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[[Flavonoid]]s are synthesized by the [[phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway]] in which the [[amino acid]] [[phenylalanine]] is used to produce [[4-coumaroyl-CoA]].<ref name="Ververidis">{{cite journal | last = Ververidis Filippos |author2=Trantas Emmanouil |author3=Douglas Carl |author4=Vollmer Guenter |author5=Kretzschmar Georg |author6=Panopoulos Nickolas |date=October 2007 | title = Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived natural products. Part I: Chemical diversity, impacts on plant biology and human health | journal = Biotechnology Journal | volume = 2 | issue = 10 | pages = 1214–34| accessdate = | doi = 10.1002/biot.200700084 | pmid = 17935117 | first1 = F }}</ref> This can be combined with [[malonyl-CoA]] to yield the true backbone of flavonoids, a group of compounds called [[Chalconoid|chalcones]], which contain two [[phenyl]] rings. Conjugate ring-closure of chalcones results in the familiar form of flavonoids, the three-ringed structure of a [[flavone]]. The metabolic pathway continues through a series of enzymatic modifications to yield [[flavanone]]s → [[dihydroflavonol]]s → [[anthocyanin]]s. Along this pathway, many products can be formed, including the [[flavonol]]s, [[flavan-3-ol]]s, [[proanthocyanidin]]s (tannins) and a host of other various polyphenolics.
[[Flavonoid]]s are synthesized by the [[phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway]] in which the [[amino acid]] [[phenylalanine]] is used to produce [[4-coumaroyl-CoA]].<ref name="Ververidis">{{cite journal | last = Ververidis Filippos |author2=Trantas Emmanouil |author3=Douglas Carl |author4=Vollmer Guenter |author5=Kretzschmar Georg |author6=Panopoulos Nickolas |date=October 2007 | title = Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived natural products. Part I: Chemical diversity, impacts on plant biology and human health | journal = Biotechnology Journal | volume = 2 | issue = 10 | pages = 1214–34| accessdate = | doi = 10.1002/biot.200700084 | pmid = 17935117 | first1 = F }}</ref> This can be combined with [[malonyl-CoA]] to yield the true backbone of flavonoids, a group of compounds called [[Chalconoid|chalcones]], which contain two [[phenyl]] rings. Conjugate ring-closure of chalcones results in the familiar form of flavonoids, the three-ringed structure of a [[flavone]]. The metabolic pathway continues through a series of enzymatic modifications to yield [[flavanone]]s → [[dihydroflavonol]]s → [[anthocyanin]]s. Along this pathway, many products can be formed, including the [[flavonol]]s, [[flavan-3-ol]]s, [[proanthocyanidin]]s (tannins) and a host of other various polyphenolics.
[[File:Biosynthesis of catechin.gif|left|700px|Biosynthesis of catechin]]{{clear-left}}
[[File:Biosynthesis of catechin.gif|left|700px|Biosynthesis of catechin]]{{clear-left}}

== Saw Palmetto vs Finasteride ==
A study showed that men receiving saw palmetto had moderate response to the treatment versus men receiving finasteride. Even though the finasteride effect was higher, the study concluded that the saw palmetto induced suppression was statistically significant. (Marks et al.,2001)

Another study (Rossi et al., 2012) was conducted to determine how effective saw palmetto was for hair loss prevention and compared its effects with finasteride. The researchers used 100 male patients that were diagnosed with mild to moderate androgenetic alopecia. The patients were split into two groups, one received saw palmetto(320 mg) and the other received finasteride (1mg).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nicehair.org/topical-saw-palmetto-hair-loss-read-trying/|title=Saw Palmetto vs Finasteride|last=|first=|date=2017-01-23|work=|access-date=2017-05-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref>


Flavanoids can possess [[chirality (chemistry)|chiral]] carbons. Methods of analysis should take this element into account<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6X0P-4MCW9YC-3&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F01%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a954cf0e4deadf9ba44c9ec0ec188b45 Methods of analysis and separation of chiral flavonoids. Jaime A. Yáñeza, Preston K. Andrewsb and Neal M. Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 848, Issue 2, 1 April 2007, Pages 159-181]</ref> especially regarding [[bioactivity]] or enzyme [[stereospecificity]].<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6R-4C47NMR-9&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dcbc57e4c27eb0c8e9052a4e2e090dab A theoretical study of the conformational behavior and electronic structure of taxifolin correlated with the free radical-scavenging activity. Patrick Trouillas, Catherine Fagnère, Roberto Lazzaroni, Claude Calliste, Abdelghafour Marfak and Jean-Luc Duroux, Food Chemistry, Volume 88, Issue 4, December 2004, Pages 571-582]</ref>
Flavanoids can possess [[chirality (chemistry)|chiral]] carbons. Methods of analysis should take this element into account<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6X0P-4MCW9YC-3&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F01%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a954cf0e4deadf9ba44c9ec0ec188b45 Methods of analysis and separation of chiral flavonoids. Jaime A. Yáñeza, Preston K. Andrewsb and Neal M. Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 848, Issue 2, 1 April 2007, Pages 159-181]</ref> especially regarding [[bioactivity]] or enzyme [[stereospecificity]].<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6R-4C47NMR-9&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dcbc57e4c27eb0c8e9052a4e2e090dab A theoretical study of the conformational behavior and electronic structure of taxifolin correlated with the free radical-scavenging activity. Patrick Trouillas, Catherine Fagnère, Roberto Lazzaroni, Claude Calliste, Abdelghafour Marfak and Jean-Luc Duroux, Food Chemistry, Volume 88, Issue 4, December 2004, Pages 571-582]</ref>

Revision as of 14:47, 18 May 2017

Flavonoids are synthesized by the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in which the amino acid phenylalanine is used to produce 4-coumaroyl-CoA.[1] This can be combined with malonyl-CoA to yield the true backbone of flavonoids, a group of compounds called chalcones, which contain two phenyl rings. Conjugate ring-closure of chalcones results in the familiar form of flavonoids, the three-ringed structure of a flavone. The metabolic pathway continues through a series of enzymatic modifications to yield flavanones → dihydroflavonols → anthocyanins. Along this pathway, many products can be formed, including the flavonols, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins (tannins) and a host of other various polyphenolics.

Biosynthesis of catechin
Biosynthesis of catechin

Saw Palmetto vs Finasteride

A study showed that men receiving saw palmetto had moderate response to the treatment versus men receiving finasteride. Even though the finasteride effect was higher, the study concluded that the saw palmetto induced suppression was statistically significant. (Marks et al.,2001)

Another study (Rossi et al., 2012) was conducted to determine how effective saw palmetto was for hair loss prevention and compared its effects with finasteride. The researchers used 100 male patients that were diagnosed with mild to moderate androgenetic alopecia. The patients were split into two groups, one received saw palmetto(320 mg) and the other received finasteride (1mg).[2]

Flavanoids can possess chiral carbons. Methods of analysis should take this element into account[3] especially regarding bioactivity or enzyme stereospecificity.[4]

Enzymes

The biosynthesis of flavonoids involves several enzymes.

Methylation

Glycosylation

Further acetylations

References

  1. ^ Ververidis Filippos, F; Trantas Emmanouil; Douglas Carl; Vollmer Guenter; Kretzschmar Georg; Panopoulos Nickolas (October 2007). "Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived natural products. Part I: Chemical diversity, impacts on plant biology and human health". Biotechnology Journal. 2 (10): 1214–34. doi:10.1002/biot.200700084. PMID 17935117.
  2. ^ "Saw Palmetto vs Finasteride". 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2017-05-18. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  3. ^ Methods of analysis and separation of chiral flavonoids. Jaime A. Yáñeza, Preston K. Andrewsb and Neal M. Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 848, Issue 2, 1 April 2007, Pages 159-181
  4. ^ A theoretical study of the conformational behavior and electronic structure of taxifolin correlated with the free radical-scavenging activity. Patrick Trouillas, Catherine Fagnère, Roberto Lazzaroni, Claude Calliste, Abdelghafour Marfak and Jean-Luc Duroux, Food Chemistry, Volume 88, Issue 4, December 2004, Pages 571-582
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