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Mottainai (もったいない or 勿体無い) is a term of Japanese origin that has been used by environmentalists. The term in Japanese conveys a sense of regret over waste; the exclamation "Mottainai!" can translate as "What a waste!" Japanese environmentalists have used the term to encourage people to "reduce, reuse and recycle", and Kenyan environmentalist Wangari Maathai used the term at the United Nations as a slogan to promote environmental protection.

Etymology, usage, and translation

Kōjien lists three definitions for the word mottainai (classical Japanese terminal form mottainashi): (1) inexpedient or reprehensible towards a god, buddha, noble or the like; (2) awe-inspiring and unmerited/undeserved, used to express thanks; (3) an expression of regret at the full value of something not being put to good use. In contemporary Japanese, it is most commonly used to indicate that something is being discarded needlessly, or to express regret at such a fact.^[1] Kōhei Hasegawa [ja], then a professor at Nagano University, commented that the definition given last in Kōjien was the one used most frequently by modern Japanese.^[1] The second sense is seen in Japanese newspapers when they defer to members of the imperial family as having been present at such-and-such an event, not necessarily implying wastefulness but rather gratitude or awe.^[1] Daigenkai [ja] gives a similar ordering of these definitions.^[1] Hasegawa traces this to a historical semantic shift in which the original meaning, the one given a (1) in Kōjien, became less prominent.^[1] Citing the Kyoto University Japanese literature scholar Kōshin Noma [ja], Hasegawa states that the word originated as slang in the Kamakura period,^[1] and that by the mid 15th century had perhaps already acquired the meanings of (2) and (3).^[2] Two frequently-cited early examples of usages of mottainashi, both given in both Kōjien and Daigenkai, are the Genpei Jōsuiki and the Taiheiki.^[2] A form of the word, motaina (モタイナ) appears in the late-14th or early-15th century Noh play Aritōshi [ja], apparently in a sense close to (1).^[3]

The word nai in mottainai resembles a Japanese negative ("there is no mottai"), but may have originally been used as an emphatic ("tremendous mottai").^[2] Mottai itself is a noun appearing as such in, for example, the dictionary Gagaku-shū [ja],^[4] which dates to 1444.^[5] Daigenkai gives buttai as an alternate reading of the word,^[4] and it appears written with the kanji 勿躰, 物體, 勿體, 物体, or 勿体.^[4] It means (i) the shape/form of a thing or (ii) something that is, or the fact of being, impressive or imposing (モノモノシキコト monomonoshiki koto).^[4] The compound that is pronounced as mottai in Japanese appears in Sino-Japanese dictionaries as a Chinese word in a sense similar to (ii),^[6] but mottainashi does not, as it is an indigenous Japanese word.^[6]

The expression "Mottainai!" can be uttered alone as an exclamation when something useful, such as food or time, is wasted, meaning roughly, "What a waste!" In addition to its primary sense of "wastefulness", the word is also used to mean "impious; irreverent" or "more than one deserves".^[7]

Mottainai in Japanese refers both to physical waste and to wasteful action. MacQuillan and Preston propose a more elaborate translation that conveys a sense of value and worthiness as "do not destroy (or lay waste to) that which is worthy".^[8]

Mottainai originated as a Buddhist term, though this fact is not common knowledge even in Japan.^[9]^{[dubious – discuss]} Eiko Maruko Siniawer said that Yamaori Tetsuo, a scholar of religion and professor emeritus at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies,^[10] felt mottainai to be "inseparable from Buddhist ideas about the transience and evanescence of life".^[11]^{[dubious – discuss]} The word later become connected to the Shinto concept that all objects have souls.^[9]^{[dubious – discuss]}

Modern Japanese environmentalism

In November 2002, the English-language, Japan-based magazine Look Japan ran a cover story entitled "Restyling Japan: Revival of the 'Mottainai' Spirit", documenting the motivation amongst volunteers in a "toy hospital" in Japan to "develop in children the habit of looking after their possessions", the re-emergence of repair shops specializing in repairing household appliances or children's clothes, the recycling of PET bottles and other materials, the collection of waste edible oil, and more generally the efforts to stop the trend of throwing away everything that can no longer be used, i.e. the efforts of reviving "the spirit of mottainai".^[12] In that context, Hitoshi Chiba, the author, described mottainai as follows:

We often hear in Japan the expression 'mottainai', which loosely means 'wasteful' but in its full sense conveys a feeling of awe and appreciation for the gifts of nature or the sincere conduct of other people. There is a trait among Japanese people to try to use something for its entire effective life or continue to use it by repairing it. In this caring culture, people will endeavor to find new homes for possessions they no longer need. The 'mottainai' principle extends to the dinner table, where many consider it rude to leave even a single grain of rice in the bowl. The concern is that this traditional trait may be lost.^[12]

At the Opening Ceremony of the Science and Technology in Society Forum in 2005, Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi stated: "In Japan, there has long been a spirit characterized by the word mottainai, which could be translated as 'don't waste what is valuable'."^[13]

Use by Wangari Maathai

At a session of the United Nations, Kenyan environmentalist Wangari Maathai introduced the word mottainai as a slogan for environmental protection.^[11] According to Mizue Sasaki,^[14]

Dr. Maathai, brandishing a t-shirt emblazoned with the word MOTTAINAI, explained that the meaning of the term mottainai encompasses the four Rs of reduce, reuse, recycle and repair ... [and] made the case that we should all use limited resources effectively and share them fairly if we are to avert wars arising from disputes over natural resources.

Maathai has worked to popularize the word mottainai in places outside Japan.^[15] At the 2009 United Nations Summit on Climate Change, she said, "Even at personal level, we can all reduce, re-use and recycle, what is embraced as Mottainai in Japan, a concept that also calls us to express gratitude, to respect and to avoid wastage."^[16]

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hasegawa 1983, p. 25.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hasegawa 1983, p. 26.
^ Hasegawa 1983, pp. 26–27.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hasegawa 1983, p. 27.
^ Hasegawa 1983, pp. 25–26.
^ ^a ^b Hasegawa 1983, p. 28.
^ Masuda, K: Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, page 1139. Kenkyusha Ltd., 1974
^ Alan G. MacQuillan; Ashley L. Preston (1998). Globally and Locally: Seeking a Middle Path to Sustainable Development. University Press of America. p. 157. ISBN 978-0761811268.
^ ^a ^b Sato, Yuriko (2017). "Mottainai: a Japanese sense of anima mundi". Journal of Analytical Psychology. 62 (1): 147–154.
^ [1]
^ ^a ^b Maruko Siniawer, Eiko (2014). "'Affluence of the Heart': Wastefulness and the Search for Meaning in Millennial Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 73 (1). Cambridge University Press, Association for Asian Studies: 165–186. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001745. JSTOR 43553399. citing Yamaori Tetsuo. 2006. "Nihonjin wa ima, donna kachi o shinrai subeki ka" [What kind of values should Japanese trust in now] (interview). Bōsei 37(7):11–18.
^ ^a ^b Chiba, Hitoshi (November 2002). "Restyling Japan: Revival of the "Mottainai" Spirit". Look Japan. Archived from the original on April 5, 2004. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
^ "Speeches and Statements by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi". japan.kantei.go.jp.
^ Sasaki, Mizue (7–9 November 2005). Perspectives of language: cultural differences and universality in Japanese (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 124–125. {{cite conference}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |booktitle= (help)
^ Iwatsuki, Kunio (2008). Sustainable Use of Biodiversity, with Reference to the Japanese Spirit of Worshipping Nature (in "Conserving Nature, A Japanese Perspective") (PDF). Biodiversity Network Japan. pp. 4–11. ISBN 978-4-9901743-1-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
^ "Statement by Prof. W. Maathai, Nobel Peace Laureate, on behalf of Civil Society" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-01. Retrieved 24 February 2018. Cited in Maruko Siniawer, 2014, p. 177.

Works cited

Hasegawa, Kōhei (1983). "Mottai-nashi Kō". Academic Bulletin of Nagano University. 4 (3–4): 25–30.

External links

[FOOTNOTEHasegawa198325-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hasegawa 1983, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTEHasegawa198326-2] Hasegawa 1983, p. 26.

[FOOTNOTEHasegawa198326–27-3] Hasegawa 1983, pp. 26–27.

[FOOTNOTEHasegawa198327-4] Hasegawa 1983, p. 27.

[FOOTNOTEHasegawa198325–26-5] Hasegawa 1983, pp. 25–26.

[FOOTNOTEHasegawa198328-6] Hasegawa 1983, p. 28.

[7] Masuda, K: Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, page 1139. Kenkyusha Ltd., 1974

[8] Alan G. MacQuillan; Ashley L. Preston (1998). Globally and Locally: Seeking a Middle Path to Sustainable Development. University Press of America. p. 157. ISBN 978-0761811268.

[sato-9] Sato, Yuriko (2017). "Mottainai: a Japanese sense of anima mundi". Journal of Analytical Psychology. 62 (1): 147–154.

[10] [1]

[JAS2014-11] Maruko Siniawer, Eiko (2014). "'Affluence of the Heart': Wastefulness and the Search for Meaning in Millennial Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 73 (1). Cambridge University Press, Association for Asian Studies: 165–186. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001745. JSTOR 43553399. citing Yamaori Tetsuo. 2006. "Nihonjin wa ima, donna kachi o shinrai subeki ka" [What kind of values should Japanese trust in now] (interview). Bōsei 37(7):11–18.

[look-japan-2002-12] Chiba, Hitoshi (November 2002). "Restyling Japan: Revival of the "Mottainai" Spirit". Look Japan. Archived from the original on April 5, 2004. Retrieved July 22, 2013.

[Koizumi2005-13] "Speeches and Statements by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi". japan.kantei.go.jp.

[Sasaki-2005-14] Sasaki, Mizue (7–9 November 2005). Perspectives of language: cultural differences and universality in Japanese (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 124–125. {{cite conference}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |booktitle= (help)

[15] Iwatsuki, Kunio (2008). Sustainable Use of Biodiversity, with Reference to the Japanese Spirit of Worshipping Nature (in "Conserving Nature, A Japanese Perspective") (PDF). Biodiversity Network Japan. pp. 4–11. ISBN 978-4-9901743-1-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2013.

[Maathai2009UN-16] "Statement by Prof. W. Maathai, Nobel Peace Laureate, on behalf of Civil Society" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-01. Retrieved 24 February 2018. Cited in Maruko Siniawer, 2014, p. 177.

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 '''''Mottainai''''' ({{lang|ja|もったいない}} or {{lang|ja|勿体無い}}) is a term of Japanese origin that has been used by environmentalists.  The term in Japanese conveys a sense of regret over waste; the exclamation "''Mottainai!''" can translate as "What a waste!"  Japanese environmentalists have used the term to encourage people to "[[Waste hierarchy|reduce, reuse and recycle]]", and [[Kenya]]n environmentalist [[Wangari Maathai]] used the term at the [[United Nations]] as a slogan to promote environmental protection.
-== Usage and translation ==
+== Etymology, usage, and translation ==
+''[[Kōjien]]'' lists three definitions for the word ''mottainai'' (classical Japanese terminal form ''mottainashi''): (1) inexpedient or reprehensible towards a god, buddha, noble or the like; (2) awe-inspiring and unmerited/undeserved, used to express thanks; (3) an expression of regret at the full value of something not being put to good use. In contemporary [[Japanese language|Japanese]], it is most commonly used to indicate that something is being discarded needlessly, or to express regret at such a fact.{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=25}} {{illm|Kōhei Hasegawa|ja|長谷川鉱平}}, then a professor at [[Nagano University]], commented that the definition given last in ''Kōjien'' was the one used most frequently by modern Japanese.{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=25}} The second sense is seen in Japanese newspapers when they defer to members of the [[imperial family of Japan|imperial family]] as having been present at such-and-such an event, not necessarily implying wastefulness but rather gratitude or awe.{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=25}} ''{{illm|Daigenkai|ja|言海#大言海}}'' gives a similar ordering of these definitions.{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=25}} Hasegawa traces this to a historical semantic shift in which the original meaning, the one given a (1) in ''Kōjien'', became less prominent.{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=25}} Citing the [[Kyoto University]] Japanese literature scholar {{illm|Kōshin Noma|ja|野間光辰}}, Hasegawa states that the word originated as slang in the [[Kamakura period]],{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=25}} and that by the mid 15th century had perhaps already acquired the meanings of (2) and (3).{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=26}} Two frequently-cited early examples of usages of ''mottainashi'', both given in both ''Kōjien'' and ''Daigenkai'', are the ''[[Genpei Jōsuiki]]'' and the ''[[Taiheiki]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=26}} A form of the word, ''motaina'' (モタイナ) appears in the late-14th or early-15th century [[Noh]] play ''{{illm|Aritōshi|ja|蟻通}}'', apparently in a sense close to (1).{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1pp=26–27}}
-''Mottainai'' is a [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term conveying a sense of regret concerning waste.<ref name="daijirin">[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8B%BF%E4%BD%93%E7%84%A1%E3%81%84-645881#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88 Daijirin Japanese dictionary 2nd ed.] (Japanese)</ref> The expression "Mottainai!" can be uttered alone as an exclamation when something useful, such as food or time, is wasted, meaning roughly, "What a waste!" In addition to its primary sense of "wastefulness", the word is also used to mean "impious; irreverent" or "more than one deserves".<ref>Masuda, K: Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, page 1139. Kenkyusha Ltd., 1974</ref>
+The word ''nai'' in ''mottainai'' resembles a Japanese negative ("there is no ''mottai''"), but may have originally been used as an emphatic ("tremendous ''mottai''").{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=26}} ''Mottai'' itself is a noun appearing as such in, for example, the dictionary ''{{illm|Gagaku-shū|ja|下学集}}'',{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=27}} which dates to 1444.{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1pp=25–26}} ''Daigenkai'' gives ''buttai'' as an alternate reading of the word,{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=27}} and it appears written with the [[kanji]] 勿躰, 物體, 勿體, 物体, or 勿体.{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=27}} It means (i) the shape/form of a thing or (ii) something that is, or the fact of being, impressive or imposing (モノモノシキコト ''monomonoshiki koto'').{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=27}} The compound that is pronounced as ''mottai'' in Japanese appears in Sino-Japanese dictionaries as a Chinese word in a sense similar to (ii),{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=28}} but ''mottainashi'' does not, as it is an indigenous Japanese word.{{sfnm|1a1=Hasegawa|1y=1983|1p=28}}
+The expression "Mottainai!" can be uttered alone as an exclamation when something useful, such as food or time, is wasted, meaning roughly, "What a waste!" In addition to its primary sense of "wastefulness", the word is also used to mean "impious; irreverent" or "more than one deserves".<ref>Masuda, K: Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, page 1139. Kenkyusha Ltd., 1974</ref>
 ''Mottainai'' in Japanese refers both to physical waste and to wasteful action.  MacQuillan and Preston propose a more elaborate translation that conveys a sense of value and worthiness as "do not destroy (or lay waste to) that which is worthy".<ref>{{cite book |author=Alan G. MacQuillan |author2=Ashley L. Preston |title=Globally and Locally: Seeking a Middle Path to Sustainable Development |year=1998 |publisher=University Press of America |location= |isbn=978-0761811268 |page=157}}</ref>
-== History ==
-===Origins===
 ''Mottainai'' originated as a Buddhist term, though this fact is not common knowledge even in Japan.<ref name="sato">{{cite journal |last=Sato |first=Yuriko |year=2017 |title=Mottainai: a Japanese sense of anima mundi |journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=147–154}}</ref>{{dubious|reason=Neither the Princeton "Dictionary of Buddhism" nor the Routledge "Encyclopedia of Buddhism" include entries on this "Buddhist term", nor does the Dictionary include it in the Japanese section of its cross-lingual index. Furthermore, with most 仏語, "Kojien" gives 〔仏〕 at the start of its entries on them, usually with a Sanskrit equivalent, but does not do so with this word. Given the talk discussion and the sourcing problems this article has had since at least 2013, it seems likely that Sato doesn't actually support this content, and we are misrepresenting her by quoting her out of context.|date=November 2019}} Eiko Maruko Siniawer said that Yamaori Tetsuo, a scholar of religion and professor emeritus at the [[International Research Center for Japanese Studies]],<ref>[https://www.shinchosha.co.jp/writer/3101/]</ref> felt ''mottainai'' to be "inseparable from Buddhist ideas about the transience and evanescence of life".<ref name=JAS2014>{{cite journal|first = Eiko |last = Maruko Siniawer
 |journal = The Journal of Asian Studies
@@ Line 22: / Line 24: @@
 |volume = 73
 |year = 2014
-|jstor = 43553399|doi = 10.1017/S0021911813001745}} citing Yamaori Tetsuo. 2006. [https://www.fujisan.co.jp/product/2459/b/105168/ "Nihonjin wa ima, donna kachi o shinrai subeki ka"] [What kind of values should Japanese trust in now] (interview). ''Bōsei'' 37(7):11–18. </ref>{{dubious|reason=It's not clear from https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=bCVjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253&lpg=PA253&dq=%22inseparable+from+Buddhist+ideas+about+the+transience+and+evanescence+of+life%22&source=bl&ots=w1HNEJf7np&sig=ACfU3U068Ktwx4ihbyG-Rcu5hBus1K9Lxg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs5afVrOblAhXnGaYKHWpmAMkQ6AEwAnoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22inseparable%20from%20Buddhist%20ideas%20about%20the%20transience%20and%20evanescence%20of%20life%22&f=false (haven't been able to check the JAS article yet) that Yamaori was talking about the concept of "disdain for wastefulness in Japanese traditional culture" or the word "mottainai" -- we imply the latter, but the former seems much more likely.|date=November 2019}} The word later become connected to the Shinto concept that all objects have souls.<ref name="sato"/>
+|jstor = 43553399|doi = 10.1017/S0021911813001745}} citing Yamaori Tetsuo. 2006. [https://www.fujisan.co.jp/product/2459/b/105168/ "Nihonjin wa ima, donna kachi o shinrai subeki ka"] [What kind of values should Japanese trust in now] (interview). ''Bōsei'' 37(7):11–18. </ref>{{dubious|reason=It's not clear from https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=bCVjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253&lpg=PA253&dq=%22inseparable+from+Buddhist+ideas+about+the+transience+and+evanescence+of+life%22&source=bl&ots=w1HNEJf7np&sig=ACfU3U068Ktwx4ihbyG-Rcu5hBus1K9Lxg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs5afVrOblAhXnGaYKHWpmAMkQ6AEwAnoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22inseparable%20from%20Buddhist%20ideas%20about%20the%20transience%20and%20evanescence%20of%20life%22&f=false (haven't been able to check the JAS article yet) that Yamaori was talking about the concept of "disdain for wastefulness in Japanese traditional culture" or the word "mottainai" -- we imply the latter, but the former seems much more likely.|date=November 2019}} The word later become connected to the Shinto concept that all objects have souls.<ref name="sato"/>{{dubious|reason=Sato is a psychologist by training and profession, and the Journal of Analytical Psychology is not an appropriate source for this kind of statement; it is a "peer-reviewed" piece, but it was almost certainly not reviewed by anyone with training in Japanese linguistics, history, or religious studies.|date=November 2019}}
-=== Modern Japanese environmentalism ===
+== Modern Japanese environmentalism ==
 In November 2002, the English-language, Japan-based magazine ''[[Look Japan]]'' ran a cover story entitled "Restyling Japan: Revival of the 'Mottainai' Spirit", documenting the motivation amongst volunteers in a "toy hospital" in Japan to "develop in children the habit of looking after their possessions", the re-emergence of repair shops specializing in repairing household appliances or children's clothes, the recycling of [[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]] bottles and other materials, the collection of waste [[edible oil]], and more generally the efforts to stop the trend of throwing away everything that can no longer be used, i.e. the efforts of reviving "the spirit of ''mottainai''".<ref name="look-japan-2002">{{cite journal |last=Chiba |first=Hitoshi |date=November 2002 |title=Restyling Japan: Revival of the "Mottainai" Spirit |journal=[[Look Japan]] |url=http://www.lookjapan.com/LBcoverstory/02NovCS.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405084940/http://www.lookjapan.com/LBcoverstory/02NovCS.htm |archivedate=April 5, 2004 |accessdate=July 22, 2013}}</ref> In that context, Hitoshi Chiba, the author, described ''mottainai'' as follows:
@@ Line 31: / Line 33: @@
 At the Opening Ceremony of the Science and Technology in Society Forum in 2005, Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi stated: "In Japan, there has long been a spirit characterized by the word ''mottainai'', which could be translated as 'don't waste what is valuable'."<ref name=Koizumi2005>{{cite web|url=https://japan.kantei.go.jp/koizumispeech/2005/09/11press_e.html|title=Speeches and Statements by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi|website=japan.kantei.go.jp}}</ref>
-===Use by Wangari Maathai===
+== Use by Wangari Maathai ==
 [[Image:Wangari Maathai portrait by Martin Rowe.jpg|thumb|upright|Nobel Prize winner [[Wangari Maathai]] has used the word ''mottainai'' in an environmental protection campaign]]
@@ Line 54: / Line 56: @@
 ==References==
+===Citations===
 {{reflist|30em}}
+===Works cited===
+*{{cite journal |last=Hasegawa |first=Kōhei |authorlink=Kōhei Hasegawa |year=1983 |title=''Mottai-nashi'' Kō |journal=Academic Bulletin of Nagano University |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=25–30|url=https://nagano.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=812&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=17}}<!-- The page numbering system is weird. Apparently it was printed to accommodate both tategaki right-to-left and English left-to-right, with one set of page numbers (the bottom) counting from what would be the front cover of an English book and the other (the top) counting from what would be the front cover of a Japanese book. These are the Japanese numbers, but the more prominent ones at the bottom of the page count down from 182 to 177. -->
 ==External links==