseas, a potentially significant contributor to [[climate change]] and [[ocean acidification]], and a threat to [[aquifer]] and [[Drainage basin|watershed]] integrity where the lines run.
This project is controversial, as are similar pipeline projects [[Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines|Northern Gateway]] from Alberta to [[Kitimat]], BC, [[Keystone XL]] to the US south and [[Enbridge#Oil and product pipelines|Line 9]] (Enbridge's project, from Sarnia to Montreal), all of which expand the transportation capacity of [[heavy crude]] to refineries or loading ports for export to the US or overseas, a potentially significant contributor to [[climate change]] and [[ocean acidification]], and a threat to [[aquifer]] and [[Drainage basin|watershed]] integrity where the lines run.


Members of the [[Squamish]] and [[Tsleil-Waututh]] [[First Nations]] of [[British Columbia]], Canada paddled canoes on the waters of [[Burrard Inlet]] to the Kinder Morgan Burnaby Terminal for a ceremony to protest the $5 billion expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline, in North Vancouver, B.C., on September 1, 2012. Tsleil-Waututh leaders made it clear that their ultimate goal was to shut down the project altogether.<ref>"B.C. First Nation launches legal challenge over Kinder Morgan pipeline," http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/b-c-first-nation-launches-legal-challenge-over-kinder-morgan-pipeline-1.1804190#ixzz350lGUDK4 and http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/b-c-first-nation-launches-legal-challenge-over-kinder-morgan-pipeline-1.1804190#ixzz350kqw2ja, accessed June 18, 2018.</ref>
Members of the [[Squamish]] and [[Tsleil-Waututh]] [[First Nations]] of [[British Columbia]], Canada paddled canoes on the waters of [[Burrard Inlet]] to the Kinder Morgan Burnaby Terminal for a ceremony to protest the $5 billion expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline, in North Vancouver, B.C., on September 1, 2012. Tsleil-Waututh leaders made it clear that their ultimate goal was to shut down the project altogether.<ref>"B.C. First Nation launches legal challenge over Kinder Morgan pipeline," http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/b-c-first-nation-launches-legal-challenge-over-kinder-morgan-pipeline-1.1804190#ixzz350lGUDK4 and http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/b-c-first-nation-launches-legal-challenge-over-kinder-morgan-pipeline-1.1804190#ixzz350kqw2ja, accessed 2014-06-18.</ref>


The existing and proposed pipelines ship [[diluted bitumen]] through the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], an extremely sensitive environmental region. The tankers have to pass through a very narrow channel of shallow water to reach the open sea, making the project controversial and strongly opposed by some Canadians [http://www.canadians.org/energy/issues/pipelines/index.htm] and Americans, for reasons similar to the opposition to Keystone XL, Line 9, and Northern Gateway and offshore deep ocean oil drilling.
The existing and proposed pipelines ship [[diluted bitumen]] through the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], an extremely sensitive environmental region. The tankers have to pass through a very narrow channel of shallow water to reach the open sea, making the project controversial and strongly opposed by some Canadians [http://www.canadians.org/energy/issues/pipelines/index.htm] and Americans, for reasons similar to the opposition to Keystone XL, Line 9, and Northern Gateway and offshore deep ocean oil drilling.


==Pipeline Safety Violations==
==Pipeline Safety==

⚫
In 2009, the [[Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration]] (PHMSA) cited Kinder Morgan for violating proper procedures for establishing the distance between a natural gas pipeline and a “high consequence area” such as a school or hospital, resulting in distances being too close.<ref>PHMSA letter to Richard Kinder, September 1, 2009, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/enforce/documents/520071008/520071008_FinalOrder_09012009_text.pdf, accessed June 18, 2014.</ref>
===Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Safety Standards===
The U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) allows high-pressure 30-42" diameter interstate natural gas pipelines to be built '''less than fifty feet''' away from occupied dwellings.<ref>“An Interstate Natural Gas Facility on My Land?”, http://www.ferc.gov/for-citizens/citizen-guides/citz-guide-gas.pdf, accessed 2014-10-03.</ref>

Thus a FERC-approved pipeline could be well within the blast radius of roughly '''800-1100''' feet for pipelines of those diameters.<ref>The equation for calculating impact radius is in H. Noel Duckworth and Robert Eiber, Report On Assessment of Pipeline Integrity of Kinder-Morgan Conversion Of the Rancho Pipeline To City of Austin Texas (June 2004), pp. 29-30, primis.phmsa.dot.gov, accessed 2014-06-23. The equation is also in "Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, B31.8S-2004. The calculation used 1460 psig for the gas pressure.</ref>

===Kinder Morgan Safety Violations===
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In 2009, the [[Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration]] (PHMSA) cited Kinder Morgan for violating safety standards regarding the distance between a natural gas pipeline and a “high consequence area” such as a school or hospital; the pipeline was too close for safe operation in case of a leak.<ref>PHMSA letter to Richard Kinder, September 1, 2009, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/enforce/documents/520071008/520071008_FinalOrder_09012009_text.pdf, accessed 2014-06-18.</ref>


In 2011, PHMSA cited Kinder Morgan for these safety violations:
In 2011, PHMSA cited Kinder Morgan for these safety violations:
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In 2013, the headline “Wall Street Worries About Kinder Morgan’s Safety Record: BC pipeline operator slashes and defers maintenance spending” was a concern to anyone who lived or worked near a Kinder Morgan pipeline.<ref>Eric de Place, “Wall Street Worries About Kinder Morgan’s Safety Record: BC pipeline operator slashes and defers maintenance spending”, September 19, 2013, http://daily.sightline.org/2013/09/19/wall-street-worries-about-kinder-morgans-safety-record/, consulted June 16, 2014.</ref>
In 2013, the headline “Wall Street Worries About Kinder Morgan’s Safety Record: BC pipeline operator slashes and defers maintenance spending” was a concern to anyone who lived or worked near a Kinder Morgan pipeline.<ref>Eric de Place, “Wall Street Worries About Kinder Morgan’s Safety Record: BC pipeline operator slashes and defers maintenance spending”, September 19, 2013, http://daily.sightline.org/2013/09/19/wall-street-worries-about-kinder-morgans-safety-record/, consulted June 16, 2014.</ref>


The ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' asked, “Is Kinder Morgan Scrimping on its Pipelines?” after an investment analyst charged the company with starving its pipelines of routine maintenance spending in order to return more cash to investors.<ref>Tom Fowler and Ben Lefebvre, “Is Kinder Morgan Scrimping on its Pipelines?” Wall Street Journal, Sep 27, 2013, http://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2013/09/27/is-kinder-morgan-scrimping-on-its-pipelines-the-market-shrugs/, accessed June 16, 2014. Claudia Assis, “Research firm rebuts Kinder Morgan’s rebuttal,” September 26, 2013, Marketwatch / Wall Street Journal, http://blogs.marketwatch.com/energy-ticker/2013/09/26/research-firm-rebuts-kinder-morgans-rebuttal/, accessed June 16, 2014.</ref>
The ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' asked, “Is Kinder Morgan Scrimping on its Pipelines?” after an investment analyst charged the company with starving its pipelines of routine maintenance spending in order to return more cash to investors.<ref>Tom Fowler and Ben Lefebvre, “Is Kinder Morgan Scrimping on its Pipelines?” Wall Street Journal, Sep 27, 2013, http://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2013/09/27/is-kinder-morgan-scrimping-on-its-pipelines-the-market-shrugs/, accessed June 16, 2014. Claudia Assis, “Research firm rebuts Kinder Morgan’s rebuttal,” September 26, 2013, Marketwatch / Wall Street Journal, http://blogs.marketwatch.com/energy-ticker/2013/09/26/research-firm-rebuts-kinder-morgans-rebuttal/, accessed June 16, 2014.</ref> Deferred maintenance may account for the high number of Kinder Morgan pipeline accidents in the last decade.


⚫
===Accidents===
Deferred maintenance may account for the high number of Kinder Morgan pipeline accidents in the last decade.

⚫
==Accidents==
{{prose|date=August 2014}}
{{prose|date=August 2014}}
In Texas from 2003 to 2014, Kinder Morgan experienced 36 "significant incidents" resulting in fatalities or hospitalization, fires, explosions, or spills.<ref>Building Safe Communities: Pipeline Risk and its Application to Local Development Decisions, (Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Pipeline Safety: 2010), p. 10, at http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/publications/PIPA/PIPA-PipelineRiskReport-Final-20101021.pdf, accessed June 18, 2014.</ref>
In Texas from 2003 to 2014, Kinder Morgan experienced 36 "significant incidents" resulting in fatalities or hospitalization, fires, explosions, or spills.<ref>Building Safe Communities: Pipeline Risk and its Application to Local Development Decisions, (Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Pipeline Safety: 2010), p. 10, at http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/publications/PIPA/PIPA-PipelineRiskReport-Final-20101021.pdf, accessed June 18, 2014.</ref>
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Throughout the U.S. since 2003, Kinder Morgan and its subsidiaries' pipelines have been responsible for at least 180 spills, evacuations, explosions, fires, and fatalities in 24 states.<ref>PHMSA Pipeline Safety State Pages at http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/States.htm?nocache=3971.</ref> Some examples (also including spills in Canada):
Throughout the U.S. since 2003, Kinder Morgan and its subsidiaries' pipelines have been responsible for at least 180 spills, evacuations, explosions, fires, and fatalities in 24 states.<ref>PHMSA Pipeline Safety State Pages at http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/States.htm?nocache=3971.</ref> Some examples (also including spills in Canada):


* '''2004'''
⚫
* '''2004''' On April 28, 2004, an underground Kinder Morgan 14” pipeline ruptured at [[Suisun Marsh]] in [[Solano County, California]], spilling over 120,000 gallons of diesel fuel directly into the marsh. The cause was pipe corrosion. The company failed to notify authorities about the spill for 18 hours, another safety violation for which it was later cited. Kinder Morgan was fined $5.3 million for the spill, and agreed to enhance spill prevention, response and reporting practices. The company had 44 spills in a 31-month period, indicating "a widespread failure to adequately detect and address the effects of outside force damage and corrosion," according to an order issued in August 2005 by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA).<ref>Scott Marshall, “Kinder-Morgan to pay $5.3 million for fuel spills,” Contra Costa Times, May 21, 2007, http://www.contracostatimes.com/search/ci_5950251, accessed June 16, 2014.</ref>

⚫
On April 28, 2004, an underground Kinder Morgan 14” pipeline ruptured at [[Suisun Marsh]] in [[Solano County, California]], spilling over 120,000 gallons of diesel fuel directly into the marsh. The cause was pipe corrosion. The company failed to notify authorities about the spill for 18 hours, another safety violation for which it was later cited. Kinder Morgan was fined $5.3 million for the spill, and agreed to enhance spill prevention, response and reporting practices. The company had 44 spills in a 31-month period, indicating "a widespread failure to adequately detect and address the effects of outside force damage and corrosion," according to an order issued in August 2005 by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA).<ref>Scott Marshall, “Kinder-Morgan to pay $5.3 million for fuel spills,” Contra Costa Times, May 21, 2007, http://www.contracostatimes.com/search/ci_5950251, accessed June 16, 2014.</ref>

⚫
On November 9, 2004, a Kinder Morgan pipeline in [[Walnut Creek, California]] was struck by a backhoe, causing a gasoline spill that ignited in an explosive fireball that incinerated five workers, severely injuring four others. CalOSHA (California Occupational Safety and Health Administration) cited Kinder Morgan for failure to accurately mark or map the pipeline location.<ref>Officials Dole Out Fines In Fatal Pipeline Explosion, May 5, 2005, http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/officials-dole-out-fines-in-fatal-pipeline-explosi/nKYpc/.</ref> In 2005, the California Fire Marshal fined Kinder Morgan $500,000 for its role in this “completely preventable” tragedy. Kinder Morgan agreed to upgrade its pipeline inspection methods and improve corrosion control.<ref>"Cal/OSHA Issues Multi-Employer Citation," http://www.dir.ca.gov/dirnews/2005/ir2005-20.html; California Fire Investigation Report, http://osfm.fire.ca.gov/pipeline/pdf/WCFinalReport/PenaltyLetter.pdf; “Kinder Morgan reaches safety deal,” April 10, 2006, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/kinder-morgan-energy-us-reach-safety-deal, accessed June 2014.</ref>

*'''2006'''

On July 22, 2006, near Campbellsville, Kentucky, a Kinder Morgan Tennessee Gas Pipeline exploded. A 25-foot chunk of pipe blew out of the ground and landed 200 feet away, the pipe twisted and mangled, its external coating burned off. The 24" pipeline ruptured due to external corrosion 2-3 feet long. The pipeline failed at the bottom of a valley in an area of wet shale, known to cause corrosion on buried pipelines in this part of Kentucky.<ref>PHMSA Corrective Action Order, CPF No. 2-2006-3 007 H, aka CPF 220061007H.</ref>

⚫
On November 11, 2006, a subcontractor on Kinder Morgan’s Rockies Express (REX) pipeline outside [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]] struck an existing pipeline, causing a rupture and explosion. Two months after this explosion, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission threatened to shut the project down if REX didn’t improve its “poor compliance record” involving construction activity outside the approved work area.<ref>Tom Beyerlein, “Fatal explosion puts Kinder Morgan’s past in spotlight,” Dayton Daily News [Ohio], September 14, 2008, in Tar Sands Free BC, September 15, 2008, http://tarsandsfreebc.org/?p=236, accessed June 16, 2014.</ref>

⚫
On November 27, 2006, the Kinder Morgan Plantation Pipeline at [[Charlotte, North Carolina]] released about 4,000 gallons of gasoline from a Plantation Pipe Line Company block valve on a delivery line into a terminal owned by a third party company.<ref>Kinder Morgan 2009 annual report, p. 198.</ref>

* '''2007'''

⚫
On July 24, 2007, the Trans Mountain Pipeline, operated by Kinder Morgan Canada, released over 250,000 litres of crude oil (70,000 of which flowed into Burrard Inlet, requiring a [[Canadian dollar|C$]]15-million cleanup) after a backhoe broke the improperly-marked line in Burnaby.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleanup continues on B.C. oil spill|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/cleanup-continues-on-b-c-oil-spill-1.676094|accessdate=August 27, 2014|date=July 24, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 companies plead guilty to Burnaby oil spill|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/3-companies-plead-guilty-to-burnaby-oil-spill-1.1005862|accessdate=August 27, 2014|date=October 3, 2011}}</ref>

* '''2008'''

⚫
On September 23, 2008, a Kinder Morgan pipeline exploded and burned for more than ten hours at Pasadena, Texas. One person died; another was injured.<ref>Eric James, “Pipeline at Pasadena plant explodes,” September 24, 2008, ABC Eyewitness News, Houston, Texas, http://abc13.com/archive/6408372/, accessed June 17, 2014.</ref> The cause of this “significant event” was corrosion. The Pasadena pipeline experienced at least 18 "significant incidents" 2004 to 2013.<ref>“Texas Significant Incidents Listing,” 2003-2014, PHMSA Pipeline Safety Stakeholder Communication, U.S. DOT, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/safety/IncDetSt_st_TX_flt_sig.html?nocache=8751, accessed June 17, 2014.</ref>

* '''2009'''

⚫
On July 15, 2009, a pipeline accident at [[Sylvarena, Mississippi]] involved [[Boardwalk Pipeline Partners]], [[Southern Natural Gas]] and Kinder Morgan in an explosion that killed one person and injured three others.<ref name = msnews>{{cite web | url = http://www.msnewsnow.com/story/10734958/pipeline-explosion-kills-1-injures-3-in-smith-county | title = Pipeline explosion kills 1, injures 3 in Smith county| publisher = MS News | accessdate = 23 January 2014}}</ref>

* '''2010'''

⚫
On November 30, 2010, a 30" diameter Kinder Morgan / [[Tennessee Gas Pipeline]] failed in a semi-rural area between Highway 1 and State Road 3191, two miles NW of [[Natchitoches, Louisiana]], 1/4 mile NE of a country club, and 200' south of a residential subdivision. Louisiana state police evacuated 100 homes. Pipe cracked: 52.5 inches long & about 0.5 inches in maximum width. The failure site is near where TGP had a previous failure in 1965, with multiple fatalities. That failure was attributed to stress corrosion cracking.<ref>PHMSA Corrective Action Order, Case CPF 420101007H.</ref>

* '''2011'''


⚫
The Carteret, New Jersey, KMLT had a leak and fire during maintenance work on March 14, 2011. On April 4, 2013, the PHMSA Office of Pipeline Safety issued a Notice of Probable Violation, Proposed Civil Penalty and Proposed Compliance Order (NOPV) after an inspection. In 2013, KMLT paid a penalty of $63,100 and was required to complete pipeline integrity testing and other corrective measures by May 2015.<ref>Kinder Morgan annual report for 2013, p. 166.</ref>
⚫
* '''2004''' On November 9, 2004, a Kinder Morgan pipeline in [[Walnut Creek, California]] was struck by a backhoe, causing a gasoline spill that ignited in an explosive fireball that incinerated five workers, severely injuring four others. CalOSHA (California Occupational Safety and Health Administration) cited Kinder Morgan for failure to accurately mark or map the pipeline location.<ref>Officials Dole Out Fines In Fatal Pipeline Explosion, May 5, 2005, http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/officials-dole-out-fines-in-fatal-pipeline-explosi/nKYpc/.</ref> In 2005, the California Fire Marshal fined Kinder Morgan $500,000 for its role in this “completely preventable” tragedy. Kinder Morgan agreed to upgrade its pipeline inspection methods and improve corrosion control.<ref>"Cal/OSHA Issues Multi-Employer Citation," http://www.dir.ca.gov/dirnews/2005/ir2005-20.html; California Fire Investigation Report, http://osfm.fire.ca.gov/pipeline/pdf/WCFinalReport/PenaltyLetter.pdf; “Kinder Morgan reaches safety deal,” April 10, 2006, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/kinder-morgan-energy-us-reach-safety-deal, accessed June 2014.</ref>


⚫
On August 17, 2011, Kinder Morgan’s [[Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America]] had a flash fire and explosion south of Herscher, Illinois. Five employees went to the hospital. Kinder Morgan was cited for pipeline and workplace safety violations.<ref>“Kinder Morgan, Owner of Illinois Natural Gas Pipeline Co. Where Explosion Occurred, Has Lengthy Record of Pipeline, Workplace Safety Violations,” August 17, 2011, NaturalGasWatch.org, http://www.naturalgaswatch.org/?p=817; “Gas plant explosion injures five,” Hazardex, August 17, 2011, http://www.hazardexonthenet.net/article/44270/Gas-plant-explosion-injures-five.aspx?AreaID=2, accessed June 2014.</ref>
⚫
*'''2006''' On November 11, 2006, a subcontractor on Kinder Morgan’s Rockies Express (REX) pipeline outside [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]] struck an existing pipeline, causing a rupture and explosion. Two months after this explosion, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission threatened to shut the project down if REX didn’t improve its “poor compliance record” involving construction activity outside the approved work area.<ref>Tom Beyerlein, “Fatal explosion puts Kinder Morgan’s past in spotlight,” Dayton Daily News [Ohio], September 14, 2008, in Tar Sands Free BC, September 15, 2008, http://tarsandsfreebc.org/?p=236, accessed June 16, 2014.</ref>


On November 16, 2011, near Glouster, Ohio, a weld failed on a Kinder Morgan Tennessee Gas Pipeline 36" diameter pipe; the leak exploded, leaving a blast crater 30 feet across and 15 feet deep. Three homes were destroyed by the fire.<ref>"Pipeline failure caused huge Morgan County blast," Columbus Dispatch, Nov 17, 2011, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2011/11/16/gas-pipeline-explodes-in-athens-county.html, & "Gas Line Explodes ...," http://www.10tv.com/content/stories/2011/11/16/athens-county-explosion.html; "Flames From Gas Explosion Called Worst Firefighter Had Seen," http://www.10tv.com/content/stories/2011/11/16/athens-county-flames-worse-seen.html; "Pipeline co. wants to nix punitive damages in explosion lawsuit," Athens News, March 19, 2014, http://www.athensnews.com/ohio/article-41987-pipeline-co-wants-to-nix-punitive-damages-in-explosion-lawsuit.html, accessed 8/13/2014.</ref> The leak was caused by "displacement produced by a landslide and an inadequate understanding by (TGP) of the influence of the geotechnical threats on the pipeline in this location.”<ref>Joe Higgins, 'November gas line explosion cause revealed,' Athens Messenger, OH, July 16, 2012, quote from p.14 of report cited below, (http://www.athensohiotoday.com/news/november-gas-line-explosion-cause-revealed/article_a2f3a55c-cf8c-11e1-ba27-0019bb2963f4.html.</ref> A girth weld failed due to earth movement, inadequate design, materials or workmanship, exceeding operational limits & gaps in integrity management.<ref>"Final Report: Failure & Root Cause Analysis," Dynamic Risk for Kinder Morgan Nov 16, 2011 rupture, posted at http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/athensohiotoday.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/a/8a/a8aab150-cf7f-11e1-8a70-001a4bcf887a/500471418c9e3.pdf.pdf</ref>
⚫
*'''2006''' On November 27, 2006, the Kinder Morgan Plantation Pipeline at [[Charlotte, North Carolina]] released about 4,000 gallons of gasoline from a Plantation Pipe Line Company block valve on a delivery line into a terminal owned by a third party company.<ref>Kinder Morgan 2009 annual report, p. 198.</ref>


* '''2012'''
⚫
* '''2007''' On July 24, 2007, the Trans Mountain Pipeline, operated by Kinder Morgan Canada, released over 250,000 litres of crude oil (70,000 of which flowed into Burrard Inlet, requiring a [[Canadian dollar|C$]]15-million cleanup) after a backhoe broke the improperly-marked line in Burnaby.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleanup continues on B.C. oil spill|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/cleanup-continues-on-b-c-oil-spill-1.676094|accessdate=August 27, 2014|date=July 24, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 companies plead guilty to Burnaby oil spill|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/3-companies-plead-guilty-to-burnaby-oil-spill-1.1005862|accessdate=August 27, 2014|date=October 3, 2011}}</ref>


In June 2012, in Gray County, Texas, a Kinder Morgan Natural Gas Pipeline of America 26" diameter pipe failed at Compressor Station 154, Mile Post 52, 4 mi. east of Laketon. The gas ignited, blowing a crater 30 feet in diameter and burning 2 acres of agricultural land as well as two 500-gallon plastic tanks used to store liquid fertilizer plus two telephone poles and transformers. State Highway 152 was closed for several hours. The cause was a 50-foot-long longitudinal rupture in the pipe.<ref>PHMSA Corrective Action Order re: CPF No. 4-2012-1011H.</ref>
⚫
* '''2008''' On September 23, 2008, a Kinder Morgan pipeline exploded and burned for more than ten hours at Pasadena, Texas. One person died; another was injured.<ref>Eric James, “Pipeline at Pasadena plant explodes,” September 24, 2008, ABC Eyewitness News, Houston, Texas, http://abc13.com/archive/6408372/, accessed June 17, 2014.</ref> The cause of this “significant event” was corrosion. The Pasadena pipeline experienced at least 18 "significant incidents" 2004 to 2013.<ref>“Texas Significant Incidents Listing,” 2003-2014, PHMSA Pipeline Safety Stakeholder Communication, U.S. DOT, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/safety/IncDetSt_st_TX_flt_sig.html?nocache=8751, accessed June 17, 2014.</ref>


On December 26, 2012, in West Melbourne, Florida, a Kinder Morgan Florida Gas Transmission Company pipeline exploded in a pasture.<ref>"Natural Gas Pipeline Fails In West Melbourne," Space Coast Daily, December 26, 2012, http://spacecoastdaily.com/2012/12/natural-gas-pipeline-fails-in-west-melbourne/, accessed 8/14/2014.</ref> The blast ejected a 20-foot section of 20" diameter pipe which landed about 15 feet from the rupture.<ref>PHMSA CPF No. 2-2012-lOOSH, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_14D99C24B96230D53EA8622EF83A72D57B310600/filename/220121005H_CAO_12282012_FloridaGas.pdf, accessed 8/15/2014.</ref>
⚫
* '''2009''' On July 15, 2009, a pipeline accident at [[Sylvarena, Mississippi]] involved [[Boardwalk Pipeline Partners]], [[Southern Natural Gas]] and Kinder Morgan in an explosion that killed one person and injured three others.<ref name = msnews>{{cite web | url = http://www.msnewsnow.com/story/10734958/pipeline-explosion-kills-1-injures-3-in-smith-county | title = Pipeline explosion kills 1, injures 3 in Smith county| publisher = MS News | accessdate = 23 January 2014}}</ref>


* '''2013'''
⚫
* '''2010''' On November 30, 2010, a 30" diameter Kinder Morgan / [[Tennessee Gas Pipeline]] failed in a semi-rural area between Highway 1 and State Road 3191, two miles NW of the center of [[Natchitoches, Louisiana]], 1/4 mile NE of a country club, and 200' south of a residential subdivision. Louisiana state police evacuated 100 homes. Pipe cracked: 52.5 inches long & about 0.5 inches in maximum width. The failure site is near where TGP had a previous failure in 1965, with multiple fatalities. That failure was attributed to stress corrosion cracking.<ref>PHMSA Corrective Action Order, Case CPF 420101007H.</ref>


⚫
On May 8, 2013, the Kinder Morgan Tejas pipeline compressor station near [[Crockett, Texas]], had a fire that caused $7,502,188 in property damage.<ref>PHMSA state pipeline listings, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/StatePages/Texas.htm; Skytruth Alert: NRC Report: Natural Gas near Crockett, TX 2013-05-08, http://alerts.skytruth.org/report/05f2642d-8a93-3b6f-bbac-9c57a37b, accessed 2014-08-12.</ref>
⚫
* '''2011''' The Carteret, New Jersey, KMLT had a product release and resulting fire during maintenance activity on March 14, 2011. On April 4, 2013, the PHMSA Office of Pipeline Safety issued a Notice of Probable Violation, Proposed Civil Penalty and Proposed Compliance Order (NOPV) arising from an inspection at that KMLT. In 2013, KMLT paid a penalty of $63,100 and is required to complete pipeline integrity testing and other corrective measures by May 2015.<ref>Kinder Morgan annual report for 2013, p. 166.</ref>


On June 18, 2013, in Louisiana, a Kinder Morgan Florida Gas Transmission Company 30" diameter pipeline ruptured and exploded before dawn, jolting residents out of their beds in a rural, wooded area of Washington Parish. No one was seriously hurt but 55 homes were evacuated. The blast knocked down trees in an area about 200 yards across and the fire burned those within another 300 yards. “The ground around the crater is completely bare. The dirt around it is just like it had been cooked in a kiln," and an 80-foot section of pipe was destroyed.<ref>"Gas line explosion rattles Washington Parish," Baton Rouge Advocate, June 26, 2013, http://theadvocate.com/home/6283023-125/gas-pipeline-explosion-in-franklinton, accessed 2014-08-14.</ref>
⚫
* '''2011''' On August 17, 2011, Kinder Morgan’s [[Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America]] had a flash fire and explosion at a plant south of Herscher, Illinois. Five employees went to the hospital. Kinder Morgan was cited for pipeline and workplace safety violations.<ref>“Kinder Morgan, Owner of Illinois Natural Gas Pipeline Co. Where Explosion Occurred, Has Lengthy Record of Pipeline, Workplace Safety Violations,” August 17, 2011, NaturalGasWatch.org, http://www.naturalgaswatch.org/?p=817; “Gas plant explosion injures five,” Hazardex, August 17, 2011, http://www.hazardexonthenet.net/article/44270/Gas-plant-explosion-injures-five.aspx?AreaID=2, accessed June 2014.</ref>


* '''2014'''
⚫
* '''2013''' On May 8, 2013, the Kinder Morgan Tejas pipeline compressor station near [[Crockett, Texas]], required an emergency shutdown and subsequently had a fire that caused $7,502,188 in property damage. (PHMSA state pipeline listings, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/StatePages/Texas.htm; Skytruth Alert: NRC Report: Natural Gas near Crockett, TX 2013-05-08, http://alerts.skytruth.org/report/05f2642d-8a93-3b6f-bbac-9c57a37b, accessed Aug 12, 2014).


* '''2014''' On June 26, 2014 near East Bernard, Texas, according to the Office of Emergency Management, a gas pipeline adjacent to the Kinder Morgan compressor plant blew out, destroying the roadway and catching a nearby truck on fire at FM 1164 just south of Highway 59. Flames as high as 150 feet were shooting out of the blaze.<ref>http://abc13.com/news/gas-line-explosion-sends-150-foot-flames-up-in-air/142620/, accessed Aug 12, 2014.</ref>
On June 26, 2014 near East Bernard, Texas, a gas pipeline adjacent to the Kinder Morgan compressor plant blew out, destroying the road and setting a truck on fire at FM 1164 just south of Highway 59. Flames shot as high as 150 feet.<ref>http://abc13.com/news/gas-line-explosion-sends-150-foot-flames-up-in-air/142620/, accessed Aug 12, 2014.</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 14:57, 3 October 2014

Kinder Morgan
Company typePublic
NYSE: KMI
S&P 500 Component
IndustryOil and gas
Founded1997
FounderRichard Kinder
HeadquartersKinder Morgan Building
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Area served
USA and Canada
Key people
Richard Kinder
(Chairman and CEO)
ServicesPipeline transport
Oil storage
Revenue19,200,000,000 United States dollar (2022) Edit this on Wikidata
4,065,000,000 United States dollar (2022) Edit this on Wikidata
2,548,000,000 United States dollar (2022) Edit this on Wikidata
Number of employees
~ 11,000 (2014)
SubsidiariesKinder Morgan Energy Partners
Websitewww.kindermorgan.com

Kinder Morgan is the fourth largest energy company in North America.[1] The Kinder Morgan group publicly traded companies include Kinder Morgan, Inc. (NYSE: KMI), Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. (NYSE: KMP), Kinder Morgan Management, LLC (NYSE: KMR) and El Paso Pipeline Partners, L.P. (NYSE: EPB).

Kinder Morgan owns about 180 terminals that store and handle products such as gasoline, coal, and petroleum coke. Kinder Morgan's CO2 division provides carbon dioxide (CO2) for enhanced oil recovery projects in North America.[2] in 2014, a third of the natural gas that moved in the United States passed through a Kinder Morgan asset.[3]

Kinder Morgan has been cited by the U.S. government in 24 incidents which led to five federal enforcement actions from 2006 to 2014.[4]

On August 10, 2014, Kinder announced it was moving to full ownership of its partially owned subsidiaries Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, Kinder Morgan Management, and El Paso Pipeline Partners in a deal worth $71 billion.[5]

CEO

Chairman and CEO Richard Kinder, selected by Morningstar as its 2005 CEO of the Year, receives a salary of $1.00 a year, no bonuses, no option grants, and no restricted stock. Kinder Morgan claims that it does not spend money on corporate jets, first-class airfares, sports tickets, or other expensive perquisites.[6]

However, Forbes Magazine estimates that Richard Kinder's net worth at more than $10 billion as of August 9, 2014.[7]

History

Kinder Morgan was founded in 1997 when a group of investors acquired the general partner of a small, publicly traded pipeline limited partnership (Enron Liquids Pipeline, L.P.).[1]

On December 23, 2013, Kinder Morgan announced that, through its Kinder Morgan Energy partner subsidiary (ticker KMP on NYSE), it would acquire the US oil tanker operator American Petroleum Tankers (APT) and its affiliated company SCT (State Class Tankers) from the US private equity investment firms Blackstone Group and Cerberus Capital management. APT operates a fleet of five US flagged MR 50,000 tons - 330,000 barrels - oil tankers and has four other similar tankers on order from the General Dynamics shipbuilding company NASSCO in California. This acquisition appears to be the first case whereby a pipeline operator will also be able to offer marine transportation.[8]

This acquisition would facilitate the export of U.S. natural resources to overseas markets, and Kinder Morgan has lined up "some LNG export customers" as of July 2014.[9]

In addition to its role in the energy transportation and storage industry, Kinder Morgan operates in two major oil fields in Texas: the Yates Oil Field and the SACROC Unit. Kinder Morgan produces approximately 55,000 barrels per day between the two areas, and claims to be the second-largest oil producer in Texas.[10]

Leveraged buyout

On August 28, 2006, Kinder Morgan announced that it would be taken private in a management-led leveraged buyout totaling approximately $22 billion. Outside participants in the transaction include Fayez Sarofim, Goldman Sachs Capital Partners and Highstar Capital (then owned by American International Group).[11]

On September 8, 2010, a notice of a class action settlement was filed in the District Court of Shawnee County Kansas. The proposed settlement is to resolve claims of breach of fiduciary duty owed to Kinder Morgan shareholders by persons involved with the buyout. The settlement payment is to be $200 million. A hearing on the settlement was scheduled for November 12, 2010.[12]

In October 2011, Kinder Morgan Inc. agreed to buy El Paso Corp. (EP) for $21.1 billion and gave the combined company 67,000 miles (107,000 kilometers) of gas lines, eclipsing Enterprise Products Partners LP (EPD) as the biggest U.S. pipeline operator. The transaction paid with shares of Kinder Morgan, Kinder Morgan warrants, and all of cash portion $11.5 billion through Barclays Plc (BARC) borrowing.[13]

Companies

Kinder Morgan Brisbane Terminal in Brisbane, California. The 20 tanks here can hold up to 618,000 barrels of petroleum products.

Key to Abbreviations:

- GG Gas Gathering

- GT Gas Transmission

- HL Hazardous Liquids

This list may not be up to date due to turnover in holdings:

  • Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, SFPP (Santa Fe Pacific Pipelines), Mission Valley, California
  • Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P., Houston, Texas
  • Cypress Gas Pipeline (HL), North System, Heartland Partnership, and Central Basin Pipeline (1997)
  • Plantation Pipeline (2000)(HL)
  • Calnev Pipeline (2001) (HL)
  • Central Florida Pipeline (2001)(HL)
  • Tejas Gas LLP (2002) (GT,GG)
  • Midcontinent Express Pipeline (KM owned 50% by 2007) (GT)
  • Fayetteville Express Pipeline LLC (co-owned with Energy Transfer Partners 2008) (GT)
  • Rockies Express Pipeline (REX) purchased 2009 (GT). km owned it and Trailblazer Pipeline until November 2012; sold Trailblazer & 50% of REX to Tallgrass Energy.
  • Kinder Morgan Altamont LLC (GG)
  • Kinder Morgan Cochin LLC (HL)
  • Kinder Morgan CO2 Company, Houston, Texas (HL)
  • Kinder Morgan Management, LLC, Houston, Texas
  • Kinder Morgan, Inc., Houston, Texas
  • Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America (co-owned with Myria Holdings by 2007) (GT)
  • Kinder Morgan Terminals, Houston, Texas (HL)
  • Kinder Morgan Power Company, Lakewood, Colorado
  • Kinder Morgan Louisiana Pipeline LLC (KMLP), Crowley, Louisiana (GT)
  • Kinder Morgan North Texas Pipeline (GT)
  • Kinder Morgan Wink Pipeline (HL)
  • El Paso Corporation was purchased (2012) with subsidiaries:
  • Tennessee Gas Pipeline (GT) (2012)
  • Southern Natural Gas Co (GT) (2012)
  • Colorado Interstate Gas Co (HL & GT) (2012)
  • Ruby Pipeline (2012)
  • Wyoming Interstate Co (2012)
  • El Paso Natural Gas Co (GT) (2012)
  • Mojave Pipeline Co (GT) (2012)
  • Copano Energy (purchased 2013)
  • Florida Gas Transmission Company, LLC (50% by 2014) (GT)

Pipelines

Kinder Morgan, through a subsidiary, is the general partner and owner of many of the interests in Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, a publicly traded pipeline and terminal limited partnership. Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. is a leading pipeline transportation and energy storage company in North America. Kinder Morgan owns or operates approximately 82,000 miles of pipelines transporting primarily natural gas, crude oil, and petroleum products.

Trans Mountain Oil Pipeline

In Canada, Kinder Morgan operates the Trans Mountain oil pipeline which links Alberta with Vancouver, BC, as well as the Cochin natural gas pipeline between Western Canada and the US Midwest. In 2013, Kinder Morgan completed the filing of its application to the Canadian National Energy Board ("NEB") for building a second parallel pipeline to Trans Mountain, which would nearly triple the transportation capacity of Trans Mountain from 300,000 to 850,000 barrels per day, for an estimated investment of $5.4 billion. This expansion would enable the export of larger volumes of Alberta's bituminous sands oil to the US and to Asian countries.

Kinder Morgan had the support of several large customers for this expansion, i.e.: BP Canada Energy Trading Co., Canadian Natural Resources, Canadian Oil Sands Ltd., Cenovus Energy Inc., Devon Canada Corp., Husky Energy Marketing Inc., Imperial Oil Ltd., Nexen Marketing Inc., Statoil Canada Ltd., Suncor Energy Marketing Inc., Suncor Energy Products Partnership, Tesoro Refining & Marketing Co. and Total E&P Canada Ltd.

However, this project, like other new pipeline projects, faced opposition, especially from the Indian First Nations with title to the lands crossed by the pipelines as well as from environmentally concerned citizens. (See below, "Challenges to Kinder Morgan Pipelines" and "Accidents").

Challenges to Kinder Morgan Pipelines

The Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain existing pipeline for transporting diluted bitumen between Edmonton, Alberta and Burnaby, East of Vancouver, BC would be nearly tripled with a capacity of 850,000 barrels per day from 300,000, for a total investment of $5.4 billion. [1] [14][15]

This project is controversial, as are similar pipeline projects Northern Gateway from Alberta to Kitimat, BC, Keystone XL to the US south and Line 9 (Enbridge's project, from Sarnia to Montreal), all of which expand the transportation capacity of heavy crude to refineries or loading ports for export to the US or overseas, a potentially significant contributor to climate change and ocean acidification, and a threat to aquifer and watershed integrity where the lines run.

Members of the Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh First Nations of British Columbia, Canada paddled canoes on the waters of Burrard Inlet to the Kinder Morgan Burnaby Terminal for a ceremony to protest the $5 billion expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline, in North Vancouver, B.C., on September 1, 2012. Tsleil-Waututh leaders made it clear that their ultimate goal was to shut down the project altogether.[16]

The existing and proposed pipelines ship diluted bitumen through the Strait of Juan de Fuca, an extremely sensitive environmental region. The tankers have to pass through a very narrow channel of shallow water to reach the open sea, making the project controversial and strongly opposed by some Canadians [2] and Americans, for reasons similar to the opposition to Keystone XL, Line 9, and Northern Gateway and offshore deep ocean oil drilling.

Pipeline Safety

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Safety Standards

The U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) allows high-pressure 30-42" diameter interstate natural gas pipelines to be built less than fifty feet away from occupied dwellings.[17]

Thus a FERC-approved pipeline could be well within the blast radius of roughly 800-1100 feet for pipelines of those diameters.[18]

Kinder Morgan Safety Violations

In 2009, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) cited Kinder Morgan for violating safety standards regarding the distance between a natural gas pipeline and a “high consequence area” such as a school or hospital; the pipeline was too close for safe operation in case of a leak.[19]

In 2011, PHMSA cited Kinder Morgan for these safety violations:

  • failing to maintain update maps showing pipeline locations,
  • failing to test pipeline safety devices,
  • failing to maintain proper firefighting equipment,
  • failing to inspect its pipelines as required, and
  • failing to adequately monitor pipes’ corrosion levels.[20]

In 2013, the headline “Wall Street Worries About Kinder Morgan’s Safety Record: BC pipeline operator slashes and defers maintenance spending” was a concern to anyone who lived or worked near a Kinder Morgan pipeline.[21]

The Wall Street Journal asked, “Is Kinder Morgan Scrimping on its Pipelines?” after an investment analyst charged the company with starving its pipelines of routine maintenance spending in order to return more cash to investors.[22] Deferred maintenance may account for the high number of Kinder Morgan pipeline accidents in the last decade.

Accidents

In Texas from 2003 to 2014, Kinder Morgan experienced 36 "significant incidents" resulting in fatalities or hospitalization, fires, explosions, or spills.[23]

Throughout the U.S. since 2003, Kinder Morgan and its subsidiaries' pipelines have been responsible for at least 180 spills, evacuations, explosions, fires, and fatalities in 24 states.[24] Some examples (also including spills in Canada):

  • 2004

On April 28, 2004, an underground Kinder Morgan 14” pipeline ruptured at Suisun Marsh in Solano County, California, spilling over 120,000 gallons of diesel fuel directly into the marsh. The cause was pipe corrosion. The company failed to notify authorities about the spill for 18 hours, another safety violation for which it was later cited. Kinder Morgan was fined $5.3 million for the spill, and agreed to enhance spill prevention, response and reporting practices. The company had 44 spills in a 31-month period, indicating "a widespread failure to adequately detect and address the effects of outside force damage and corrosion," according to an order issued in August 2005 by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA).[25]

On November 9, 2004, a Kinder Morgan pipeline in Walnut Creek, California was struck by a backhoe, causing a gasoline spill that ignited in an explosive fireball that incinerated five workers, severely injuring four others. CalOSHA (California Occupational Safety and Health Administration) cited Kinder Morgan for failure to accurately mark or map the pipeline location.[26] In 2005, the California Fire Marshal fined Kinder Morgan $500,000 for its role in this “completely preventable” tragedy. Kinder Morgan agreed to upgrade its pipeline inspection methods and improve corrosion control.[27]

  • 2006

On July 22, 2006, near Campbellsville, Kentucky, a Kinder Morgan Tennessee Gas Pipeline exploded. A 25-foot chunk of pipe blew out of the ground and landed 200 feet away, the pipe twisted and mangled, its external coating burned off. The 24" pipeline ruptured due to external corrosion 2-3 feet long. The pipeline failed at the bottom of a valley in an area of wet shale, known to cause corrosion on buried pipelines in this part of Kentucky.[28]

On November 11, 2006, a subcontractor on Kinder Morgan’s Rockies Express (REX) pipeline outside Cheyenne, Wyoming struck an existing pipeline, causing a rupture and explosion. Two months after this explosion, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission threatened to shut the project down if REX didn’t improve its “poor compliance record” involving construction activity outside the approved work area.[29]

On November 27, 2006, the Kinder Morgan Plantation Pipeline at Charlotte, North Carolina released about 4,000 gallons of gasoline from a Plantation Pipe Line Company block valve on a delivery line into a terminal owned by a third party company.[30]

  • 2007

On July 24, 2007, the Trans Mountain Pipeline, operated by Kinder Morgan Canada, released over 250,000 litres of crude oil (70,000 of which flowed into Burrard Inlet, requiring a C$15-million cleanup) after a backhoe broke the improperly-marked line in Burnaby.[31][32]

  • 2008

On September 23, 2008, a Kinder Morgan pipeline exploded and burned for more than ten hours at Pasadena, Texas. One person died; another was injured.[33] The cause of this “significant event” was corrosion. The Pasadena pipeline experienced at least 18 "significant incidents" 2004 to 2013.[34]

  • 2009

On July 15, 2009, a pipeline accident at Sylvarena, Mississippi involved Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, Southern Natural Gas and Kinder Morgan in an explosion that killed one person and injured three others.[35]

  • 2010

On November 30, 2010, a 30" diameter Kinder Morgan / Tennessee Gas Pipeline failed in a semi-rural area between Highway 1 and State Road 3191, two miles NW of Natchitoches, Louisiana, 1/4 mile NE of a country club, and 200' south of a residential subdivision. Louisiana state police evacuated 100 homes. Pipe cracked: 52.5 inches long & about 0.5 inches in maximum width. The failure site is near where TGP had a previous failure in 1965, with multiple fatalities. That failure was attributed to stress corrosion cracking.[36]

  • 2011

The Carteret, New Jersey, KMLT had a leak and fire during maintenance work on March 14, 2011. On April 4, 2013, the PHMSA Office of Pipeline Safety issued a Notice of Probable Violation, Proposed Civil Penalty and Proposed Compliance Order (NOPV) after an inspection. In 2013, KMLT paid a penalty of $63,100 and was required to complete pipeline integrity testing and other corrective measures by May 2015.[37]

On August 17, 2011, Kinder Morgan’s Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America had a flash fire and explosion south of Herscher, Illinois. Five employees went to the hospital. Kinder Morgan was cited for pipeline and workplace safety violations.[38]

On November 16, 2011, near Glouster, Ohio, a weld failed on a Kinder Morgan Tennessee Gas Pipeline 36" diameter pipe; the leak exploded, leaving a blast crater 30 feet across and 15 feet deep. Three homes were destroyed by the fire.[39] The leak was caused by "displacement produced by a landslide and an inadequate understanding by (TGP) of the influence of the geotechnical threats on the pipeline in this location.”[40] A girth weld failed due to earth movement, inadequate design, materials or workmanship, exceeding operational limits & gaps in integrity management.[41]

  • 2012

In June 2012, in Gray County, Texas, a Kinder Morgan Natural Gas Pipeline of America 26" diameter pipe failed at Compressor Station 154, Mile Post 52, 4 mi. east of Laketon. The gas ignited, blowing a crater 30 feet in diameter and burning 2 acres of agricultural land as well as two 500-gallon plastic tanks used to store liquid fertilizer plus two telephone poles and transformers. State Highway 152 was closed for several hours. The cause was a 50-foot-long longitudinal rupture in the pipe.[42]

On December 26, 2012, in West Melbourne, Florida, a Kinder Morgan Florida Gas Transmission Company pipeline exploded in a pasture.[43] The blast ejected a 20-foot section of 20" diameter pipe which landed about 15 feet from the rupture.[44]

  • 2013

On May 8, 2013, the Kinder Morgan Tejas pipeline compressor station near Crockett, Texas, had a fire that caused $7,502,188 in property damage.[45]

On June 18, 2013, in Louisiana, a Kinder Morgan Florida Gas Transmission Company 30" diameter pipeline ruptured and exploded before dawn, jolting residents out of their beds in a rural, wooded area of Washington Parish. No one was seriously hurt but 55 homes were evacuated. The blast knocked down trees in an area about 200 yards across and the fire burned those within another 300 yards. “The ground around the crater is completely bare. The dirt around it is just like it had been cooked in a kiln," and an 80-foot section of pipe was destroyed.[46]

  • 2014

On June 26, 2014 near East Bernard, Texas, a gas pipeline adjacent to the Kinder Morgan compressor plant blew out, destroying the road and setting a truck on fire at FM 1164 just south of Highway 59. Flames shot as high as 150 feet.[47]

References

  1. ^ a b "About Us". http://kindermorgan.com. Retrieved 25 Aug 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  2. ^ Failure Investigation Report – Central Florida Pipeline 10-inch Jet Fuel Pipeline Failure, July 22, 2011, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_4DFEE9C3F71E6C9384A34BA182C1F157C5212A00/filename/cntrl_FL_red_appD.pdf.
  3. ^ Otterbourg, Ken (2 Jun 2014). "Kinder Morgan: The energy boom's mighty middleman". Fortune.com. Retrieved 8 Sep 2014.
  4. ^ Pipeline Operator Information, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/operator/Operatorlist.html?nocache=5346.
  5. ^ "Pipeline King Kinder rakes in $1.5 bn in one day". Houston Mirror. 11 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ Company profile on KM web site
  7. ^ http://www.forbes.com/profile/richard-kinder/
  8. ^ Kinder Morgan Tankers, http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/terminals/apt.cfm
  9. ^ Kinder Morgan Energy Partners' (KMP) CEO Richard Kinder on Q2 2014 Results - Earnings Conference Call July 18, 2014, 2:46 AM ET, by SA Transcripts, http://seekingalpha.com/article/2322165-kinder-morgan-energy-partners-kmp-ceo-richard-kinder-on-q2-2014-results-earnings-conference-call, accessed 2014-07-20.
  10. ^ Kinder Morgan CO2: description of CO2 and oil operations
  11. ^ SEC Form 10-Q, March 31, 2009
  12. ^ Consolidated Case No. 06-C-801, http://www.shawneecourt.org/DocumentCenter/Home/View/239, accessed 2014-10-03.
  13. ^ "Kinder Morgan to Buy El Paso for $21 Billion in Cash, Stock". October 18, 2011.
  14. ^ Elisabeth Rosenthal (June 13, 2012). "Canada Seeks Alternatives to Transport Oil Reserves". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
  15. ^ http://www.transmountain.com/project/project-overview/
  16. ^ "B.C. First Nation launches legal challenge over Kinder Morgan pipeline," http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/b-c-first-nation-launches-legal-challenge-over-kinder-morgan-pipeline-1.1804190#ixzz350lGUDK4 and http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/b-c-first-nation-launches-legal-challenge-over-kinder-morgan-pipeline-1.1804190#ixzz350kqw2ja, accessed 2014-06-18.
  17. ^ “An Interstate Natural Gas Facility on My Land?”, http://www.ferc.gov/for-citizens/citizen-guides/citz-guide-gas.pdf, accessed 2014-10-03.
  18. ^ The equation for calculating impact radius is in H. Noel Duckworth and Robert Eiber, Report On Assessment of Pipeline Integrity of Kinder-Morgan Conversion Of the Rancho Pipeline To City of Austin Texas (June 2004), pp. 29-30, primis.phmsa.dot.gov, accessed 2014-06-23. The equation is also in "Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, B31.8S-2004. The calculation used 1460 psig for the gas pressure.
  19. ^ PHMSA letter to Richard Kinder, September 1, 2009, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/enforce/documents/520071008/520071008_FinalOrder_09012009_text.pdf, accessed 2014-06-18.
  20. ^ Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) letter to Hugh Harden, Kinder Morgan, Feb. 28, 2011, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/enforce/documents/520115005/520115005_NOPV%20PCO_02282011_text.pdf, accessed June 2014.
  21. ^ Eric de Place, “Wall Street Worries About Kinder Morgan’s Safety Record: BC pipeline operator slashes and defers maintenance spending”, September 19, 2013, http://daily.sightline.org/2013/09/19/wall-street-worries-about-kinder-morgans-safety-record/, consulted June 16, 2014.
  22. ^ Tom Fowler and Ben Lefebvre, “Is Kinder Morgan Scrimping on its Pipelines?” Wall Street Journal, Sep 27, 2013, http://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2013/09/27/is-kinder-morgan-scrimping-on-its-pipelines-the-market-shrugs/, accessed June 16, 2014. Claudia Assis, “Research firm rebuts Kinder Morgan’s rebuttal,” September 26, 2013, Marketwatch / Wall Street Journal, http://blogs.marketwatch.com/energy-ticker/2013/09/26/research-firm-rebuts-kinder-morgans-rebuttal/, accessed June 16, 2014.
  23. ^ Building Safe Communities: Pipeline Risk and its Application to Local Development Decisions, (Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Pipeline Safety: 2010), p. 10, at http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/publications/PIPA/PIPA-PipelineRiskReport-Final-20101021.pdf, accessed June 18, 2014.
  24. ^ PHMSA Pipeline Safety State Pages at http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/States.htm?nocache=3971.
  25. ^ Scott Marshall, “Kinder-Morgan to pay $5.3 million for fuel spills,” Contra Costa Times, May 21, 2007, http://www.contracostatimes.com/search/ci_5950251, accessed June 16, 2014.
  26. ^ Officials Dole Out Fines In Fatal Pipeline Explosion, May 5, 2005, http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/officials-dole-out-fines-in-fatal-pipeline-explosi/nKYpc/.
  27. ^ "Cal/OSHA Issues Multi-Employer Citation," http://www.dir.ca.gov/dirnews/2005/ir2005-20.html; California Fire Investigation Report, http://osfm.fire.ca.gov/pipeline/pdf/WCFinalReport/PenaltyLetter.pdf; “Kinder Morgan reaches safety deal,” April 10, 2006, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/kinder-morgan-energy-us-reach-safety-deal, accessed June 2014.
  28. ^ PHMSA Corrective Action Order, CPF No. 2-2006-3 007 H, aka CPF 220061007H.
  29. ^ Tom Beyerlein, “Fatal explosion puts Kinder Morgan’s past in spotlight,” Dayton Daily News [Ohio], September 14, 2008, in Tar Sands Free BC, September 15, 2008, http://tarsandsfreebc.org/?p=236, accessed June 16, 2014.
  30. ^ Kinder Morgan 2009 annual report, p. 198.
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  32. ^ "3 companies plead guilty to Burnaby oil spill". October 3, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
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  34. ^ “Texas Significant Incidents Listing,” 2003-2014, PHMSA Pipeline Safety Stakeholder Communication, U.S. DOT, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/safety/IncDetSt_st_TX_flt_sig.html?nocache=8751, accessed June 17, 2014.
  35. ^ "Pipeline explosion kills 1, injures 3 in Smith county". MS News. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  36. ^ PHMSA Corrective Action Order, Case CPF 420101007H.
  37. ^ Kinder Morgan annual report for 2013, p. 166.
  38. ^ “Kinder Morgan, Owner of Illinois Natural Gas Pipeline Co. Where Explosion Occurred, Has Lengthy Record of Pipeline, Workplace Safety Violations,” August 17, 2011, NaturalGasWatch.org, http://www.naturalgaswatch.org/?p=817; “Gas plant explosion injures five,” Hazardex, August 17, 2011, http://www.hazardexonthenet.net/article/44270/Gas-plant-explosion-injures-five.aspx?AreaID=2, accessed June 2014.
  39. ^ "Pipeline failure caused huge Morgan County blast," Columbus Dispatch, Nov 17, 2011, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2011/11/16/gas-pipeline-explodes-in-athens-county.html, & "Gas Line Explodes ...," http://www.10tv.com/content/stories/2011/11/16/athens-county-explosion.html; "Flames From Gas Explosion Called Worst Firefighter Had Seen," http://www.10tv.com/content/stories/2011/11/16/athens-county-flames-worse-seen.html; "Pipeline co. wants to nix punitive damages in explosion lawsuit," Athens News, March 19, 2014, http://www.athensnews.com/ohio/article-41987-pipeline-co-wants-to-nix-punitive-damages-in-explosion-lawsuit.html, accessed 8/13/2014.
  40. ^ Joe Higgins, 'November gas line explosion cause revealed,' Athens Messenger, OH, July 16, 2012, quote from p.14 of report cited below, (http://www.athensohiotoday.com/news/november-gas-line-explosion-cause-revealed/article_a2f3a55c-cf8c-11e1-ba27-0019bb2963f4.html.
  41. ^ "Final Report: Failure & Root Cause Analysis," Dynamic Risk for Kinder Morgan Nov 16, 2011 rupture, posted at http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/athensohiotoday.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/a/8a/a8aab150-cf7f-11e1-8a70-001a4bcf887a/500471418c9e3.pdf.pdf
  42. ^ PHMSA Corrective Action Order re: CPF No. 4-2012-1011H.
  43. ^ "Natural Gas Pipeline Fails In West Melbourne," Space Coast Daily, December 26, 2012, http://spacecoastdaily.com/2012/12/natural-gas-pipeline-fails-in-west-melbourne/, accessed 8/14/2014.
  44. ^ PHMSA CPF No. 2-2012-lOOSH, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_14D99C24B96230D53EA8622EF83A72D57B310600/filename/220121005H_CAO_12282012_FloridaGas.pdf, accessed 8/15/2014.
  45. ^ PHMSA state pipeline listings, http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/StatePages/Texas.htm; Skytruth Alert: NRC Report: Natural Gas near Crockett, TX 2013-05-08, http://alerts.skytruth.org/report/05f2642d-8a93-3b6f-bbac-9c57a37b, accessed 2014-08-12.
  46. ^ "Gas line explosion rattles Washington Parish," Baton Rouge Advocate, June 26, 2013, http://theadvocate.com/home/6283023-125/gas-pipeline-explosion-in-franklinton, accessed 2014-08-14.
  47. ^ http://abc13.com/news/gas-line-explosion-sends-150-foot-flames-up-in-air/142620/, accessed Aug 12, 2014.

External links

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