List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 10:30, 9 October 2020

The following is a list of battles between the Mughals and Sikhs.

Background

Between the 7th and 11th centuries, Islamic armies conducted several campaigns into the Hindu-dominated Indian subcontinent, making conquests limited to present-day Pakistan and the Punjab. From the 12th through the 16th century, however, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent were more successful and saw the emergence of Islamic states over Hindu-majority populations. In the early 16th century, one such state was the Mughal Empire, founded by the successful king Babur in northern India. Meanwhile, in the later 15th century in the Punjab, Sikhism had been proclaimed by Guru Nanak as a panentheistic sect, rejecting Hinduism and Islam, and rapidly gained followers. Perceiving the growth of the Sikhs as a threat, the Mughal authorities began to persecute them, and in 1606 Sikh leader Guru Arjan was executed by Mughal emperor Jahangir, apparently for helping prince Khusrau.^[1] Sikhism split into two movements: one led by Guru Arjan's son Guru Hargobind began to regard Guru Arjan as a martyr, became more political and militaristic, and started organising armed rebellions against the Mughals; the other led by Guru Arjan's older brother Prithi Chand focused on peace and nonviolence, and rejected uprisings.^[1]

Wars

The tenth and the last guru of Sikhs Guru Gobind Singh organised themselves in jathas, who would see their first battle in 1621. After several decades, small Sikh states known as misls combined to form the Sikh Confederacy in 1716, that jointly fought against Mughal power. In 1735, the jathas would be combined into a single army, the Dal Khalsa. Though successes varied, the Sikhs contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire during the first half of the 18th century. By the 1750s, the neighbouring northwestern Islamic Durrani Empire and the southern Hindu Maratha Empire had all but destroyed the Mughal Empire, which retained a small territory around Delhi.

Battles

Guru Hargobind

Guru Gobind Singh

Banda Singh Bahadur

Left: Sikh Confederacy and Mughal Empire in 1765.
Right: Sikh Empire in 1805.

Baghel Singh

Battle of Delhi (1783)

References

^ ^a ^b Syan, Hardip Singh (2013). Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. p. 3, 252. ISBN 9781780762500. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ Dalbir Singh Dhillon (1988). Sikhism, Origin and Development. Atlantic Publishers. p. 119.
^ Bichitra Natak. Chapter 8, Chaupai 34 Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ Raj Pal Singh (2004). The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years. Pentagon Press. p. 35. ISBN 9788186505465.
^ Surjit Singh Gandhi (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 820. ISBN 9788126908585.
^ Raju, Karam Singh. Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace. ISBN 9380213646.
^ Malhotra, Anshu; Mir, Farina (2012-02-21). Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice. ISBN 978-0-19-908877-5.
^ Fenech, Louis E. (2013). The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. ISBN 978-0-19-993145-3.
^ Surjit Singh Gandhi (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 822. ISBN 9788126908585.
^ ^a ^b History of Islam, p. 506, at Google Books
^ Sagoo, Harbans (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty. Deep & Deep Publications.
^ Raj Pal Singh (2004). The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years. Pentagon Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9788186505465.
^ Singha, H.S. (2005). Sikh Studies, Book 7. Hemkunt Press. p. 34. ISBN 9788170102458.

Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J., eds. (2017). War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict. ABC-CLIO. pp. 574–577. ISBN 978-1-61069-517-6.
Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 421. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.

This South Asian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[Syan-1] Syan, Hardip Singh (2013). Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. p. 3, 252. ISBN 9781780762500. Retrieved 15 September 2019.

[Dhillon1988-2] Dalbir Singh Dhillon (1988). Sikhism, Origin and Development. Atlantic Publishers. p. 119.

[BN-3] Bichitra Natak. Chapter 8, Chaupai 34 Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine

[4] Raj Pal Singh (2004). The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years. Pentagon Press. p. 35. ISBN 9788186505465.

[5] Surjit Singh Gandhi (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 820. ISBN 9788126908585.

[6] Raju, Karam Singh. Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace. ISBN 9380213646.

[7] Malhotra, Anshu; Mir, Farina (2012-02-21). Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice. ISBN 978-0-19-908877-5.

[8] Fenech, Louis E. (2013). The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. ISBN 978-0-19-993145-3.

[9] Surjit Singh Gandhi (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 822. ISBN 9788126908585.

[auto-10] History of Islam, p. 506, at Google Books

[11] Sagoo, Harbans (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty. Deep & Deep Publications.

[12] Raj Pal Singh (2004). The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years. Pentagon Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9788186505465.

[13] Singha, H.S. (2005). Sikh Studies, Book 7. Hemkunt Press. p. 34. ISBN 9788170102458.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 === Guru Gobind Singh ===
+# [https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/NDc2MgEEQQVVEEQQVV/Battles-Fought-by-Guru-Gobind-Singh-Ji-in-Pre-Khalsa-Period-Punjab-State-Civils--State Conflict with Bhim Chand]
-# [[Battle of Bhangani]]<ref name=BN>''[[Bichitra Natak]]''. [http://www.sridasam.org/dasam?Action=Page&p=148 Chapter 8, Chaupai 34] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717022140/http://www.sridasam.org/dasam?Action=Page&p=148 |date=2011-07-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years|author= Raj Pal Singh|url= https://books.google.com/?id=ra19YSPDliQC&pg=PA21&dq=hargobind+jahangir#v=onepage&q=hargobind%20jahangir&f=false|publisher= Pentagon Press|year= 2004|isbn= 9788186505465|page= 35}}</ref>
+# [[Battle of Bhangani]]<ref name="BN">''[[Bichitra Natak]]''. [http://www.sridasam.org/dasam?Action=Page&p=148 Chapter 8, Chaupai 34] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717022140/http://www.sridasam.org/dasam?Action=Page&p=148 |date=2011-07-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years|author= Raj Pal Singh|url= https://books.google.com/?id=ra19YSPDliQC&pg=PA21&dq=hargobind+jahangir#v=onepage&q=hargobind%20jahangir&f=false|publisher= Pentagon Press|year= 2004|isbn= 9788186505465|page= 35}}</ref>
+# [https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/NDc2MgEEQQVVEEQQVV/Battles-Fought-by-Guru-Gobind-Singh-Ji-in-Pre-Khalsa-Period-Punjab-State-Civils--State Khazada Rustan Khan's Campaign]
 # [[Battle of Guler (1696)]]
 # [[Battle of Nadaun]]
+# [https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/NDc2MgEEQQVVEEQQVV/Battles-Fought-by-Guru-Gobind-Singh-Ji-in-Pre-Khalsa-Period-Punjab-State-Civils--State Hussain Khan's Campaign]
+# [https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/NDc2MgEEQQVVEEQQVV/Battles-Fought-by-Guru-Gobind-Singh-Ji-in-Pre-Khalsa-Period-Punjab-State-Civils--State Prince Muzzam's campaign]
 # [[Battle of Basoli]]<ref>{{cite book|title= History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E|author= Surjit Singh Gandhi|url= https://books.google.com/?id=vZFBp89UInUC&pg=PA505&dq=hargobind+jahangir#v=onepage&q=hargobind%20jahangir&f=false|publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Dist.|year= 2007|isbn= 9788126908585|page= 820}}</ref>
 # [[Battle of Anandpur (1700)]]