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Template:Burmese characters Burmese numerals are a set of numerals traditionally used in the Burmese language, although the Arabic numerals are also used. Burmese numerals follow the Hindu-Arabic numeral system commonly used in the rest of the world.

Main numbers

Zero to nine

Number	Burmese
Number	Numeral	Written (MLCTS)	IPA
0	๐	သုည¹ (su.nya.)	IPA: [θòʊɴɲa̰]
1	၁	တစ် (tac)	IPA: [tɪʔ]
2	၂	နှစ် (hnac)	IPA: [n̥ɪʔ]
3	၃	သုံး (sum:)	IPA: [θóʊɴ]
4	၄	လေး (le:)	IPA: [lé]
5	၅	ငါး (nga:)	IPA: [ŋá]
6	၆	ခြောက် (hkrauk)	IPA: [tɕʰaʊʔ]
7	၇	ခုနစ် (hku. hnac)	IPA: [kʰʊ̀ɴ n̥ɪʔ]²
8	၈	ရှစ် (hrac)	IPA: [ʃɪʔ]
9	၉	ကိုး (kui:)	IPA: [kó]
10	၁၀	ဆယ် (hcay)	IPA: [sʰɛ̀]

¹ Burmese for zero comes from Sanskrit śūnya.
² Can be pronounced IPA: [kʰʊ̀ɴ].

Spoken Burmese has innate pronunciation rules that govern numbers when they are combined with another word, be it a numerical place (e.g. tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.) or a measure word.^[1]

For one, two, and seven (all of which end in the rhyme [-ɪʔ]), when combined, shift to an open vowel, namely the schwa ([ə])
For three, four, five, and nine which all have the long tone (similar to the flat tone in pinyin), when combined, the word immediately following it, given that it begins with a consonant, shifts to a voiced consonant (e.g., ၄၀, "40" is pronounced [lé zɛ̀], not [lé sʰɛ̀]). Other suffixes such as ထောင် ([tʰàʊɴ]; thousand), သောင်း ([θáʊɴ]; ten thousand), သိန်း ([θéɪɴ]; hundred thousand), and သန်း ([θáɴ]; million) all shift to ([dàʊɴ]; thousand), ([ðáʊɴ]; ten thousand), ([ðéɪɴ]; hundred thousand), and [ðáɴ]; million), respectively.
For six and eight, no pronunciation shift occurs.

These pronunciation shifts are exclusively confined to spoken Burmese and are not spelt any differently.

Ten to a million

Number	Burmese
Number	Numeral	Written	IPA
10	၁၀	တစ်ဆယ်	IPA: [təsʰɛ̀]¹
11	၁၁	တစ်ဆယ်တစ်	IPA: [təsʰɛ̰ tɪʔ] or [sʰɛʔ tɪʔ]
12	၁၂	တစ်ဆယ်နှစ်	IPA: [təsʰɛ̰ n̥ɪʔ] or [sʰɛʔ n̥ɪʔ]
20	၂၀	နှစ်ဆယ်	IPA: [n̥əsʰɛ̀]
21	၂၁	နှစ်ဆယ့်တစ်	IPA: [n̥əsʰɛ̰ tɪʔ] or [n̥əsʰɛʔ tɪʔ]
22	၂၂	နှစ်ဆယ့်နှစ်	IPA: [n̥əsʰɛ̰ n̥ɪʔ] or [n̥əsʰɛʔ n̥ɪʔ]
100	၁၀၀	ရာ	IPA: [jà]
1 000	၁၀၀၀	ထောင်	IPA: [tʰàʊɴ]¹
10 000	၁၀၀၀၀	သောင်း	IPA: [θáʊɴ]¹
100 000	၁၀၀၀၀၀	သိန်း	IPA: [θéɪɴ]¹
1 000 000	၁၀၀၀၀၀၀	သန်း	IPA: [θáɴ]¹
10 000 000	၁၀၀၀၀၀၀၀	ကုဋေ	IPA: [ɡədè]
100 000 000 000 000	၁၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀	ကောဋိ	IPA: [kɔ́dḭ]
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000	၁၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀၀	ပကောဋိ	IPA: [pəkɔ́dḭ]
.	.	.
.	.	.
.	.	.
1 * 10¹⁴⁰	၁ × ၁၀^၁၄၀	အသင်္ချေ

¹ Shifts to voiced consonant following three, four, five, and nine.

Ten to nineteen are almost always expressed without including တစ် (one).

Another pronunciation rule shifts numerical place name (the tens, hundreds and thousands place) from the low tone to the creaky tone.^[1]

Number places from 10 (တစ်ဆယ်) up to 10⁷ (ကုဋေ) has increment of 10¹. Beyond those Number places, larger number places have increment of 10⁷. 10¹⁴ (ကောဋိ) up to 10¹⁴⁰ (အသချေင်ျ) has increment of 10⁷.
There are totally 27 major number places in Myanmar Numerals from 1x10⁰ to 10¹⁴⁰ (namely: “ ခု၊ ဆယ်၊ ရာ၊ ထောင်၊ သောင်း၊ သိန်း၊ သန်း၊ ကုဋေ၊ ကောဋိ၊ ပကောဋိ၊ ကောဋိပကောဋိ၊ နဟုတံ၊ နိန္နဟုတံ၊ အက္ခဘေိဏီ၊ ဗိန္ဒု၊ အဗ္ဗုဒ၊ နိရဗ္ဗုဒ၊ အဗဗ၊ အဋဋ၊ သောကနိ္ဓက၊ ဥပ္ပလ၊ ကုမုဒ၊ ပဒုမ၊ ပုဏ္ဍရိက၊ ကထာန၊ မဟာကထာန၊ အသင်္ချေ”
Numbers in the tens place: shift from ဆယ် ([sʰɛ̀], low tone) to ဆယ့် ([sʰɛ̰], creaky tone), except in numbers divisible by ten (10, 20, 30, etc.) In typical speech, the shift goes farther to ([sʰɛʔ] or [zɛʔ]).
Numbers in the hundreds place: shift from ရာ ([jà], low tone) to ရာ့ ([ja̰], creaky tone), except for numbers divisible by 100.
Numbers in the thousands place: shift from ထောင် ([tʰàʊɴ], low tone) to ထောင့် ([tʰa̰ʊɴ], creaky tone), except for numbers divisible by 1000.

Hence, a number like 301 is pronounced [θóʊɴ ja̰ tɪʔ] (သုံးရာ့တစ်), while 300 is pronounced [θóʊɴ jà] (သုံးရာ).

The digits of a number are expressed in order of decreasing digits place. For example, 1,234,567 is expressed as follows (where the highlighted portions represent numbers whose tone has shifted from low → creaky:

Numeral		1,000,000	200,000	30,000	4,000	500	60	7
Burmese
	IPA	[təθáɴ]¹	[n̥əθeɪɴ]¹	[θóʊɴ ðáʊɴ]	[lé da̰ʊɴ]	[ŋá ja̰]	[tɕʰaʊʔ sʰɛ̰]	[kʰʊ̀ɴ n̥ɪʔ]
	Written	တစ်သန်း	နှစ်သိန်း	သုံးသောင်း	လေးထောင့်	ငါးရာ့	ခြောက်ဆယ့်	ခုနစ်

¹ When combined with the numeral place, the pronunciations for 1 and 2 shift from a checked tone (glottal stop) to an open vowel ([ə]).

Round number rule

When a number is used as an adjective, the standard word order is: number + measure word (e.g. ၅ ခွက် for "5 cups"). However, for round numbers (numbers ending in zeroes), the word order is flipped to: measure word + number (e.g. ပုလင်း ၂၀, not ၂၀ ပုလင်း, for "20 bottles").^[2] The exception to this rule is the number 10, which follows the standard word order.^[1]

Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers, from first to tenth, are Burmese pronunciations of their Pali equivalents.^[1] They are prefixed to the noun. Beyond that, cardinal numbers can be raised to the ordinal by suffixing the particle မြောက် ([mjaʊʔ], lit. "to raise") to the number in the following order: number + measure word + မြောက်.

Ordinal	Burmese		Pali equivalent
Ordinal	Burmese	IPA	Pali equivalent
First	ပထမ	IPA: [pətʰəma̰]	paṭhama^[1]
Second	ဒုတိယ	IPA: [dṵtḭja̰]	dutiya^[1]
Third	တတိယ	IPA: [taʔtḭja̰]	tatiya^[1]
Fourth	စတုတ္ထ	IPA: [zədoʊʔtʰa̰]	catuttha^[1]
Fifth	ပဉ္စမ	IPA: [pjɪ̀ɴsəma̰]	pañcama^[1]
Sixth	ဆဋ္ဌမ	IPA: [sʰaʔtʰa̰ma̰]	chaṭṭha^[1]
Seventh	သတ္တမ	IPA: [θaʔtəma̰]	sattama^[1]
Eighth	အဋ္ဌမ	IPA: [ʔaʔtʰama̰]	aṭṭhama^[1]
Ninth	နဝမ	IPA: [nəwəma̰]	navama^[1]
Tenth	ဒသမ	IPA: [daʔθəma̰]	dasama^[1]

Decimal and fractional numbers

Colloquially, decimal numbers are formed by saying ဒသမ ([daʔθəma̰], Pali for 'tenth') where the decimal separator is located. For example, 10.1 is ဆယ် ဒသမ တစ် ([sʰè da̰ (daʔ) θəma̰ tɪʔ]).

Half (1/2) is expressed primarily by တစ်ဝက် ([təwɛʔ]), although ထက်ဝက်, အခွဲ and အခြမ်း are also used. Quarter (1/4) is expressed with အစိတ် ([ʔəseɪʔ]) or တစ်စိတ်.

Other fractional numbers are verbally expressed as follows: denominator + ပုံ ([pòʊɴ]) + numerator + ပုံ. ပုံ literally translates as "portion." For example, 3/4 would be expressed as လေးပုံသုံးပုံ, literally "of four portions, three portions.

Alternate numbers

Other numbers, not of Tibeto-Burman origin, are also found in the Burmese language, usually from Pali or Sanskrit.^[3] They are exceedingly rare in modern usage.

Number	Pali derivatives	Sanskrit derivatives	Hindi derivatives
1	ဧက^[4] ([ʔèka̰], from Pali ḗka)
2	ဒွိ^[4] ([dwḭ], from Pali dvi)
3	တိ (from Pali ti)	တြိ^[4] ([tɹḭ], from Sanskrit tri)
4	စတု^[4] ([zətṵ], from Pali catu)		ဇယ^[4] (from Hindi चार)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Okell, John (2002). Burmese By Ear (PDF). The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. ISBN 1 86013 758 x. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
^ San San Hnin Tun (2014). Colloquial Burmese: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge.
^ Hla Pe (1985). Burma: Literature, Historiography, Scholarship, Language, Life, and Buddhism. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 64. ISBN 9789971988005.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Myanmar-English Dictionary. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993. ISBN 1-881265-47-1.

External links

Media related to Burmese numbers at Wikimedia Commons

[bbe-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Okell, John (2002). Burmese By Ear (PDF). The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. ISBN 1 86013 758 x. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

[cb-2] San San Hnin Tun (2014). Colloquial Burmese: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge.

[hlape-3] Hla Pe (1985). Burma: Literature, Historiography, Scholarship, Language, Life, and Buddhism. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 64. ISBN 9789971988005.

[dict-4] Myanmar-English Dictionary. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993. ISBN 1-881265-47-1.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{unreferenced|date=April 2011}}
 {{Numeral systems}}
 {{Burmese characters}}
@@ Line 39: / Line 38: @@
 <sup>2</sup> Can be pronounced {{IPA-my|kʰʊ̀ɴ|IPA}}.
-Spoken Burmese has innate pronunciation rules that govern numbers when they are combined with another word, be it a numerical place (e.g. tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.) or a measure word.
+Spoken Burmese has innate pronunciation rules that govern numbers when they are combined with another word, be it a numerical place (e.g. tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.) or a measure word.<ref name="bbe">{{cite book|last=Okell|first=John|title=Burmese By Ear|publisher=The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|date=2002|isbn=1 86013 758 x|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/bbe/file53735.pdf}}</ref>
 * For one, two, and seven (all of which end in the rhyme {{IPA|[-ɪʔ]}}), when combined, shift to an open vowel, namely the schwa ({{IPA|[ə]}})
@@ Line 94: / Line 93: @@
 Ten to nineteen are almost always expressed without including {{my|တစ်}} (one).
-Another pronunciation rule shifts numerical place name (the tens, hundreds and thousands place) from the low tone to the creaky tone.
+Another pronunciation rule shifts numerical place name (the tens, hundreds and thousands place) from the low tone to the creaky tone.<ref name="bbe"/>
 *Number places from 10 ({{my|တစ်ဆယ်}}) up to 10<sup>7</sup> ({{my|ကုဋေ}}) has increment of 10<sup>1</sup>. Beyond those Number places, larger number places have increment of 10<sup>7</sup>. 10<sup>14</sup> ({{my|ကောဋိ}}) up to 10<sup>140</sup> ({{my|အသချေင်ျ}}) has increment of 10<sup>7</sup>.
 *There are totally 27 major number places in Myanmar Numerals from 1x10<sup>0</sup> to 10<sup>140</sup> (namely: {{my|“ ခု၊ ဆယ်၊ ရာ၊ ထောင်၊ သောင်း၊ သိန်း၊ သန်း၊ ကုဋေ၊ ကောဋိ၊ ပကောဋိ၊ ကောဋိပကောဋိ၊ နဟုတံ၊ နိန္နဟုတံ၊ အက္ခဘေိဏီ၊ ဗိန္ဒု၊ အဗ္ဗုဒ၊ နိရဗ္ဗုဒ၊ အဗဗ၊ အဋဋ၊ သောကနိ္ဓက၊ ဥပ္ပလ၊ ကုမုဒ၊ ပဒုမ၊ ပုဏ္ဍရိက၊ ကထာန၊ မဟာကထာန၊ အသင်္ချေ”}}
@@ Line 117: / Line 116: @@
 ====Round number rule====
-When a number is used as an adjective, the standard word order is: number + measure word (e.g. {{my|၅ ခွက်}} for "5 cups"). However, for [[round number]]s (numbers ending in zeroes), the word order is flipped to: measure word + number (e.g. {{my|ပုလင်း ၂၀}}, not {{my|၂၀ ပုလင်း}}, for "20 bottles"). The exception to this rule is the number 10, which follows the standard word order.
+When a number is used as an adjective, the standard word order is: number + measure word (e.g. {{my|၅ ခွက်}} for "5 cups"). However, for [[round number]]s (numbers ending in zeroes), the word order is flipped to: measure word + number (e.g. {{my|ပုလင်း ၂၀}}, not {{my|၂၀ ပုလင်း}}, for "20 bottles").<ref name="cb">{{cite book|author=San San Hnin Tun|title=Colloquial Burmese: The Complete Course for Beginners|publisher=Routledge|date=2014}}</ref> The exception to this rule is the number 10, which follows the standard word order.<ref name="bbe"/>
 ===Ordinal numbers===
-Ordinal numbers, from first to tenth (and rarely eleventh), are Burmese pronunciations of their [[Pali]] equivalents. They are prefixed to the noun. Beyond that, cardinal numbers can be raised to the ordinal by suffixing the particle {{my|မြောက်}} ({{IPA|[mjaʊʔ]}}, lit. "to raise") to the number in the following order: number + [[Burmese numerical classifiers|measure word]] + {{my|မြောက်}}.
+Ordinal numbers, from first to tenth, are Burmese pronunciations of their [[Pali]] equivalents.<ref name="bbe"/> They are prefixed to the noun. Beyond that, cardinal numbers can be raised to the ordinal by suffixing the particle {{my|မြောက်}} ({{IPA|[mjaʊʔ]}}, lit. "to raise") to the number in the following order: number + [[Burmese numerical classifiers|measure word]] + {{my|မြောက်}}.
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 |-
-! rowspan="2"|Ordinal !! colspan="2"|Burmese
+! rowspan="2"|Ordinal !! colspan="2"|Burmese !! rowspan="2"| Pali equivalent
 |-
 ! Burmese !! IPA
 |-
-|First || {{my|ပထမ}} || {{IPA-my|pətʰəma̰|IPA}}
+|First || {{my|ပထမ}} || {{IPA-my|pətʰəma̰|IPA}} || paṭhama<ref name="bbe"/>
 |-
-|Second || {{my|ဒုတိယ}} || {{IPA-my|dṵtḭja̰|IPA}}
+|Second || {{my|ဒုတိယ}} || {{IPA-my|dṵtḭja̰|IPA}} || dutiya<ref name="bbe"/>
 |-
-|Third || {{my|တတိယ}} || {{IPA-my|taʔtḭja̰|IPA}}
+|Third || {{my|တတိယ}} || {{IPA-my|taʔtḭja̰|IPA}} || tatiya<ref name="bbe"/>
 |-
-|Fourth || {{my|စတုတ္ထ}} || {{IPA-my|zədoʊʔtʰa̰|IPA}}
+|Fourth || {{my|စတုတ္ထ}} || {{IPA-my|zədoʊʔtʰa̰|IPA}} || catuttha<ref name="bbe"/>
 |-
-|Fifth || {{my|ပဉ္စမ}} || {{IPA-my|pjɪ̀ɴsəma̰|IPA}}
+|Fifth || {{my|ပဉ္စမ}} || {{IPA-my|pjɪ̀ɴsəma̰|IPA}} || pañcama<ref name="bbe"/>
 |-
-|Sixth || {{my|ဆဋ္ဌမ}} || {{IPA-my|sʰaʔtʰa̰ma̰|IPA}}
+|Sixth || {{my|ဆဋ္ဌမ}} || {{IPA-my|sʰaʔtʰa̰ma̰|IPA}} || chaṭṭha<ref name="bbe"/>
 |-
-|Seventh || {{my|သတ္တမ}} || {{IPA-my|θaʔtəma̰|IPA}}
+|Seventh || {{my|သတ္တမ}} || {{IPA-my|θaʔtəma̰|IPA}} || sattama<ref name="bbe"/>
 |-
-|Eighth || {{my|အဋ္ဌမ}} || {{IPA-my|ʔaʔtʰama̰|IPA}}
+|Eighth || {{my|အဋ္ဌမ}} || {{IPA-my|ʔaʔtʰama̰|IPA}} || aṭṭhama<ref name="bbe"/>
 |-
-|Ninth || {{my|နဝမ}} || {{IPA-my|nəwəma̰|IPA}}
+|Ninth || {{my|နဝမ}} || {{IPA-my|nəwəma̰|IPA}} || navama<ref name="bbe"/>
 |-
-|Tenth || {{my|ဒသမ}} || {{IPA-my|daʔθəma̰|IPA}}
+|Tenth || {{my|ဒသမ}} || {{IPA-my|daʔθəma̰|IPA}} || dasama<ref name="bbe"/>
-|-
-|Eleventh || {{my|ဧကာဒသမ}}<sup>1</sup> || {{IPA-my|ʔèkà da̰ θama̰|IPA}}
 |-
 |}
-<sup>1</sup> Equivalent to {{my|ဆယ့်တစ်}} + measure word + {{my|မြောက်}}.
 ===Decimal and fractional numbers===
@@ Line 161: / Line 157: @@
 ===Alternate numbers===
-Other numbers, not of Tibeto-Burman origin, are also found in the Burmese language. They are exceedingly rare and usually from [[Pali]] or [[Sanskrit]]. {{my|ဧက}} ({{IPA|[ʔèka̰]}}), from Pali ''ḗka'', means one. {{my|ဒွိ}} ({{IPA|[dwḭ]}}), from Pali, means two. {{my|တြိ}} ({{IPA|[tɹḭ]}}), from Sanskrit ''tri'', means three and {{my|စတု}} ({{IPA|[zətṵ]}}), from Pali, means four (as in the four cardinal points ({{my|စတုဒိသာ}}). {{my|ဇယ}}, a Hindi-derived word for four (चार), is used very rarely.
+Other numbers, not of Tibeto-Burman origin, are also found in the Burmese language, usually from [[Pali]] or [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="hlape">{{cite book|last=Hla Pe|title=Burma: Literature, Historiography, Scholarship, Language, Life, and Buddhism|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|date=1985|pages=64|isbn=9789971988005}}</ref> They are exceedingly rare in modern usage.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
+|-
+! Number !! Pali derivatives !! Sanskrit derivatives !! Hindi derivatives
+|-
+| 1 || {{my|ဧက}}<ref name="dict">{{cite book|title=Myanmar-English Dictionary|publisher=Myanmar Language Commission|date=1993|isbn=1-881265-47-1|url=http://sealang.net/burmese/}}</ref> ({{IPA|[ʔèka̰]}}, from Pali ''ḗka'')  ||  ||
+|-
+| 2 || {{my|ဒွိ}}<ref name="dict"/> ({{IPA|[dwḭ]}}, from Pali ''dvi'') ||  ||
+|-
+| 3 || {{my|တိ}} (from Pali ''ti'') || {{my|တြိ}}<ref name="dict"/> ({{IPA|[tɹḭ]}}, from Sanskrit ''tri'') ||
+|-
+| 4 || {{my|စတု}}<ref name="dict"/> ({{IPA|[zətṵ]}}, from Pali ''catu'') ||  || {{my|ဇယ}}<ref name="dict"/> (from Hindi चार)
+|-
+<!---
+| 5 ||
+|-
+| 6 ||
+|-
+| 7 ||
+|-
+| 8 ||
+|-
+| 9 ||
+|-
+| 10 ||
+|-
+--->
+|}
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
 == See also ==
@@ Line 170: / Line 196: @@
 ==External links==
-*[http://ayar.co/ Ayar Myanmar online dictionary and download]
 {{Commonscat-inline|Burmese numbers}}