List of early Hindu–Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent
Appearance
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The table below lists the early Hindu-Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent.[1]
Muslim | Hindu |
( Color legend for aggressor)
Year | Aggressor | Location | Commander | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|
636 | Muslim | Tanah, near Mumbai | Caliph Umar | Major Naval Raid[1][2] |
c. 643 | Muslim | Debal | Arabs invaded Debal at the mouth of the Indus river[3] | |
650 | Muslim | Zaranj | Caliph Uthman | City of Zabul occupied by Muslims[1] |
660s | Muslim | Bust | Ibn Samarah | Bust occupied; Kabul garrisoned[1] |
670 | Hindu | Kabul | unknown | Hindus recapture Kabul[1] |
680 | Hindu | Kabul | Ratbil, Yazid ibn Ziyad | Hindu raiding parties harass Muslims[1] |
692 | Muslim | Bust | Abu Dulhah, Ratbil | Bust retaken by Muslim expedition[1] |
694 | Muslim | Kabul | Ibn Abi-Makrah, Ratbil | Major Muslim siege fails to retake Kabul[1] |
708 | Muslim | Sijistan | Qutaya ibn Muslim, Ratbil | Major punitive raid against Ratbil[1] |
710 | Muslim | Sri Lanka | Al-Hajjaj | Raid on island[1] |
711 | Muslim | Debal | Ubaidullah, Dahir | Ubaidullah killed by Dahir expedition failed[1]
- |
712 | Muslim | Debal | Budail, Jaisiah (Hullishah) | Budail was killed and many Arabs taken prisoners raja Dahir was the king at that time[1] |
713 | Muslim | Multan | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Islamic conquest of urban Sindh completed[1] |
715 | Hindu | Alor | Hullishah, al-Muhallab | Hindu army retakes major city from Muslims.[1] |
715 | Hindu | Mehran | Hullishah, al-Muhallab | Muslims stall the Hindu counter-offensive[1] |
718 | Hindu | Brahmanabadh | Hullishah, al-Muhallab | Hindu attacks resume[1] |
721 | Muslim | Brahmanabadh | al-Muhallab, Hullishah | Hullishah becomes a Muslim, likely due to military reversals.[1] |
725 | Muslim | Avanti | Nagabhata I | Defeat of large expedition against Avanti.[1] |
724-740 | Muslim | Uzain, Mirmad, Dahnaj, others | Junayd of Sindh | Raiding India as part of Umayyad Hindu policy.[1] |
740 | Muslim | Chittor | Mauray of Chittor | Hindus repulse an Arab siege[1] |
743 | Muslim | al-Bailaman, al-Jurz | Junayd | Annexed by Muslims.[1] |
750 | Muslim | Vallabhi | Junayd of Sindh, Nagabhata I | Pratihara capital sacked in Muslim raid.[1][4][5] |
754-775 | Muslim | ar-Rukhraj, Kabul, Kandahar, Kashmir | Caliph Al-Mansur | Heavy raids and sieges but few annexations by Muslims[1] |
778 | Muslims | Barabad | Caliph Al-Mahdi | Muslim amphibious assault annihilated.[1] |
Late 770s | Muslim | Sijistan | Caliph Al-Mahdi | Raja of Sijistan made vassal of Caliphate.[1] |
780-787 | Muslim | Fort Tharra, Bagar, Bhaqmbur | Haji Abu Turab | Vigorous Muslim offensive captures several important Hindu outposts.[1] |
786-791 | Muslim | Kabul | Caliph ar-Rashid | Major Muslim siege effort fails.[1] |
800-810 | Hindu | Sindh border | Nagabhata II, Caliph Al-Amin | Several Muslim outposts fall to Pratihara incursions[1] |
810-820 | Muslim | Kabul | Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Nagabhata II | Kabul falls to Muslims, is then retaken by Hindus.[1] |
820-830 | Muslim | Fort Sindan | al-Fadl ibn Mahan | Sindan captured, but Hindu riots make pacification of Sindh impossible.[1] |
839 | Hindu | Fort Sindan | Mihira Bhoja | Hindus expel Muslim garrison.[1] |
845 | Hindu | Yavana | Dharmpala | Muslim principality becomes vassal of Pratiharas.[1] |
845-860 | Hindu | Pratihara-Sindh | Mihira Bhoja | Uneasy truce between Sindh and Rajputana.[1] |
860 | Hindu | Rajputana-Sindh | Kokkalla I | Kalachuri raids into Sindh to finance war with Pratihara kingdom[1] |
867 | Muslim | Herat | Yakub ibn Layth | Saffarid conquest[1] |
870 | Muslim | Kabul | Yakub ibn Layth, Lalliya Shahi | Saffarid conquest[1] |
880-900 | Muslim | Sijistan | Amr ibn Layth, Kamaluka Shahi | Frequent raids by Muslims.[1] |
903-905 | Hindu | Kabul region | Shahi dynasty | Disintegration of Saffarids allows major Hindu military achievements.[1] |
905-915 | Hindu | Multan region | Mahipala Pratihara | Series of major but unsuccessful Hindu sieges of Multan.[1] |
940-950 | Hindu | Multan region | Pratihara, Amir of Multan | Evidences of war and reprisals prior to the Qarmatian take-over.[1] |
c. 948-963 | Muslim | Alptigin | Punjab | Alptigin of Ghazni plunders Punjab several times.[6] |
963 | Muslim | Alptigin, Anuk Lawik | Fort Ghazni | Muslims take fort from Hindus.[1] |
965-973 | Muslim | Lamghan | Sabuktigin | Heavy raiding[1] |
973 | Hindu | Ghazna | Sabuktigin | Defeat of Hindu expedition.[1] |
973-991 | Muslim | Lamghan | Sabuktigin, Jayapala | Long series of engagements, eventual Muslim annexation of Lamghan[1] |
1001 | Muslim | Peshawar | Mahmud, Jayapala | Defeat of major Hindu confederation.[1] |
1004 | Muslim | Bhera | Mahmud, Bijay Ray | Muslims annex city[1] |
1005–1006 | Muslim | Multan | Mahmud, Fateh Daud | Siege successful, Daud agrees to pay tribute to Mahmud[1] |
1005–1008 | Muslim | Punjab | Mahmud, Anandapala | Enormous devastation by Muslim raids.[1] |
1009 | Muslim | Nagarkot | Mahmud | City razed[1] |
1009 | Muslim | Ohind | Mahmud, Anandapala | Ghaznavid victory[1] |
1013 | Muslim | Nandanah | Mahmud, Trilochanpala | City taken[1] |
1014 | Hindu | Tosi river | Mahmud, Trilochanpala | Muslims halted[1] |
1015 | Muslim | Lohkot (Lahore) | Mahmud | Unsuccessful Muslim siege[1] |
1018 | Muslim | Kannauj and Baran | Mahmud | Two major Hindu capitals surrounded.[1] |
1021 | Muslim | Lohkot (Lahore) | Mahmud | Second siege also fails[1] |
1022 | Muslim | Fort Gwalior | Mahmud, Nanda | Fort taken[1] |
1022 | Muslim | Fort Kalanjara | Mahmud, Nanda | Chandela fort stalls Muslim advance.[1] |
1025 | Muslim | Somnath | Mahmud | City taken.[1] |
1027 | Muslim | Indus Valley | Mahmud, Jats | Ghaznavid victory[1] |
1033 | Muslim | Saraswa, near Saharanpur | Masud | Ghaznavid siege successful[1] |
1033 | Muslim | Varanasi | Ahmed Nialtigin, Gangeyadeva | Major raid[1][7] |
1037 | Muslim | Hansi (near Delhi) | Masud | Ghaznavid victory[1] |
1040 | Muslim | Thanesar | Mahmud, Tomara dynasty | Major city taken.[1] |
1044 | Hindu | Thanesar, Hansi, Kangra | Mahipal of Delhi | Grand counter offensive recaptures some ground.[1] |
1049 | Muslim | Thanesar, Hansi, Kangra | Bu'Ali Hasan | Mahipal forced to give up some reconquests[1] |
1052 | Muslim | Fort Kangra | Nushtigin Ghazni, Mahipala | Retaken by Muslims.[1] |
1060–1075 | Muslim | Rupal, Ajudhan, Buria, Sirhind, Dhangan, Fort Darah | Sultan Ibrahim | Muslim conquests.[1] |
1079–1081 | Muslim | Navsari | Ibrahim. | Muslims stall.[1] |
1084–1094 | Muslim | Beyond Ganges. | Mahmud ibn Ibrahim | Powerful but valueless expeditionary probe[1] |
1099–1115 | Muslim | Kannauj | Hajib Tughatigin, Madanachandra | Massive raids and sieges after Hindu reconquest bring many marginal victories but Kannauj remains in the hands of the Hindu garrison.[1] |
1120–1124 | Muslim | Nagaur | Muhammed Bahlim | Massive penetration raid 300 miles south of Lahore.[1] |
1160–1175 | Hindu | Dhillika, Asika, Aryavarta | Vigraharaja | Major successes in counter-offensive[1] |
1170 | Hindu | Kannauj | Jayachandra | Hindus retake Kannauj[1] |
1170 | Muslim | Multan | Ghuri, Muslim ruler of Multan | Ghurid victory[1] |
1178 | Muslim | Nahrwalah | Ghuri | Siege fails[1] |
1178 | Muslim | Kayadara | Ghuri, Mularaja II | Major defeat for Ghurids[1] |
1179 | Muslim | Nadol | Ghuri | Major fort taken.[1] |
1182 | Muslim | Ghuri | Unknown | Muslims halted. |
1186 | Muslim | Lahore | Ghuri | Ghurids take Lahore from the Ghaznavids.[1] |
1191 | Muslim | Tabarhindah | Ghuri, Rai Kolah Pithora | Muslim victory ends Cahamen dynasty[1][clarification needed] |
1191 | Muslim | Tarain | Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan | Chauhan victory[1] |
1191 | Muslim | Tarain | Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan | Chauhan victory[1] |
1192 | Muslim | Tarain | Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan | Ghurid victory[1] |
1192 | Muslim | Tarain | Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan | Ghurid victory[1] |
1193 | Muslim | Chandawar | Ghuri, Jaichand | Ghurid victory.[1] |
1202 | Muslim | Fort Kalinjar | Qutb al-Din, Rai Parmar | Fall of the fort ends independent Hindu dynasties of Kannauj[1] |
1203 | Muslim | Mahoba | Qutb al-Din | Capital of Kalpi province falls.[1] |
1205 | Muslim | Brahmaputra area | Muhammad ibn Bakhtyar | Major Muslim expedition to Tibet a failure.[1] |
1205 | Hindu | Fort Kalinjar | Chandelas | Fort recaptured.[1] |
1205 | Hindu | Between Lahore and Multan | Ghurid, Khokhars | Khokar rebellion put down by Ghurids[1] |
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck Richards, J.F. (1974). "The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia". Journal of South Asian Studies. 4 (1): 91–109. doi:10.1080/00856407408730690.
- ^ R. C. Majumdar. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 3. p. 167.
- ^ Majumdar. 3. p. 169
- ^ Majumdar, R. C. Pusalkar, A. D. (ed.). History and Culture of Indian People, Classical age. p. 150.
- ^ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. SUNY Press. pp. 187–189. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
- ^ Majumdar. 5. p. 2
- ^ Lal, Kishori Saran. The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Chapter 3: Muslims Invade India.