Choiceless awareness

Choiceless awareness is posited in philosophy, psychology, and spirituality to be the state of unpremeditated, complete awareness of the present without preference, effort, or compulsion. The term was popularized in mid-20th-century by Jiddu Krishnamurti, in whose philosophy it signifies a main theme. Similar or related concepts had been previously developed in several religious or spiritual traditions; the term or others like it has also been used to describe traditional and contemporary secular and religious meditation practices. However, Krishnamurti's approach to choiceless awareness was unique and differs from both prior and later notions.

Jiddu Krishnamurti

Choiceless awareness is a major concept in the exposition of Indian philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986). Beginning in the 1930s, he often commented on the subject, which became a recurring theme in his work. He is considered to have been mainly responsible for the subsequent interest in both the term and the concept.

Krishnamurti held that outside of strictly practical, technical matters, the presence and action of choice indicates confusion and subtle bias: an individual who perceives a given situation in an unbiased manner, without distortion, and therefore with complete awareness, will immediately, naturally, act according to this awareness – the action will be the manifestation and result of this awareness, rather than the result of choice. Such action (and quality of mind) is inherently without conflict.

He did not offer any method, gradual or sudden, to achieve such awareness; in his view application of technique cannot possibly evolve into, or result in, true choicelessness – just as unceasing application of effort leads to illusory effortlessness, in reality the action of habit; additionally, in his opinion all methods introduce potential or actual conflict, generated by the practitioner's efforts to comply. According to this analysis, all practices towards achieving choiceless awareness have the opposite effect: they inhibit its action in the present by treating it as a future, premeditated result, and moreover one that is conditioned by the practitioner's implied or expressed expectations. For true choicelessness to be realized, choice – implicit or explicit – has to simply, irrevocably, stop; however, the ceasing of choice is not the result of decision (another choice), but implies the ceasing of the functioning of the chooser or self as a psychological entity. This may be approached through individual inquiry based on total attentiveness, which dissolves personality in its completeness; therefore Krishnamurti asserted that choiceless awareness is a natural attribute of non-self-centered perception, which he called "observation without the observer".

Accordingly, Krishnamurti advised against following any doctrine, discipline, teacher, guru, or authority, including himself. He also advised against following one's own psychological knowledge and experience, which he considered integral parts of the observer. He denied the usefulness of all meditation techniques or methods, but not of meditation itself, which he called "perhaps the greatest" art in life.

Krishnamurti's ideas on choiceless awareness were discussed by among others, influential Hindu spiritual teacher Ramana Maharshi (1879–1950)  and they attracted the attention of psychologists and psychoanalysts in the 1950s;  in the following decades Krishnamurti held a number of discussions on this and related subjects with practicing psychotherapists and with researchers in the field.

In late 1980, almost half a century after he started discussing it, Krishnamurti included the concept in The Core of Krishnamurti's Teaching, a pivotal statement of his philosophy: "Freedom is found in the choiceless awareness of our daily existence and activity."

Other representations

In contrast with Krishnamurti's approach, other articulations commonly include choiceless awareness (or related ideas and terms) as part, or as the hoped-for result, of specific methodologies and meditation techniques. Similar concepts and terms appeared or developed in various traditional  and contemporary religious or spiritual doctrines and texts, and also within secular disciplines such as psychotherapy, rehabilitation medicine, and counseling.

One term that is often used as a near-synonym is "mindfulness", which as a concept has similarities to or may include choiceless awareness. Initially part of Buddhist meditation practice, it has been adapted and utilized for contemporary psychological treatment.

Kindred themes can be found in the doctrine and meditation practices (such as Vipassanā) associated with the Theravada school of Buddhism; and also in 20th-century offshoots such as the Thai Forest Tradition and the Vipassana movement. Within these and similar fields, for example the Shikantaza practice in Zen Buddhism, choiceless (or effortless) awareness is considered to frequently be the result of a mature progression of practice.

The concept was included in the discourse of independent Indian spiritual teacher Osho (Rajneesh) (1931–90)  while Tibetan Buddhism teacher Chögyam Trungpa (1939–87), who engaged in dialogue with Krishnamurti, used the term to describe the experience of shunyata (Śūnyatā) – in Sanskrit, "emptiness", or "ego-less perception".

Among other fields, the term has appeared in dispute resolution theory and practice, and has found application in artistic endeavors. In dramatic theory, theater criticism, and acting, it has been used to denote spontaneous creativity and related practices or attempts; it has additionally appeared in music works.

Contrary to press reports published in mid-20th-century, later interest in practices related to, or influenced by, choiceless awareness, has resulted in unambiguously favorable mentions by the popular press.. Additionally, mass market general interest titles covering the subject have been published.

See also

• Anapanasati
• Mindfulness
• Nonviolent Communication

References

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• Osborne, Arthur, ed. (1996). "Preface". The teachings of Ramana Maharshi (paperback) (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Weiser Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-87728-897-8 – via Google Books. [Selections previously] published as The Collected Works of Ramana Maharshi {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help). (limited preview).
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• Patterson, Albion W., ed. (2001) [originally published 1992]. Foreword. Choiceless awareness: a selection of passages for the study of the teachings of J. Krishnamurti. By Jiddu, Krishnamurti (revised ed.). Ojai, California: Krishnamurti Foundation of America. ISBN 978-1-888004-04-5. {{cite book}}: |contributor-first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: contributors list (link)
• Riskin, Leonard L. (2006). "[Chapter] 27: Knowing Yourself: Mindfulness". In Kupfer Schneider, Andrea; Honeyman, Christopher (eds.). The negotiator's fieldbook. Washington D.C.: American Bar Association. pp. 239–250. ISBN 978-1-59031-545-3. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
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• Rodrigues, Hillary (January 1996). "J. Krishnamurti's 'religious mind' " (pdf). Religious Studies and Theology. 15 (1). Sheffield, UK: Equinox Publishing: 40–55. ISSN 0829-2922 – via EBSCOhost: ATLASerials. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
• "The First and Last Freedom by Krishnamurthi". Book Reviews. The Times of India. Mumbai: Bennett, Coleman & Co. 22 August 1954. p. 6. OCLC 23379369 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers. [Variable spelling:] Krishnamurthi {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help).
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• Wardy, Joseph (3 July 2005). "Key factor to success: The journey to consciousness". Daily Record. Morristown, New Jersey: Gannett Company. p. E3. OCLC 12777527 – via ProQuest NewsStand. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

Further reading

• Jiddu, Krishnamurti (1991). Choiceless awareness. Collected Works. Vol. 5 (1948–1949). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 978-0-8403-6238-4.
• Mathur, Dinesh Chandra (1 January 1984). "J. Krishnamurti on Choiceless Awareness, Creative Emptiness and Ultimate Freedom". Diogenes. 32 (126). Paris & New York: SAGE Publications; International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies: 91–103. doi:10.1177/039219218403212606. ISSN 0392-1921 – via SAGE Journals. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
• Sabzevary, Amir (2010). Choiceless awareness: psychological freedom in the philosophy of Krishnamurti. Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3-8383-0385-7. This work provides readers an insightful and timely commentary on Krisnamurti's most fundamental ideas [publisher annotation]

External links

• J. Krishnamurti Online – Official Jiddu Krishnamurti archival website. Contains large number of his works in text and other media. Includes search facility. Content provided in several languages.