Jump to content

Jack and the Beanstalk: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Barek (talk | contribs)
83,022 edits
m Reverted edits by 2600:1010:B16D:7DD7:2D51:E7AF:FDC1:EAF8 (talk) to last version by Oshwah
Line 1: Line 1:
{{other uses}}
Hong Kong's air con abuse: it's not cool
{{redirect|Beanstalk|other uses|Beanstalk (disambiguation)}}
Posted: 19 Feb 2014
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = Jack and the Beanstalk
|Image_Name = Jack and the Beanstalk Giant - Project Gutenberg eText 17034.jpg|thumb
|Image_Caption = Illustration by [[Arthur Rackham]], 1918, in ''English Fairy Tales'' by [[Flora Annie Steel]]
|Aarne-Thompson Grouping = AT 328 ("The Treasures of the Giant")
|AKA =
|Mythology =
|Country = England
|Region =
|Published_In = [[Benjamin Tabart]], ''The History of Jack and the Bean-Stalk'' (1807)<br />[[Joseph Jacobs]], ''English Fairy Tales'' (1890)
|Related = [[Jack the Giant Killer]]
}}
"'''Jack and the Beanstalk'''" is an English [[fairy tale]]. The earliest known appearance in print is [[Benjamin Tabart]]'s moralised version of 1807.<ref>Tabart, ''The History of Jack and the Bean-Stalk.'' in 1807 introduces a new character, a [[fairy]] who explains the moral of the tale to Jack (Matthew Orville Grenby, "Tame fairies make good teachers: the popularity of early British fairy tales", ''The Lion and the Unicorn'' '''30'''.1 (January 2006:1–24).</ref> [[Henry Cole|"Felix Summerly" (Henry Cole)]] popularised it in ''The Home Treasury'' (1842),<ref>In 1842 and 1844 [[Elizabeth Eastlake|Elizabeth Rigby, Lady Eastlake]], reviewed children's books for the ''Quarterly Review'' (volumes 71 and 74), recommending a list of children's books, headed by "The House [sic] Treasury, by Felix Summerly, including The Traditional Nursery Songs of England, Beauty and the Beast, Jack and the Beanstalk, and other old friends, all charmingly done and beautifully illustrated." (noted by Geoffrey Summerfield, "The Making of The Home Treasury", ''Children's Literature'' '''8''' (1980:35–52).</ref> and [[Joseph Jacobs]] rewrote it in ''English Fairy Tales'' (1890).<ref name=Jacobs1890>{{cite book|title= English Fairy Tales | author=Joseph Jacobs | authorlink = Joseph Jacobs|year=1890 |publisher= David Nutt| location = London | pages = 59–67, 233 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_-EOAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> Jacobs' version is most commonly reprinted today and it is believed to be closer to the oral versions than Tabart's because it lacks the moralising.<ref>Maria Tatar, ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'', p. 132. ISBN 0-393-05163-3</ref>


"Jack and the Beanstalk" is the best known of the "[[Jack tales]]", a series of stories featuring the [[archetype|archetypal]] [[Cornish people|Cornish]] and [[English folklore|English]] [[hero]] and [[stock character]] [[Jack (hero)|Jack]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ccb.lis.illinois.edu/Projects/storytelling/jsthomps/tales.htm |title= The Folklore Tradition of Jack Tales |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date= 15 Jan 2004 |website= The Center for Children's Books |publisher= Graduate School of Library and Information Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |accessdate= 11 June 2014}}</ref>
Despite the recent cold snap, air conditioning across the city has been pumping resolutely on. Anna Cummins and Jocelyn Wong wrap up and head out to explore why we just can’t switch it off. Photography by Calvin Sit


==Story==
With the mercury dropping to an unusually frigid seven degrees Celsius during mid-February, Hongkongers have, sensibly, been wrapping up extra-warm. Yet, while being cold outside is unavoidable, we’ve also been staying wrapped up inside – for the air conditioning has been blasting merrily away in our city’s shopping centres, cinemas, offices and restaurants, in spite of the cold snap. This incongruous situation begs the question: is Hong Kong abusing its air con? One thing’s for sure. For this debate, the (woollen) gloves are staying firmly on.
Jack is a young boy living with his widowed mother and a cow who is their only source of income. When the cow stops giving milk, Jack's mother has told Jack take the cow to the market to be sold. On the way, he meets an old man who offers "[[magic in fiction|magic]] [[bean]]s" in exchange for the cow and Jack makes the trade. When he arrives home without any money, his mother becomes furious, throws the beans on the ground and sends Jack to bed.


A gigantic [[plant stem|beanstalk]] grows overnight which Jack climbs to a land high in the sky. There he comes to a house or a castle that is the home of a [[Giant (mythology)|giant]]. He asks at the door for food and the giant's wife takes him in. When the giant returns, he senses that a human is nearby:
‘Cold air machines’ (as they’re known in Cantonese) are a way of life in our city, no matter the time of year. Many people would confess to owning an ‘indoor’ jacket – and some tourist guide publications warn prospective travellers about ‘transport and buildings that blast out cold air’. Air conditioning chugs about 30 percent of all electricity used in the city annually. It’s closer to 60 percent in the summer. This is, of course, far from eco-friendly. It takes a mature tree three months to absorb the carbon emissions created by just one regular air con unit in eight hours.


:''[[Fee-fi-fo-fum]]!''
We brave the chill and set out to quiz people on the matter. In a Taste supermarket inside Festival Walk in Kowloon Tong, we record temperatures of a staggering 12 degrees Celsius in the aisles – on a day when it’s 17 degrees outside. A representative of the management team at the store simply tells us ‘this is an order [from higher management]… I have no input whatsoever,’ before adding ‘it’s not that cold [in here]’.
:''I smell the blood of an Englishman,''
:''Be he alive, or be he dead,''
:''I'll grind his bones to make my bread.''<ref name=Jacobs1890/>


Jack is hidden by the giant's wife and he overhears the giant counting money. When the giant sleeps, he steals a [[bag of gold]] coins and makes his escape down the beanstalk.
These opinions are echoed in IFC mall – temperatures outside are 18 degrees, but we find temperatures as low as 15 degrees inside. A representative of the mall’s management office tells us the indoor temperature ‘is not my jurisdiction’ and that ‘it isn’t that cold anyway’.


Jack returns up the beanstalk twice more. Each time he is helped by the wife, although she grows increasingly suspicious of him. He learns of other treasures and steals them when the giant sleeps: first a [[goose]] that lays golden eggs (the most common variant is a [[Chicken|hen]]; compare the idiom "to kill the [[goose that laid the golden eggs]]."), then a [[harp]] that plays by itself. However, the giant is woken when Jack leaves the house with the harp. The giant chases him down the beanstalk and Jack calls to his mother for an axe. Before the giant reaches the ground, Jack cuts down the beanstalk, causing the giant to fall to his death. Jack and his mother then live happily ever after with their riches that Jack stole from the giant.


==Origin==
Feel the drop: Indoor temperatures can be uncomfortably low
[[Image:Walter Crane19.jpg|thumb|right|upright|In [[Walter Crane]]'s woodcut the harp reaches out to cling to the vine]]
The earliest surviving written version is ''The History of Jack and the Bean Stalk'', a book printed by [[Benjamin Tabart]] in 1807, but the story is certainly older. A [[Burlesque (genre)|burlesque]] entitled ''The Story of Jack Spriggins and the Enchanted Bean'' was included in the 1734 second edition of ''Round About Our Coal-Fire''.


In the classic version of the tale, the giant is unnamed, but many plays based on it name him Blunderbore. (One giant of that name appears in the 18th-century "[[Jack the Giant Killer]]".)
Passengers on a 101 bus heading towards Kennedy Town during rush-hour also seem unconcerned about the cold air pumping through the vehicle. “Without [air con], it would get too stuffy,” a young man named Siu Fai tells us. “It’s necessary to create a people-friendly environment.” Fellow passenger Sarah Tang says: “People need air conditioning in densely populated areas. It provides circulation – otherwise it could create a place for infection or asthma.”


The giant's cry "Fee! Fie! Foe! Fum! I smell the blood of an Englishman" appears in [[William Shakespeare]]'s early-17th-century ''[[King Lear]]'' in the form "Fie, foh, and fum,
So we contact bus operator KMB to ask about its policy. While environmental guidelines suggest keeping temperatures at 24 to 26 degrees, the firm tells us that the thermostat in its fleet is set at 23 degrees. The air con on the company’s buses is constantly switched on – and the driver cannot adjust the system. “The A/C is not only concerned with the temperature,” says a KMB spokeswoman. “It is concerned with the humidity, air flow and reduction in dust. If you turn off the A/C there is no fresh air in the bus, as the windows cannot open.”
I smell the blood of a British man." (Act 3, Scene 4),<ref>Tatar, ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'', p. 136.</ref> and something similar also appears in "Jack the Giant Killer".


==Variants==
Lars Kirchhoff, operations director of local air quality solutions company Clairzone, disputes the widely held opinion that air conditioning increases circulation of ‘fresh’ air, pointing out that the outdoor air in the city is far from ‘fresh’ anyway. “There are a lot of misconceptions about air conditioning in Hong Kong and the rest of the world,” he says. “People often mistake air con for supplying fresh air to an indoor space, but in reality, it’s just recycling the same air over and over again over a pair of cooling coils. There’s no outdoor or ‘fresh’ air involved. And there’s technically very little air cleaning involved too.”
"Jack and the Beanstalk" is one of [[Aarne-Thompson tale-type]] 328, The Treasures of the Giant, which also includes the Italian "[[Thirteenth (fairy tale)|Thirteenth]]" and the French "[[How the Dragon was Tricked]]". Christine Goldberg argues that the Aarne–Thompson system is inadequate to the tale because the others include nothing like the beanstalk, which does have analogies in other types<ref name=goldberg>{{cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Christine|title=The composition of Jack and the beanstalk|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mat/summary/v015/15.1goldberg.html|work=Marvels and Tales |publisher= |accessdate=2011-05-28}}</ref> (a possible reference to the genre anomaly.)<ref name=ashliman>[[D. L. Ashliman]], ed. [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0328jack.html "Jack and the Beanstalk: eight versions of an English fairy tale (Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 328)"]. 2002–2010. Folklore and Mythology: Electronic Texts. University of Pittsburgh. 1996–2013.</ref>


The [[Brothers Grimm]] drew analogy between this story and a German fairy tale, "[[The Devil With the Three Golden Hairs]]". The devil's mother or grandmother acts much like the giant's wife, a female figure protecting the child from the evil male figure.<ref>Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/authors/grimms/29devilgoldhairs.html "The Devil With the Three Golden Hairs"], ''Grimm's Fairy Tales''.</ref>
Kirchhoff tells us that air conditioners only catch large particles. Bacteria, viruses and the numerous pollutants from our outside air are not caught by the mesh filters in the machines. These filters, if not maintained and cleaned, can become a breeding ground for bacteria. “As a matter of fact, air con frequently aggravates the indoor air pollution, rather than making it better,” he says. The World Health Organisation has long acknowledged that inadequate ventilation is an important contributor to ‘Sick Building Syndrome’ – when exposure to poor air leaves occupants of a building feeling unwell.


"Jack and the Beanstalk" is unusual in that the hero, although grown, does not marry at the end but returns to his mother in some versions. In other versions he is said to have married a princess. This is found in few other tales, such as some variants of "[[Vasilisa the Beautiful]]".<ref>Maria Tatar, ''Off with Their Heads!'' p. 199. ISBN 0-691-06943-3</ref>
It’s fairly shocking then that, especially during winter, the air con is being blasted simply to maintain ‘circulation’, rather than out of a need to lower temperatures. Worse still, our city’s indoor air quality is pretty poor, according to Clairzone’s service director and local air quality expert, KC Barton Wong, who says that many large commercial buildings also turn off their ‘fresh air handling units’ in favour of recirculating the already-chilled air through the system. “This can save a couple of million dollars every year,” he points out. Wong confirms that he has recorded CO2 levels of 3,000ppm (parts per million – a unit of measurement for carbon dioxide) inside local shopping centres. This is three times higher than the generally accepted level, potentially triggering tiredness, headaches and dizziness.


The beanstalk is reminiscent of the ancient Northern European belief in a [[world tree]] connecting Earth to Heaven. A late addition to the medieval catalogue of [[Aesop's Fables]], a tale of putative [[Persian people|Persian]] origin, [[The Gourd and the Palm-tree]] instructs on the folly of intemperance using the emblematic trope of a fast-growing [[gourd]] vine that sprouts from seed and outgrows a mature palm yet perishes in the frost.
[[File:Alciato 1550.jpg|thumb|The emblem of the gourd in the Lyon edition of [[Andrea Alciato]]'s ''Emblemata'' (1550)]]
The biblical tale of [[Jonah]] closes rather abruptly with the hero resting under a fast-growing gourd (Hebrew קיקיון (qiyqayown), the only time in Scripture so mentioned). While scholars place the historical events in the 8th century BCE, they were not recorded by Hebrew scribes until some centuries later. In his [[Latin Vulgate]], [[St. Jerome]] refers to the Old Testament prophet's encounter with the fast-growing vine as ''"hedera"'' (in English, [[ivy]]) a choice [[St. Augustine]] rejected, preferring the commonly known vegetable known as ''cucurbita'' (Latin, from which the English [[cucumber]] is derived). During the Renaissance, the humanist artist [[Albrecht Dürer]] memorialised Jerome's courage to dissent in his famous woodcut ''[[Saint Jerome in His Study (Dürer)|Saint Jerome in His Study]]'' featuring a dried gourd hanging from the rafters. Possible confusion with the didactic of fable may have motivated use of clearer analogy for the type of Christ [[:it:File:Christ the True Vine icon (Athens, 16th century).jpg|"I am the Vine you are the branches"]] already contained in the miraculous whale tale. The [[eschatological]] admonition to [[Nineveh]] contained in the [[Book of Jonah]] resembles the moral of the demise of the giant (not justified by villainy in the original).


==Controversy==
Colder and colder: These small white boxes are a familiar fixture
The original story portrays a "hero" gaining the sympathy of a man's wife, hiding in his house, robbing, and finally killing him. In Tabart's moralised version, a fairy woman explains to Jack that the giant previously robbed and killed his father, which justifies Jack's actions as retribution.<ref>Tatar, ''Off with Their Heads!'' p. 198.</ref> ([[Andrew Lang]] follows this version in the ''[[Andrew Lang's Fairy Books|Red Fairy Book]]'' of 1890.)


Jacobs gave no justification because there was none in the version he had heard as a child and maintained that children know that robbery and murder are wrong without being told so in a fairy tale.<ref>Joseph Jacobs, [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/authors/jacobs/english/jackbeanstalk.html Notes to "Jack and the Beanstalk"], ''English Fairy Tales''.</ref>
Of course, Hong Kong has a short winter and it’s necessary to lower temperatures indoors somewhat during the long, hot summer. But is it essential to induce such deeply low temperatures that jackets are required year-round? Many seem to think so. “Hong Kong people are used to more moderate temperatures,” says Tommy Chan, who we speak to while he’s shopping at iSquare mall. “Intense heat would discourage people to go into malls, thinking they are more primitive.” Fellow shopper Fiona Li agrees. “Low indoor temperatures are not very environmentally friendly – but it is a good escape for people who are hot on the street.”


Many modern interpretations have followed Tabart and made the giant a villain, terrorising smaller folk and stealing from them, so that Jack becomes a legitimate protagonist. For example, the [[Jack and the Beanstalk (1952 film)|1952 film]] starring [[Abbott and Costello]] blames the giant for poverty below, as he has been stealing food and wealth; indeed, the hen that lays golden eggs originally belonged to Jack's family. In some other versions it is implied that the giant had stolen both the hen and the harp from Jack's father. <!--Since Jack's father neither appears in the story nor is he mentioned, it is often speculated that the giant murdered him. Thus, Jack's killing the giant is not only self-defense, but also an act of divine vengeance{{Who|date=March 2009}}.--> On the other hand, [[Brian Henson]]'s 2001 TV miniseries ''[[Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story]]'' not only abandons Tabart's additions but vilifies Jack, reflecting Jim Henson's disgust at Jack's unscrupulous actions.<ref>Joe Nazzaro, "Back to the Beanstalk", ''Starlog Fantasy Worlds'', February 2002, pp. 56–59.</ref>
Local eco group Green Sense organises an annual ‘no air con night’ to highlight the environmental impact of using all this electricity. Project manager Gabrielle Ho worries that prevailing attitudes are hard to change. “People think that if you’re too cold, you can bring a jacket or scarf, but if you’re too hot, you can do nothing – it’s usual that companies will turn the air con lower to provide comfort to more people.” Ho points out that the heat pumped into the street by air conditioning units contributes heavily towards the ‘urban heat island’ effect, which conversely means people feel hotter and need to be cooled down more.


==Film adaptations==
There is some glimmer of hope for a change in attitude – a record 75,000 households took part in ‘no air con night’ in September last year, and 120 malls, 550 shops and 170 office buildings are now signed up to the government’s ‘energy saving charter’, promising to maintain indoor temperatures of 24 to 26 degrees during summer. “That’s a very good start,” says Ho. “If more and more companies work on this issue, more people will be aware of the problem: that we are abusing the air conditioning in Hong Kong.”
[[File:Jack and the Beanstalk 1917.jpg|thumb|upright|''Jack and the Beanstalk'' (1917)]]
* The first film adaptation was made in 1902 by [[Edwin S. Porter]] for the [[Edison Manufacturing Company]].
* [[Walt Disney]] made a short of the same name in 1922, and a separate adaptation entitled ''Mickey and the Beanstalk'' in 1947 as part of ''[[Fun and Fancy Free]]''. This adaptation of the story put [[Mickey Mouse]] in the role of Jack, accompanied by [[Donald Duck]], and [[Goofy]]. Mickey, Donald, and Goofy live on a farm in "Happy Valley", so called because it is always green and prosperous thanks to the magical singing from an enchanted golden [[harp]] in a castle, until one day it mysteriously disappears during a dark storm, resulting in the valley being plagued by a severe drought. Times become so hard for Mickey and his friends that soon they have nothing to eat except one loaf of bread. Mickey trades in the cow (which Donald was going to kill for food) for the magic beans. Donald throws the beans on the floor and down a knothole in a fit of rage, and the beanstalk sprouts that night, lifting the three of them into the sky while they sleep. In the magical kingdom, Mickey, Donald, and Goofy help themselves to a sumptuous feast. This rouses the ire of the giant (named "Willie" in this version), who captures Donald and Goofy and locks them in a box, and it's up to Mickey to find the keys to unlock the box and rescue them as well as the harp which they also find in the giant's possession. The film villainizes the giant by blaming Happy Valley's hard times on Willy's theft of the magic harp, without which song the land withers; unlike the harp of the original tale, this magic harp ''wants'' to be rescued from the giant, and the hapless heroes return her to her rightful place and Happy Valley to its former glory. This version of the fairy tale was narrated (as a segment of ''Fun and Fancy Free'') by [[Edgar Bergen]], and later (by itself as a short) by [[Sterling Holloway]]. Additionally, [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] will do another adaption of the fairy tale called 'Gigantic.' [[Tangled]] director [[Nathan Greno]] will direct and it is set to be released in late 2018.<ref>http://www.bleedingcool.com/2013/08/21/exclusive-lots-of-details-of-disneys-unannounced-animated-movie-giants</ref>
* [[Warner Bros.]] adapted the story into three ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' cartoons. [[Friz Freleng]] directed ''[[Jack-Wabbit and the Beanstalk]]'' (1943), [[Chuck Jones]] directed ''[[Beanstalk Bunny]]'' (1955), and Freleng directed ''[[Tweety and the Beanstalk]]'' (1957). The 1952 ''[[Abbott and Costello]]'' adaption wasn't the only time a comedy team was involved with the story. ''[[The Three Stooges]]'' had their own five-minute animated retelling entitled ''Three Jacks and a Beanstalk'' (1965).
* In 1966 [[Hanna-Barbera]] produced a [[Live-action/animated film|live action version]] of ''Jack and the Beanstalk'', with [[Gene Kelly]] that won an [[Emmy Award]].<ref name="BarberaAutoBio">{{cite book|last=Barbera|first=Joseph|title=My Life in "Toons": From Flatbush to Bedrock in Under a Century|year=1994|publisher=[[Turner Publishing]]|location=Atlanta, GA|isbn= 1-57036-042-1| pages=162–65}}</ref>
* [[Gisaburo Sugii]] directed a feature-length anime telling of the story released in 1974, titled [[Jack and the Beanstalk (1974 film)|''Jack to Mame no Ki'']]. The film, a musical, was produced by [[Group TAC]] and released by Nippon Herald. The writers introduced a few new characters, including Jack's comic-relief dog, Crosby, and Margaret, a beautiful princess engaged to be married to the giant (named "Tulip" in this version) due to a spell being cast over her by the giant's mother (an evil witch). Jack, however, develops a crush on Margaret, and one of his aims in returning to the magic kingdom is to rescue her. The film was dubbed into English, with legendary voice talent [[Billie Lou Watt]] voicing Jack, and received a very limited run in U.S. theaters in 1976. It was later released on VHS (now out of print) and aired several times on [[HBO]] in the 1980s. However, it is now available on DVD with both English and Japanese dialogue.
* [[Michael Davis (director)|Michael Davis]] directed the 1994 adaptation entitled ''Beanstalk'', starring [[J. D. Daniels]] as Jack and [[Stuart Pankin]] as the Giant. The film was released by [[Moonbeam Entertainment]], the children's video division of [[Full Moon Entertainment]].
* [[Wolves, Witches and Giants]] Episode 9 of Season 1, ''Jack and the Beanstalk'', broadcast on 19 October 1995, has Jack's mother chop down the beanstalk and the Giant plummet through the earth to Australia. The hen that Jack has stolen fails to lay any eggs and ends up "in the pot by Sunday", leaving Jack and his mother to live in reduced circumstances for the rest of their lives.
* [[The Jim Henson Company]] did a TV miniseries adaption of the story as ''[[Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story|Jim Henson's Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story]]'' (directed by [[Brian Henson]]) which reveals that Jack's theft from the giant was completely unmotivated, with the giant Thunderdell (played by [[Bill Barretta]]) being a friendly, welcoming individual, and the giant's subsequent death was caused by Jack's mother cutting the beanstalk down rather than Jack himself. The film focuses on Jack's modern-day descendant Jack Robinson (played by [[Matthew Modine]]) who learns the truth after the discovery of the giant's bones and the last of the five magic beans, Jack subsequently returning the goose and harp to the giants' kingdom.
* Avalon Family Entertainment's film entitled ''Jack and the Beanstalk'' (released on home video April 20, 2010) is a [[low-budget]] live-action adaptation starring [[Christopher Lloyd]], [[Chevy Chase]], [[James Earl Jones]], [[Gilbert Gottfried]], [[Katey Sagal]], [[Wallace Shawn]] and [[Chloë Grace Moretz]]. Jack is played by [[Colin Ford]].
* The Warner Bros. film directed by [[Bryan Singer]] and starring [[Nicholas Hoult]] as Jack is entitled ''[[Jack the Giant Slayer]]'' and was released in March 2013.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1351685/</ref> In this tale Jack climbs the beanstalk to save a princess.
* [[Warner Bros. Animation]]'s Direct-to-DVD film ''[[Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure]]'' is set to be based on the fairy tale.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure Blu-ray|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=11000 |accessdate=2013-04-25 |newspaper=Blu-ray.com|date=April 25, 2013}}</ref>
* In the 2014 movie ''[[Into the Woods (film)|Into the Woods]]'', and the [[Into the Woods|musical of the same name]], one of the main characters, Jack ([[Daniel Huttlestone]]) climbs a beanstalk, much like in the original version. He acquires a golden [[harp]], [[the goose that laid the golden eggs | a goose that lays golden eggs]], and several [[gold]] pieces. The story goes on as it does in the original fairy tale, but continues afterwards showing what happens after you get your happy ending. In this adaption, the giant's vengeful wife ([[Frances de la Tour]]) attacks the kingdom to find and kill Jack as revenge for him murdering her husband where some characters were killed during her rampage. The Giant's Wife is eventually killed by the surviving characters in the story.


==Other adaptations==
Attitudes may be changing slowly, but we’re pretty sure it’s going to take a long time to wean our city off its cold air addiction. Don’t throw away that indoor jacket just yet…
* The story is the basis of the similarly titled traditional British [[pantomime]], wherein the Giant is certainly a villain, Jack's mother the Dame, and Jack the Principal Boy.
* Jack of ''Jack and the Beanstalk'' is the protagonist of the [[comic book]] ''[[Jack of Fables]]'', a spin-off of ''[[Fables (comics)|Fables]]'', which also features other elements from the story, such as giant beanstalks and giants living in the clouds.
* [[Roald Dahl]] rewrote the story in a more modern and gruesome way in his book ''[[Revolting Rhymes]]'' (1982), where Jack initially refuses to climb the beanstalk and his mother is thus eaten when she ascends to pick the golden leaves at the top, with Jack recovering the leaves himself after having a thorough wash so that the giant cannot smell him. The story of ''Jack and the Beanstalk'' is also referenced in Dahl's ''[[The BFG]]'', in which the evil giants are all afraid of the "giant-killer" Jack, who is said to kill giants with his fearsome beanstalk (although none of the giants appear to know how Jack uses it against them, the context of a nightmare one of the giants has about Jack suggesting that they think he wields the beanstalk as a weapon).
* [[James Still]] published ''Jack and the Wonder Beans'' (1977, republished 1996) an Appalachian variation on the ''Jack and the Beanstalk'' tale. Jack trades his old cow to a gypsy for three beans that are guaranteed to feed him his for his entire life. It has been adapted as a play for performance by children.<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36324641 Jack and the wonder beans (Book, 1996)]. [WorldCat.org]. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.</ref>
* In 1973 the story was adapted, as ''[[The Goodies and the Beanstalk]]'', by the BBC television series ''[[The Goodies (TV series)|The Goodies]]''.
* An arcade video game, [[Jack the Giantkiller]], was released by [[Cinematronics]] in 1982 and is based on the story. Players control Jack, and must retrieve a series of treasures – a harp, a sack of gold coins, a golden goose and a princess – and eventually defeat the giant by chopping down the beanstalk.
* An episode of ''[[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]]'', entitled "[[List of Mario television episodes|Mario and the Beanstalk]]", does a retelling with [[Bowser (character)|Bowser]] as the giant (there is no explanation as to how he becomes a giant).
* In ''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' episode "Gets Planted", the class put on a school production of ''Jack and the Beanstalk'', with Phoebe starring as the beanstalk after [[List of characters of The Magic School Bus (TV series)#Valerie Felicity Frizzle|Ms. Frizzle]] turned her into a bean plant.
* Jack and Beanstalk was featured in ''[[Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child]]'' where Jack is voiced by Wayne Collins and the Giant is voiced by [[Tone Loc]]. The story is in an African-American style.
* [[Stephen Sondheim]]'s musical ''[[Into the Woods]]'' (and the [[Into the Woods (film)|film of the same name]]), features Jack, originally portrayed by [[Ben Wright (American actor)|Ben Wright]], along with several other fairy tale characters. In the second half of the musical, the Giant's Wife climbs down a second beanstalk to exact revenge for her husband's death, furious at Jack's betrayal of her hospitality. She is eventually killed as well.
* [[Bart Simpson]] plays the role of the main character in a ''Simpsons'' [[video game]] "[[The Simpsons: Bart & the Beanstalk]]".
* ABC's ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'' debuts their spin on the tale in the episode "[[Tiny (Once Upon a Time)|Tiny]]" of season two, where Jack, now a female named Jacqueline (known as Jack) is played by [[Cassidy Freeman]] and the Giant named Anton is played by [[Jorge Garcia]]. In this adaptation, Jack is portrayed as a villainous character.
* The story was adapted in 2012 by software maker Net Entertainment and made into a slot machine game.<ref>[http://www.slotsformoney.com/netent/jack-beanstalk/ Jack and the Beanstalk Slots]. [SlotsForMoney.com]. Retrieved on 2014-09-18.</ref>


==See also==
For more information on the energy saving charter, see enb.gov.hk.
{{Portal bar |Children's literature |Folklore }}
* [[Jack the Giant Killer]]

==References==
{{Reflist |25em }}

==External links==
{{Wikisource}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.wix.com/donnav/origin-of-jack-beanstalk Slavic origin of Jack and the beanstalk hypothesis]
* [http://www.limelightscripts.co.uk Pantomime based on the fairytale of "Jack and the Beanstalk"]
* [http://www.storyresources.com/jack_and_the_beanstalk_felt_board_story.php Jack and the Beanstalk Felt Story] at [http://www.storyresources.co.nz Story Resources]
* [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/jackbeanstalk/index.html "Jack and the Beanstalk" at SurLaLune Fairy Tales] &mdash; Annotated version of the fairy tale.
* [http://www.afterdarktheatre.co.uk Adult Pantomime based on the fairytale of "Jack and the Beanstalk"]
* [http://www.ferrum.edu/applit/bibs/tales/index.htm#Jack Jack tales in Appalachia] &mdash; including "Jack and the Bean Tree"
* [http://storynory.com/2006/01/31/jack-and-the-beanstalk-part-one/ Children's audio story of Jack and the Beanstalk] at Storynory
* [http://www.storycardtheater.com/products.html#jack Kamishibai (Japanese storycard) version] &mdash; in English, with downloadable Japanese translation
* The Disney version of [http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1922/jackandthebeanstalk.html Jack and the Beanstalk] at [http://www.disneyshorts.org The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts]
* [http://www.tonightsbedtimestory.com/jack-and-the-bean-stalk/ Full text of Jack And The Bean-Stalk from "The Fairy Book"]
* [http://www.jacketleharicotmagique.fr/ Jack et le Haricot Magique - The Rock Musical by Georges Dupuis & Philippe Manca]

{{Jack}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jack And The Beanstalk}}
[[Category:Fairy tales]]
[[Category:English fairy tales]]
[[Category:Giants in fiction]]
[[Category:Jack tales]]

Revision as of 18:59, 7 November 2015

For other uses, see Jack and the Beanstalk (disambiguation).
"Beanstalk" redirects here. For other uses, see Beanstalk (disambiguation).
Jack and the Beanstalk
Illustration by Arthur Rackham, 1918, in English Fairy Tales by Flora Annie Steel
Folk tale
NameJack and the Beanstalk
Aarne–Thompson groupingAT 328 ("The Treasures of the Giant")
CountryEngland
Published inBenjamin Tabart, The History of Jack and the Bean-Stalk (1807)
Joseph Jacobs, English Fairy Tales (1890)
RelatedJack the Giant Killer

"Jack and the Beanstalk" is an English fairy tale. The earliest known appearance in print is Benjamin Tabart's moralised version of 1807.[1] "Felix Summerly" (Henry Cole) popularised it in The Home Treasury (1842),[2] and Joseph Jacobs rewrote it in English Fairy Tales (1890).[3] Jacobs' version is most commonly reprinted today and it is believed to be closer to the oral versions than Tabart's because it lacks the moralising.[4]

"Jack and the Beanstalk" is the best known of the "Jack tales", a series of stories featuring the archetypal Cornish and English hero and stock character Jack.[5]

Story

Jack is a young boy living with his widowed mother and a cow who is their only source of income. When the cow stops giving milk, Jack's mother has told Jack take the cow to the market to be sold. On the way, he meets an old man who offers "magic beans" in exchange for the cow and Jack makes the trade. When he arrives home without any money, his mother becomes furious, throws the beans on the ground and sends Jack to bed.

A gigantic beanstalk grows overnight which Jack climbs to a land high in the sky. There he comes to a house or a castle that is the home of a giant. He asks at the door for food and the giant's wife takes him in. When the giant returns, he senses that a human is nearby:

Fee-fi-fo-fum!
I smell the blood of an Englishman,
Be he alive, or be he dead,
I'll grind his bones to make my bread.[3]

Jack is hidden by the giant's wife and he overhears the giant counting money. When the giant sleeps, he steals a bag of gold coins and makes his escape down the beanstalk.

Jack returns up the beanstalk twice more. Each time he is helped by the wife, although she grows increasingly suspicious of him. He learns of other treasures and steals them when the giant sleeps: first a goose that lays golden eggs (the most common variant is a hen; compare the idiom "to kill the goose that laid the golden eggs."), then a harp that plays by itself. However, the giant is woken when Jack leaves the house with the harp. The giant chases him down the beanstalk and Jack calls to his mother for an axe. Before the giant reaches the ground, Jack cuts down the beanstalk, causing the giant to fall to his death. Jack and his mother then live happily ever after with their riches that Jack stole from the giant.

Origin

In Walter Crane's woodcut the harp reaches out to cling to the vine

The earliest surviving written version is The History of Jack and the Bean Stalk, a book printed by Benjamin Tabart in 1807, but the story is certainly older. A burlesque entitled The Story of Jack Spriggins and the Enchanted Bean was included in the 1734 second edition of Round About Our Coal-Fire.

In the classic version of the tale, the giant is unnamed, but many plays based on it name him Blunderbore. (One giant of that name appears in the 18th-century "Jack the Giant Killer".)

The giant's cry "Fee! Fie! Foe! Fum! I smell the blood of an Englishman" appears in William Shakespeare's early-17th-century King Lear in the form "Fie, foh, and fum, I smell the blood of a British man." (Act 3, Scene 4),[6] and something similar also appears in "Jack the Giant Killer".

Variants

"Jack and the Beanstalk" is one of Aarne-Thompson tale-type 328, The Treasures of the Giant, which also includes the Italian "Thirteenth" and the French "How the Dragon was Tricked". Christine Goldberg argues that the Aarne–Thompson system is inadequate to the tale because the others include nothing like the beanstalk, which does have analogies in other types[7] (a possible reference to the genre anomaly.)[8]

The Brothers Grimm drew analogy between this story and a German fairy tale, "The Devil With the Three Golden Hairs". The devil's mother or grandmother acts much like the giant's wife, a female figure protecting the child from the evil male figure.[9]

"Jack and the Beanstalk" is unusual in that the hero, although grown, does not marry at the end but returns to his mother in some versions. In other versions he is said to have married a princess. This is found in few other tales, such as some variants of "Vasilisa the Beautiful".[10]

The beanstalk is reminiscent of the ancient Northern European belief in a world tree connecting Earth to Heaven. A late addition to the medieval catalogue of Aesop's Fables, a tale of putative Persian origin, The Gourd and the Palm-tree instructs on the folly of intemperance using the emblematic trope of a fast-growing gourd vine that sprouts from seed and outgrows a mature palm yet perishes in the frost.

The emblem of the gourd in the Lyon edition of Andrea Alciato's Emblemata (1550)

The biblical tale of Jonah closes rather abruptly with the hero resting under a fast-growing gourd (Hebrew קיקיון (qiyqayown), the only time in Scripture so mentioned). While scholars place the historical events in the 8th century BCE, they were not recorded by Hebrew scribes until some centuries later. In his Latin Vulgate, St. Jerome refers to the Old Testament prophet's encounter with the fast-growing vine as "hedera" (in English, ivy) a choice St. Augustine rejected, preferring the commonly known vegetable known as cucurbita (Latin, from which the English cucumber is derived). During the Renaissance, the humanist artist Albrecht Dürer memorialised Jerome's courage to dissent in his famous woodcut Saint Jerome in His Study featuring a dried gourd hanging from the rafters. Possible confusion with the didactic of fable may have motivated use of clearer analogy for the type of Christ "I am the Vine you are the branches" already contained in the miraculous whale tale. The eschatological admonition to Nineveh contained in the Book of Jonah resembles the moral of the demise of the giant (not justified by villainy in the original).

Controversy

The original story portrays a "hero" gaining the sympathy of a man's wife, hiding in his house, robbing, and finally killing him. In Tabart's moralised version, a fairy woman explains to Jack that the giant previously robbed and killed his father, which justifies Jack's actions as retribution.[11] (Andrew Lang follows this version in the Red Fairy Book of 1890.)

Jacobs gave no justification because there was none in the version he had heard as a child and maintained that children know that robbery and murder are wrong without being told so in a fairy tale.[12]

Many modern interpretations have followed Tabart and made the giant a villain, terrorising smaller folk and stealing from them, so that Jack becomes a legitimate protagonist. For example, the 1952 film starring Abbott and Costello blames the giant for poverty below, as he has been stealing food and wealth; indeed, the hen that lays golden eggs originally belonged to Jack's family. In some other versions it is implied that the giant had stolen both the hen and the harp from Jack's father. On the other hand, Brian Henson's 2001 TV miniseries Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story not only abandons Tabart's additions but vilifies Jack, reflecting Jim Henson's disgust at Jack's unscrupulous actions.[13]

Film adaptations

Jack and the Beanstalk (1917)
  • The first film adaptation was made in 1902 by Edwin S. Porter for the Edison Manufacturing Company.
  • Walt Disney made a short of the same name in 1922, and a separate adaptation entitled Mickey and the Beanstalk in 1947 as part of Fun and Fancy Free. This adaptation of the story put Mickey Mouse in the role of Jack, accompanied by Donald Duck, and Goofy. Mickey, Donald, and Goofy live on a farm in "Happy Valley", so called because it is always green and prosperous thanks to the magical singing from an enchanted golden harp in a castle, until one day it mysteriously disappears during a dark storm, resulting in the valley being plagued by a severe drought. Times become so hard for Mickey and his friends that soon they have nothing to eat except one loaf of bread. Mickey trades in the cow (which Donald was going to kill for food) for the magic beans. Donald throws the beans on the floor and down a knothole in a fit of rage, and the beanstalk sprouts that night, lifting the three of them into the sky while they sleep. In the magical kingdom, Mickey, Donald, and Goofy help themselves to a sumptuous feast. This rouses the ire of the giant (named "Willie" in this version), who captures Donald and Goofy and locks them in a box, and it's up to Mickey to find the keys to unlock the box and rescue them as well as the harp which they also find in the giant's possession. The film villainizes the giant by blaming Happy Valley's hard times on Willy's theft of the magic harp, without which song the land withers; unlike the harp of the original tale, this magic harp wants to be rescued from the giant, and the hapless heroes return her to her rightful place and Happy Valley to its former glory. This version of the fairy tale was narrated (as a segment of Fun and Fancy Free) by Edgar Bergen, and later (by itself as a short) by Sterling Holloway. Additionally, Walt Disney Animation Studios will do another adaption of the fairy tale called 'Gigantic.' Tangled director Nathan Greno will direct and it is set to be released in late 2018.[14]
  • Warner Bros. adapted the story into three Merrie Melodies cartoons. Friz Freleng directed Jack-Wabbit and the Beanstalk (1943), Chuck Jones directed Beanstalk Bunny (1955), and Freleng directed Tweety and the Beanstalk (1957). The 1952 Abbott and Costello adaption wasn't the only time a comedy team was involved with the story. The Three Stooges had their own five-minute animated retelling entitled Three Jacks and a Beanstalk (1965).
  • In 1966 Hanna-Barbera produced a live action version of Jack and the Beanstalk, with Gene Kelly that won an Emmy Award.[15]
  • Gisaburo Sugii directed a feature-length anime telling of the story released in 1974, titled Jack to Mame no Ki. The film, a musical, was produced by Group TAC and released by Nippon Herald. The writers introduced a few new characters, including Jack's comic-relief dog, Crosby, and Margaret, a beautiful princess engaged to be married to the giant (named "Tulip" in this version) due to a spell being cast over her by the giant's mother (an evil witch). Jack, however, develops a crush on Margaret, and one of his aims in returning to the magic kingdom is to rescue her. The film was dubbed into English, with legendary voice talent Billie Lou Watt voicing Jack, and received a very limited run in U.S. theaters in 1976. It was later released on VHS (now out of print) and aired several times on HBO in the 1980s. However, it is now available on DVD with both English and Japanese dialogue.
  • Michael Davis directed the 1994 adaptation entitled Beanstalk, starring J. D. Daniels as Jack and Stuart Pankin as the Giant. The film was released by Moonbeam Entertainment, the children's video division of Full Moon Entertainment.
  • Wolves, Witches and Giants Episode 9 of Season 1, Jack and the Beanstalk, broadcast on 19 October 1995, has Jack's mother chop down the beanstalk and the Giant plummet through the earth to Australia. The hen that Jack has stolen fails to lay any eggs and ends up "in the pot by Sunday", leaving Jack and his mother to live in reduced circumstances for the rest of their lives.
  • The Jim Henson Company did a TV miniseries adaption of the story as Jim Henson's Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story (directed by Brian Henson) which reveals that Jack's theft from the giant was completely unmotivated, with the giant Thunderdell (played by Bill Barretta) being a friendly, welcoming individual, and the giant's subsequent death was caused by Jack's mother cutting the beanstalk down rather than Jack himself. The film focuses on Jack's modern-day descendant Jack Robinson (played by Matthew Modine) who learns the truth after the discovery of the giant's bones and the last of the five magic beans, Jack subsequently returning the goose and harp to the giants' kingdom.
  • Avalon Family Entertainment's film entitled Jack and the Beanstalk (released on home video April 20, 2010) is a low-budget live-action adaptation starring Christopher Lloyd, Chevy Chase, James Earl Jones, Gilbert Gottfried, Katey Sagal, Wallace Shawn and Chloë Grace Moretz. Jack is played by Colin Ford.
  • The Warner Bros. film directed by Bryan Singer and starring Nicholas Hoult as Jack is entitled Jack the Giant Slayer and was released in March 2013.[16] In this tale Jack climbs the beanstalk to save a princess.
  • Warner Bros. Animation's Direct-to-DVD film Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure is set to be based on the fairy tale.[17]
  • In the 2014 movie Into the Woods, and the musical of the same name, one of the main characters, Jack (Daniel Huttlestone) climbs a beanstalk, much like in the original version. He acquires a golden harp, a goose that lays golden eggs, and several gold pieces. The story goes on as it does in the original fairy tale, but continues afterwards showing what happens after you get your happy ending. In this adaption, the giant's vengeful wife (Frances de la Tour) attacks the kingdom to find and kill Jack as revenge for him murdering her husband where some characters were killed during her rampage. The Giant's Wife is eventually killed by the surviving characters in the story.

Other adaptations

  • The story is the basis of the similarly titled traditional British pantomime, wherein the Giant is certainly a villain, Jack's mother the Dame, and Jack the Principal Boy.
  • Jack of Jack and the Beanstalk is the protagonist of the comic book Jack of Fables, a spin-off of Fables, which also features other elements from the story, such as giant beanstalks and giants living in the clouds.
  • Roald Dahl rewrote the story in a more modern and gruesome way in his book Revolting Rhymes (1982), where Jack initially refuses to climb the beanstalk and his mother is thus eaten when she ascends to pick the golden leaves at the top, with Jack recovering the leaves himself after having a thorough wash so that the giant cannot smell him. The story of Jack and the Beanstalk is also referenced in Dahl's The BFG, in which the evil giants are all afraid of the "giant-killer" Jack, who is said to kill giants with his fearsome beanstalk (although none of the giants appear to know how Jack uses it against them, the context of a nightmare one of the giants has about Jack suggesting that they think he wields the beanstalk as a weapon).
  • James Still published Jack and the Wonder Beans (1977, republished 1996) an Appalachian variation on the Jack and the Beanstalk tale. Jack trades his old cow to a gypsy for three beans that are guaranteed to feed him his for his entire life. It has been adapted as a play for performance by children.[18]
  • In 1973 the story was adapted, as The Goodies and the Beanstalk, by the BBC television series The Goodies.
  • An arcade video game, Jack the Giantkiller, was released by Cinematronics in 1982 and is based on the story. Players control Jack, and must retrieve a series of treasures – a harp, a sack of gold coins, a golden goose and a princess – and eventually defeat the giant by chopping down the beanstalk.
  • An episode of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!, entitled "Mario and the Beanstalk", does a retelling with Bowser as the giant (there is no explanation as to how he becomes a giant).
  • In The Magic School Bus episode "Gets Planted", the class put on a school production of Jack and the Beanstalk, with Phoebe starring as the beanstalk after Ms. Frizzle turned her into a bean plant.
  • Jack and Beanstalk was featured in Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child where Jack is voiced by Wayne Collins and the Giant is voiced by Tone Loc. The story is in an African-American style.
  • Stephen Sondheim's musical Into the Woods (and the film of the same name), features Jack, originally portrayed by Ben Wright, along with several other fairy tale characters. In the second half of the musical, the Giant's Wife climbs down a second beanstalk to exact revenge for her husband's death, furious at Jack's betrayal of her hospitality. She is eventually killed as well.
  • Bart Simpson plays the role of the main character in a Simpsons video game "The Simpsons: Bart & the Beanstalk".
  • ABC's Once Upon a Time debuts their spin on the tale in the episode "Tiny" of season two, where Jack, now a female named Jacqueline (known as Jack) is played by Cassidy Freeman and the Giant named Anton is played by Jorge Garcia. In this adaptation, Jack is portrayed as a villainous character.
  • The story was adapted in 2012 by software maker Net Entertainment and made into a slot machine game.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ Tabart, The History of Jack and the Bean-Stalk. in 1807 introduces a new character, a fairy who explains the moral of the tale to Jack (Matthew Orville Grenby, "Tame fairies make good teachers: the popularity of early British fairy tales", The Lion and the Unicorn 30.1 (January 2006:1–24).
  2. ^ In 1842 and 1844 Elizabeth Rigby, Lady Eastlake, reviewed children's books for the Quarterly Review (volumes 71 and 74), recommending a list of children's books, headed by "The House [sic] Treasury, by Felix Summerly, including The Traditional Nursery Songs of England, Beauty and the Beast, Jack and the Beanstalk, and other old friends, all charmingly done and beautifully illustrated." (noted by Geoffrey Summerfield, "The Making of The Home Treasury", Children's Literature 8 (1980:35–52).
  3. ^ a b Joseph Jacobs (1890). English Fairy Tales. London: David Nutt. pp. 59–67, 233.
  4. ^ Maria Tatar, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, p. 132. ISBN 0-393-05163-3
  5. ^ "The Folklore Tradition of Jack Tales". The Center for Children's Books. Graduate School of Library and Information Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 15 Jan 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  6. ^ Tatar, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, p. 136.
  7. ^ Goldberg, Christine. "The composition of Jack and the beanstalk". Marvels and Tales. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
  8. ^ D. L. Ashliman, ed. "Jack and the Beanstalk: eight versions of an English fairy tale (Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 328)". 2002–2010. Folklore and Mythology: Electronic Texts. University of Pittsburgh. 1996–2013.
  9. ^ Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, "The Devil With the Three Golden Hairs", Grimm's Fairy Tales.
  10. ^ Maria Tatar, Off with Their Heads! p. 199. ISBN 0-691-06943-3
  11. ^ Tatar, Off with Their Heads! p. 198.
  12. ^ Joseph Jacobs, Notes to "Jack and the Beanstalk", English Fairy Tales.
  13. ^ Joe Nazzaro, "Back to the Beanstalk", Starlog Fantasy Worlds, February 2002, pp. 56–59.
  14. ^ http://www.bleedingcool.com/2013/08/21/exclusive-lots-of-details-of-disneys-unannounced-animated-movie-giants
  15. ^ Barbera, Joseph (1994). My Life in "Toons": From Flatbush to Bedrock in Under a Century. Atlanta, GA: Turner Publishing. pp. 162–65. ISBN 1-57036-042-1.
  16. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1351685/
  17. ^ "Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. April 25, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  18. ^ Jack and the wonder beans (Book, 1996). [WorldCat.org]. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
  19. ^ Jack and the Beanstalk Slots. [SlotsForMoney.com]. Retrieved on 2014-09-18.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack and the Beanstalk.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_and_the_Beanstalk&oldid=689522392"