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'''Theodora Porphyrogenita''' ({{lang-el|Θεοδώρα}}, ''Theodōra''; AD 980 – 31 August 1056) was a [[Byzantine emperor|Byzantine Empress]] born into the [[Macedonian dynasty]] that ruled the [[Byzantine Empire]] for almost two hundred years. She was co-empress with her sister [[Zoë Porphyrogenita|Zoë]] for two months in 1042 and sole empress regnant from 11 January 1055 to 31 August 1056. She was the last ruler of the Macedonian line. |
'''Theodora Porphyrogenita''' ({{lang-el|Θεοδώρα}}, ''Theodōra''; AD 980 – 31 August 1056) was a [[Byzantine emperor|Byzantine Empress]] born into the [[Macedonian dynasty]] that ruled the [[Byzantine Empire]] for almost two hundred years. She was co-empress with her sister [[Zoë Porphyrogenita|Zoë]] for two months in 1042 and sole empress regnant from 11 January 1055 to 31 August 1056. She was the last ruler of the Macedonian line. |
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Theodora's life was entwined with that of her |
Theodora's life was entwined with that of her older sister Zoë. In 1028 her father, [[Constantine VIII]], attempted to extend the dynasty by marrying Theodora to the urban prefect of Constantinople, [[Romanos III Argyros|Romanos Argyros]]. Theodora refused, and Zoe was married to him instead; three days later he became emperor. Angry that Theodora had been the first choice to marry Romanos, Zoe had her sister closely watched. After two foiled plots, Theodora was exiled to an island monastery in the [[Sea of Marmara]]. Twelve years later, the people of Constantinople rose against [[Michael V Kalaphates|Michael V]], Zoe's adopted son, and insisted that Theodora return to rule alongside her sister. After 65 days Zoe married again and her husband [[Constantine IX]] assumed the imperial responsibilities. |
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When he died the seventy-four-year-old Theodora returned to the throne, in the teeth of fierce opposition from court officials and military claimants. For eighteen months she was a strong empress before being struck down by a sudden illness and dying on 31 August 1056 aged seventy-six. |
When he died, the seventy-four-year-old Theodora returned to the throne, in the teeth of fierce opposition from court officials and military claimants. For eighteen months she was a strong empress before being struck down by a sudden illness and dying on 31 August 1056 aged seventy-six. |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Theodora was the youngest daughter of the Byzantine Emperor [[Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire|Constantine VIII]] and [[Helena, daughter of Alypius]].<ref name= "Kazhdan">Kazhdan</ref>{{rp |503}} She was ''[[Born in the purple|Porphyrogenita]]'',<ref name="Norwich">Norwich</ref>{{rp|259}} or "born into the purple"; this was the appellation for a child born in the capital to a reigning emperor. She was the third daughter of [[Constantine VIII]] and his wife [[Helena, daughter of Alypius|Helena]].<ref name="Kazhdan"/>{{rp|503}} Her father became co-emperor in 962 and sole emperor in 1025.<ref>Canduci, pg. 252</ref> His reign as sole emperor lasted less than three years, from 15{{nbs}}December 1025 to 15{{nbs}}November 1028.<ref name="Kazhdan"/>{{rp|503}} |
Theodora was the youngest daughter of the Byzantine Emperor [[Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire|Constantine VIII]] and [[Helena, daughter of Alypius]].<ref name= "Kazhdan">Kazhdan</ref>{{rp |503}} She was ''[[Born in the purple|Porphyrogenita]]'',<ref name="Norwich">Norwich</ref>{{rp|259}} or "born into the purple"; this was the appellation for a child born in the capital to a reigning emperor. She was the third daughter of [[Constantine VIII]] and his wife [[Helena, daughter of Alypius|Helena]].<ref name="Kazhdan"/>{{rp|503}} Her father became co-emperor in 962 and sole emperor in 1025.<ref>Canduci, pg. 252</ref> His reign as sole emperor lasted less than three years, from 15{{nbs}}December 1025 to 15{{nbs}}November 1028.<ref name="Kazhdan"/>{{rp|503}} |
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As an eligible imperial princess, she was considered as a possible bride for the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in the west, [[Otto III]] in 996.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp |253}} However, Theodora was overlooked in favour of her sister [[Zoe (empress)| |
As an eligible imperial princess, she was considered as a possible bride for the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in the west, [[Otto III]] in 996.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp |253}} However, Theodora was overlooked in favour of her sister [[Zoe (empress)|Zoë]]. Otto III died before any marriage could occur.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|259}} Basil II prevented his nieces from marrying any of the Byzantine nobility, calculating such a marriage would have given their husbands a claim on the imperial throne. As women, Theodora and Zoë were unable to exercise any state authority, their only say in this was in choosing, or more likely accepting or not, a husband who would acquire their authority upon marriage.<ref name="Garland, Zoe Porphyrogenita">Garland, ''Zoe Porphyrogenita''</ref> Consequently Theodora lived a life of virtual obscurity in the imperial ''[[gynaeceum]]'' (women's quarters).<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|269}} |
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Her uncle Basil II died childless in 1025 and her father became sole emperor at the age of 65. As he had no sons |
Her uncle, Basil II, died childless in 1025 and her father became sole emperor at the age of 65. As he had no sons, Theodora and Zoë were catapulted into the centre of imperial politics.<ref name="Canduci, pg. 267">Canduci, pg. 267</ref> Intelligent and possessing a strong and austere character, Theodora defied her father by refusing to marry the man her father had chosen to succeed him, [[Romanus III|Romanos Argyros]], stating that Romanos was already married – his wife having become a [[nun]] to allow Romanos to marry into the imperial family.<ref name="Finlay">Finlay.</ref>{{rp |465}} Theodora further claimed that since Romanos and she were third cousins, it was too close a blood relationship for marriage to occur.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|270}} Consequently, Constantine VIII chose Theodora’s sister. Zoe married Romanos three days before her father died and her new husband became Emperor Michael IV.<ref name="Canduci">Canduci.</ref>{{rp |257}} |
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[[File:Empress Zoe tonsures her sister Theodora.jpg|thumb|left|Empress Zoe tonsures her sister Theodora]] |
[[File:Empress Zoe tonsures her sister Theodora.jpg|thumb|left|Empress Zoe tonsures her sister Theodora]] |
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With the accession of Romanos, Theodora prudently retreated back into the ''gynaeceum'', with its daily religious routines,<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp |276}} but this did not save her from her sister’s envy. Never forgiving Theodora for being their father’s first choice,<ref name="Canduci"/>{{rp |269}} |
With the accession of Romanos, Theodora prudently retreated back into the ''gynaeceum'', with its daily religious routines,<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp |276}} but this did not save her from her sister’s envy. Never forgiving Theodora for being their father’s first choice,<ref name="Canduci"/>{{rp |269}} Zoë persuaded her husband to appoint one of his own men as the chief of Theodora’s household, with orders to spy on her.<ref name = "Finlay"/>{{rp|469}} Shortly afterwards, Theodora was accused of plotting to marry [[Presian II of Bulgaria|Presian of Bulgaria]] and usurp the throne with him. Presian was blinded and sent to a monastery; Theodora was not punished. In 1031 she was implicated in a similar conspiracy, this time with Constantine Diogenes, the [[Archon]] of [[Sirmium]].<ref name="Kazhdan"/>{{rp |627}} Theodora was forcibly confined in the [[monastery]] of Petrion. During a visit, Zoë compelled her sister to take [[Holy Orders]].<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp |471}} Theodora remained there for the next eleven years, as Zoë managed the empire with her husbands, Romanos III and, after his death, her son, [[Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Michael IV]].<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|276, 279}} |
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==Co-empress with Zoe== |
==Co-empress with Zoe== |
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[[File:Monomacho's crown - circa 1042 Budapest - detail2.jpg|thumb|upright =0.6|Depiction of Empress Theodora on the [[Monomachus Crown]]]] |
[[File:Monomacho's crown - circa 1042 Budapest - detail2.jpg|thumb|upright =0.6|Depiction of Empress Theodora on the [[Monomachus Crown]]]] |
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With Michael IV’s death in December 1041, Zoe adopted Michael’s nephew, who was crowned as [[Michael V Kalaphates|Michael V]].<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|495}} Although he promised to respect Zoe, he promptly banished her to a monastery on the [[Prince Islands|Princes' Islands]] on charges of attempted regicide.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|295}} This treatment of the legitimate heir to the Macedonian Dynasty caused a popular uprising in [[Constantinople]], and on 19 April 1042, the people dethroned Michael V in support of not only Zoe, but Theodora as well. Michael V, desperate to keep his throne, initially brought |
With Michael IV’s death in December 1041, Zoe adopted Michael’s nephew, who was crowned as [[Michael V Kalaphates|Michael V]].<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|495}} Although he promised to respect Zoe, he promptly banished her to a monastery on the [[Prince Islands|Princes' Islands]] on charges of attempted regicide.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|295}} This treatment of the legitimate heir to the Macedonian Dynasty caused a popular uprising in [[Constantinople]], and on 19 April 1042, the people dethroned Michael V in support of not only Zoe, but Theodora as well. Michael V, desperate to keep his throne, initially brought Zoë back from Princes' Island and displayed her to the people,<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|297}} but the population rejected his proposal that he continue to rule alongside Zoë.<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|496}} |
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Key members of the court decided that flighty |
Key members of the court decided that flighty Zoë needed a co-ruler, and backed the people's demand that it should be Theodora. A delegation, headed by the [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|patrician]] Constantine Cabasilas,<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|298}} went to the monastery at Petrion to convince Theodora to become co-empress.<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|496}} Theodora, accustomed to a life of religious contemplation, rejected their pleas out of hand, and fled to the convent chapel to seek sanctuary. Constantine and his retinue pursued her, forcibly dragged her out and exchanged her monastic clothes for imperial ones.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|298}} At an assembly at [[Hagia Sophia]], the people escorted the now furious Theodora and proclaimed her empress with Zoë.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|299}} After crowning Theodora, the mob stormed the palace, forcing Michael V to escape to a monastery.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|300}} |
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Zoë immediately assumed power and tried to force Theodora back to her monastery, but the [[Byzantine Senate|Senate]] and the people demanded that the two sisters should jointly reign.<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|497}} As her first act Theodora was called upon to deal with Michael V. Zoë, weak and easily manipulated, wanted to pardon and free Michael, but Theodora was made of firmer stuff. She initially guaranteed Michael’s safety before ordering that he be blinded and spend the rest of his life as a monk.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|301}} With Michael V dealt with, Theodora refused to leave Hagia Sophia until she had received a formal invitation from Zoë, some 24 hours after they had been crowned.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|304}} Officially Theodora was the junior empress, and her throne was situated slightly behind Zoë’s on all public occasions. In practice she was the driving force behind the joint administration. The sisters administered the empire, focusing on curbing the sale of public offices and on the administration of justice.<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|498}} Although contemporary historian [[Michael Psellus]] claimed the joint reign was a complete failure, [[John Scylitzes]] stated that they conscientiously rectified the abuses of the previous reigns.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|305}} |
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Although Theodora and |
Although Theodora and Zoë appeared together at meetings of the Senate or when they gave public audiences, it was soon apparent that their joint reign was under considerable strain.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|306}} Still jealous of Theodora, Zoë had no desire to administer the empire, but she would not allow Theodora to conduct public business alone. Two court factions formed behind each empress.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|306}} After two months of increasing acrimony between them, Zoe decided to search for a new husband, thereby denying Theodora the opportunity to increase her influence through her obvious talents for governing.<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|499}} She eventually married [[Constantine IX Monomachos]], on 11 June 1042, and the management of the empire reverted to him.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|307}} Although Theodora and Zoë continued to be recognised as empresses, and although Theodora continued to appear at all official functions, power devolved onto her brother-in-law. Nevertheless, Theodora exerted influence at court, as demonstrated by her ordering the arrest and blinding of [[John the Orphanotrophos|John the Eunuch]], the powerful administrator who had been the chief minister of Romanos III, the brother of Michael IV, and the uncle of Michael V; he had lived in exile after the fall of Michael V.<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|505}} |
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Constantine IX’s preferential treatment of his mistress in the early part of his reign caused rumours that he was planning to murder Theodora and |
Constantine IX’s preferential treatment of his mistress in the early part of his reign caused rumours that he was planning to murder Theodora and Zoë.<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|309}} This led to a popular uprising by the citizens of Constantinople in 1044, which came dangerously close to actually harming Constantine who was participating in a religious procession along the streets of Constantinople.<ref name="Finlay, pg. 503">Finlay, pg. 503</ref> The mob was only quieted by the appearance on a balcony of Zoë and Theodora, who reassured the mob they were in no danger of assassination.<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|503}} |
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==Return to power== |
==Return to power== |
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After |
After Zoë's death in 1050, Theodora seems to have retired to a [[convent]], leaving Constantine IX to rule alone until his own death on 11 January 1055. As Constantine lay dying, he was persuaded by his councilors, chiefly the ''[[logothetes tou dromou]]'' John, to ignore the rights of Theodora and to pass the throne to the ''[[dux|doux]]'' (Duke) of the Byzantine Theme of Bulgaria, [[Nikephoros Proteuon]].<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|527}} However, Theodora preempted their plans were when, despite her advanced age, she vigorously asserted her right to rule. She came out of retirement and convened the Senate, and the imperial guard proclaimed "emperor" shortly before Constantine's death.<ref>Garland (1999), pp. 165–66</ref><ref name = "Treadgold">Treadgold (1997).</ref>{{rp|596}} |
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A purge of senior officials and the leadership of the European military units followed. [[Nikephoros Bryennios (ethnarch)|Nikephoros Bryennios]], whom the western ''[[tagma (military)|tagma]]ta'' apparently wanted to proclaim emperor instead, was |
A purge of senior officials and the leadership of the European military units followed. [[Nikephoros Bryennios (ethnarch)|Nikephoros Bryennios]], whom the western ''[[tagma (military)|tagma]]ta'' apparently wanted to proclaim emperor instead, was dismissed and exiled on Theodora’s orders,<ref name="Kazhdan"/>{{rp|329}}<ref name="Treadgold"/>{{rp|597}} after which she confiscated his estates and banished his supporters from court.<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp |527}} |
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Her second period of rule proceeded where the first left off.<ref name="Canduci"/>{{rp|270}} |
Her second period of rule proceeded where the first left off.<ref name="Canduci"/>{{rp|270}} With her firm administration, she controlled the unruly nobles and checked numerous abuses. She damaged her reputation, however, with excessive severity toward private enemies and undue employment of such menials as [[Leo Paraspondylos]] as her advisors.<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|528}} Military and court offices were filled by her household eunuchs, and such able commanders as [[Isaac I Comnenus|Isaac Komnenos]] were replaced with minor functionaries.<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|528}} Determined to centralize as much power in her hands as possible, she presided in person in the Senate and heard appeals as supreme judge in civil cases. Her appointment of clerics offended the Patriarch [[Michael Cerularius|Michael Keroularios]], who considered this the duty of men, not women.<ref name="Kazhdan"/>{{rp|2038}} |
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Theodora was fit, well and active and disinclined to face her own mortality, despite her age of seventy-six. The patriarch Michael Keroularios advocated that Theodora advance a subject to the throne through marriage to her, something which would have assured the succession, but she refused to consider marriage, no matter how token. She also refused to name an heir to the throne. Theodora became gravely ill with an intestinal disorder in late August 1056. On 31{{nbs}}August her advisors, chaired by Leo Paraspondylos, met to decide who to recommend to her as a successor. |
Theodora was fit, well and active and disinclined to face her own mortality, despite her age of seventy-six. The patriarch Michael Keroularios advocated that Theodora advance a subject to the throne through marriage to her, something which would have assured the succession, but she refused to consider marriage, no matter how token. She also refused to name an heir to the throne. Theodora became gravely ill with an intestinal disorder in late August 1056. On 31{{nbs}}August her advisors, chaired by Leo Paraspondylos, met to decide who to recommend to her as a successor. According to Psellus, they selected Michael Bringas, an aged civil servant and former [[logothetes tou stratiotikou|military finance minister]] whose his main attraction was that "he was less qualified to rule than he was to be ruled and directed by others". Theodora was unable to speak, but Paraspondylos decided that she had nodded at an appropriate moment. Hearing of this the Patriarch refused to believe it. Eventually he was persuaded and Bringas was crowned as [[Michael VI]]. Theodora died a few hours later and with her death, the Macedonian dynasty's 189 year rule ended.<ref name="Finlay"/>{{rp|529}}<ref name="Norwich"/>{{rp|327}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 14:32, 27 June 2018
| Theodora Porphyrogenita | |
|---|---|
| Empress and Autocrat of the Romans | |
 Byzantine coin showing Jesus Christ on the left and Empress Theodora on the right. | |
| Empress of the Byzantine Empire | |
| Reign | 19 April 1042 – 31 August 1056 |
| Predecessor | Zoë Porphyrogenita & Michael V Kalaphates |
| Successor | Michael VI Bringas |
| Co-reign | Zoë Porphyrogenita[1]: 2038 (1042–1050) Constantine IX Monomachos (1042–1055) |
| Born | c. AD 980 Constantinople |
| Died | 31 August 1056 (aged 75–76) Constantinople |
| Burial | |
| Dynasty | Macedonian |
| Father | Constantine VIII |
| Mother | Helena |
Theodora Porphyrogenita (Greek: Θεοδώρα, Theodōra; AD 980 – 31 August 1056) was a Byzantine Empress born into the Macedonian dynasty that ruled the Byzantine Empire for almost two hundred years. She was co-empress with her sister Zoë for two months in 1042 and sole empress regnant from 11 January 1055 to 31 August 1056. She was the last ruler of the Macedonian line.
Theodora's life was entwined with that of her older sister Zoë. In 1028 her father, Constantine VIII, attempted to extend the dynasty by marrying Theodora to the urban prefect of Constantinople, Romanos Argyros. Theodora refused, and Zoe was married to him instead; three days later he became emperor. Angry that Theodora had been the first choice to marry Romanos, Zoe had her sister closely watched. After two foiled plots, Theodora was exiled to an island monastery in the Sea of Marmara. Twelve years later, the people of Constantinople rose against Michael V, Zoe's adopted son, and insisted that Theodora return to rule alongside her sister. After 65 days Zoe married again and her husband Constantine IX assumed the imperial responsibilities.
When he died, the seventy-four-year-old Theodora returned to the throne, in the teeth of fierce opposition from court officials and military claimants. For eighteen months she was a strong empress before being struck down by a sudden illness and dying on 31 August 1056 aged seventy-six.
Early life
Theodora was the youngest daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VIII and Helena, daughter of Alypius.[1]: 503 She was Porphyrogenita,[2]: 259 or "born into the purple"; this was the appellation for a child born in the capital to a reigning emperor. She was the third daughter of Constantine VIII and his wife Helena.[1]: 503 Her father became co-emperor in 962 and sole emperor in 1025.[3] His reign as sole emperor lasted less than three years, from 15 December 1025 to 15 November 1028.[1]: 503
As an eligible imperial princess, she was considered as a possible bride for the Holy Roman Emperor in the west, Otto III in 996.[2]: 253 However, Theodora was overlooked in favour of her sister Zoë. Otto III died before any marriage could occur.[2]: 259 Basil II prevented his nieces from marrying any of the Byzantine nobility, calculating such a marriage would have given their husbands a claim on the imperial throne. As women, Theodora and Zoë were unable to exercise any state authority, their only say in this was in choosing, or more likely accepting or not, a husband who would acquire their authority upon marriage.[4] Consequently Theodora lived a life of virtual obscurity in the imperial gynaeceum (women's quarters).[2]: 269
Her uncle, Basil II, died childless in 1025 and her father became sole emperor at the age of 65. As he had no sons, Theodora and Zoë were catapulted into the centre of imperial politics.[5] Intelligent and possessing a strong and austere character, Theodora defied her father by refusing to marry the man her father had chosen to succeed him, Romanos Argyros, stating that Romanos was already married – his wife having become a nun to allow Romanos to marry into the imperial family.[6]: 465 Theodora further claimed that since Romanos and she were third cousins, it was too close a blood relationship for marriage to occur.[2]: 270 Consequently, Constantine VIII chose Theodora’s sister. Zoe married Romanos three days before her father died and her new husband became Emperor Michael IV.[7]: 257
With the accession of Romanos, Theodora prudently retreated back into the gynaeceum, with its daily religious routines,[2]: 276 but this did not save her from her sister’s envy. Never forgiving Theodora for being their father’s first choice,[7]: 269 Zoë persuaded her husband to appoint one of his own men as the chief of Theodora’s household, with orders to spy on her.[6]: 469 Shortly afterwards, Theodora was accused of plotting to marry Presian of Bulgaria and usurp the throne with him. Presian was blinded and sent to a monastery; Theodora was not punished. In 1031 she was implicated in a similar conspiracy, this time with Constantine Diogenes, the Archon of Sirmium.[1]: 627 Theodora was forcibly confined in the monastery of Petrion. During a visit, Zoë compelled her sister to take Holy Orders.[6]: 471 Theodora remained there for the next eleven years, as Zoë managed the empire with her husbands, Romanos III and, after his death, her son, Michael IV.[2]: 276, 279
Co-empress with Zoe
With Michael IV’s death in December 1041, Zoe adopted Michael’s nephew, who was crowned as Michael V.[6]: 495 Although he promised to respect Zoe, he promptly banished her to a monastery on the Princes' Islands on charges of attempted regicide.[2]: 295 This treatment of the legitimate heir to the Macedonian Dynasty caused a popular uprising in Constantinople, and on 19 April 1042, the people dethroned Michael V in support of not only Zoe, but Theodora as well. Michael V, desperate to keep his throne, initially brought Zoë back from Princes' Island and displayed her to the people,[2]: 297 but the population rejected his proposal that he continue to rule alongside Zoë.[6]: 496
Key members of the court decided that flighty Zoë needed a co-ruler, and backed the people's demand that it should be Theodora. A delegation, headed by the patrician Constantine Cabasilas,[2]: 298 went to the monastery at Petrion to convince Theodora to become co-empress.[6]: 496 Theodora, accustomed to a life of religious contemplation, rejected their pleas out of hand, and fled to the convent chapel to seek sanctuary. Constantine and his retinue pursued her, forcibly dragged her out and exchanged her monastic clothes for imperial ones.[2]: 298 At an assembly at Hagia Sophia, the people escorted the now furious Theodora and proclaimed her empress with Zoë.[2]: 299 After crowning Theodora, the mob stormed the palace, forcing Michael V to escape to a monastery.[2]: 300
Zoë immediately assumed power and tried to force Theodora back to her monastery, but the Senate and the people demanded that the two sisters should jointly reign.[6]: 497 As her first act Theodora was called upon to deal with Michael V. Zoë, weak and easily manipulated, wanted to pardon and free Michael, but Theodora was made of firmer stuff. She initially guaranteed Michael’s safety before ordering that he be blinded and spend the rest of his life as a monk.[2]: 301 With Michael V dealt with, Theodora refused to leave Hagia Sophia until she had received a formal invitation from Zoë, some 24 hours after they had been crowned.[2]: 304 Officially Theodora was the junior empress, and her throne was situated slightly behind Zoë’s on all public occasions. In practice she was the driving force behind the joint administration. The sisters administered the empire, focusing on curbing the sale of public offices and on the administration of justice.[6]: 498 Although contemporary historian Michael Psellus claimed the joint reign was a complete failure, John Scylitzes stated that they conscientiously rectified the abuses of the previous reigns.[2]: 305
Although Theodora and Zoë appeared together at meetings of the Senate or when they gave public audiences, it was soon apparent that their joint reign was under considerable strain.[2]: 306 Still jealous of Theodora, Zoë had no desire to administer the empire, but she would not allow Theodora to conduct public business alone. Two court factions formed behind each empress.[2]: 306 After two months of increasing acrimony between them, Zoe decided to search for a new husband, thereby denying Theodora the opportunity to increase her influence through her obvious talents for governing.[6]: 499 She eventually married Constantine IX Monomachos, on 11 June 1042, and the management of the empire reverted to him.[2]: 307 Although Theodora and Zoë continued to be recognised as empresses, and although Theodora continued to appear at all official functions, power devolved onto her brother-in-law. Nevertheless, Theodora exerted influence at court, as demonstrated by her ordering the arrest and blinding of John the Eunuch, the powerful administrator who had been the chief minister of Romanos III, the brother of Michael IV, and the uncle of Michael V; he had lived in exile after the fall of Michael V.[6]: 505
Constantine IX’s preferential treatment of his mistress in the early part of his reign caused rumours that he was planning to murder Theodora and Zoë.[2]: 309 This led to a popular uprising by the citizens of Constantinople in 1044, which came dangerously close to actually harming Constantine who was participating in a religious procession along the streets of Constantinople.[8] The mob was only quieted by the appearance on a balcony of Zoë and Theodora, who reassured the mob they were in no danger of assassination.[6]: 503
Return to power
After Zoë's death in 1050, Theodora seems to have retired to a convent, leaving Constantine IX to rule alone until his own death on 11 January 1055. As Constantine lay dying, he was persuaded by his councilors, chiefly the logothetes tou dromou John, to ignore the rights of Theodora and to pass the throne to the doux (Duke) of the Byzantine Theme of Bulgaria, Nikephoros Proteuon.[6]: 527 However, Theodora preempted their plans were when, despite her advanced age, she vigorously asserted her right to rule. She came out of retirement and convened the Senate, and the imperial guard proclaimed "emperor" shortly before Constantine's death.[9][10]: 596
A purge of senior officials and the leadership of the European military units followed. Nikephoros Bryennios, whom the western tagmata apparently wanted to proclaim emperor instead, was dismissed and exiled on Theodora’s orders,[1]: 329 [10]: 597 after which she confiscated his estates and banished his supporters from court.[6]: 527
Her second period of rule proceeded where the first left off.[7]: 270 With her firm administration, she controlled the unruly nobles and checked numerous abuses. She damaged her reputation, however, with excessive severity toward private enemies and undue employment of such menials as Leo Paraspondylos as her advisors.[6]: 528 Military and court offices were filled by her household eunuchs, and such able commanders as Isaac Komnenos were replaced with minor functionaries.[6]: 528 Determined to centralize as much power in her hands as possible, she presided in person in the Senate and heard appeals as supreme judge in civil cases. Her appointment of clerics offended the Patriarch Michael Keroularios, who considered this the duty of men, not women.[1]: 2038
Theodora was fit, well and active and disinclined to face her own mortality, despite her age of seventy-six. The patriarch Michael Keroularios advocated that Theodora advance a subject to the throne through marriage to her, something which would have assured the succession, but she refused to consider marriage, no matter how token. She also refused to name an heir to the throne. Theodora became gravely ill with an intestinal disorder in late August 1056. On 31 August her advisors, chaired by Leo Paraspondylos, met to decide who to recommend to her as a successor. According to Psellus, they selected Michael Bringas, an aged civil servant and former military finance minister whose his main attraction was that "he was less qualified to rule than he was to be ruled and directed by others". Theodora was unable to speak, but Paraspondylos decided that she had nodded at an appropriate moment. Hearing of this the Patriarch refused to believe it. Eventually he was persuaded and Bringas was crowned as Michael VI. Theodora died a few hours later and with her death, the Macedonian dynasty's 189 year rule ended.[6]: 529 [2]: 327
See also
References
Sources
Primary sources
- Michael Psellus, Chronographia.
- Thurn, Hans, ed. (1973). Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-311002285-8. OCLC 1025783.
Secondary sources
- Canduci, Alexander (2010), Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Sydney: Murdoch Books, ISBN 978-1-74196-598-8
- George Finlay, History of the Byzantine Empire from 716 – 1057, William Blackwood & Sons, 1853
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Garland, Lynda (1999). Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14688-3.
- Norwich, John Julius (1993), Byzantium: The Apogee, London: Penguin, ISBN 0-14-011448-3
- Treadgold, Warren T. (1997), A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6
External links
- Use dmy dates from August 2011
- 980 births
- 1056 deaths
- Byzantine empresses
- Macedonian dynasty
- 10th-century Byzantine people
- 11th-century Byzantine emperors
- 10th-century Byzantine women
- 11th-century Byzantine women
- 11th-century women rulers
- Daughters of Byzantine emperors
- Empresses regnant
- Orthodox monarchs
- Porphyrogennetoi
- Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles
- 1040s in the Byzantine Empire
- 1050s in the Byzantine Empire