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===Origin===
===Origin===

Some historians have even identified the Western qaghan ''Mohotu'' ([[Külüg Sibir]]) with [[Organa]], the nephew of Kubrat.<ref name="Panos"/><ref name="Boris">{{Cite book |author=Boris Zhivkov |date=2015 |title=Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=7Du2CAAAQBAJ |publisher=Brill |pages=50, 52–53 |isbn=9789004294486}}</ref> Accurately or not, it still points to the rivalty between the Bulgars, led by Kubrat from the Dulo clan, and the [[Khazars]], led by the [[Ashina (clan)|Ashina]] clan.<ref name="Curta"/><ref name="Boris"/>


[[Omeljan Pritsak]] further considered the connection of the name of Dulo clan with the name of the old [[Xiongnu]] ruling house ''T'u-ko'' (in [[Early Middle Chinese]] ''D'uo'klo'').{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59}}<ref name="Chen"/> This association could furtherly prove the link between Xiongnu and Huns (as well Huns and Bulgars).{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59}} [[Peter Benjamin Golden|Peter B. Golden]] considers the Turkic association as speculative.<ref name="Golden"/>
[[Omeljan Pritsak]] further considered the connection of the name of Dulo clan with the name of the old [[Xiongnu]] ruling house ''T'u-ko'' (in [[Early Middle Chinese]] ''D'uo'klo'').{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59}}<ref name="Chen"/> This association could furtherly prove the link between Xiongnu and Huns (as well Huns and Bulgars).{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59}} [[Peter Benjamin Golden|Peter B. Golden]] considers the Turkic association as speculative.<ref name="Golden"/>


[[Mercia MacDermott]] claimed that the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal.<ref name="Mercia">{{Cite book |last=MacDermott |first=Mercia |author-link=Mercia MacDermott |date=1998 |title=Bulgarian Folk Customs |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |pages=21–22 |isbn=9781853024856}}</ref> MacDermott considered that the Bulgarian expression preserved to this today "''he kills the dog''", in the meaning "''he gives the orders''", is a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrificed a dog to the deity [[Tengri|Tangra]] in the name of the whole community.<ref name="Mercia"/>
[[Mercia MacDermott]] claimed that the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal.<ref name="Mercia">{{Cite book |last=MacDermott |first=Mercia |author-link=Mercia MacDermott |date=1998 |title=Bulgarian Folk Customs |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |pages=21–22 |isbn=9781853024856}}</ref> MacDermott considered that the Bulgarian expression preserved to this today "''he kills the dog''", in the meaning "''he gives the orders''", is a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrificed a dog to the deity [[Tengri|Tangra]] in the name of the whole community.<ref name="Mercia"/>

Some modern Bulgarian scholars, the most prominent of them, namely Peter Dobrev, argued that the Turkic names of the animals in the [[Bulgar calendar]] (also found in the ''Nominalia'') show that the Turkic peoples had borrowed these words from the Iranian language (Bulgars). However, according [[Raymond Detrez]], this theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria, and is ideologically motivated.<ref name="Detrez">{{cite book| author=Raymond Detrez |author-link=Raymond Detrez |title=Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C |pages=29}}</ref> As such the proto-Bulgar language (of the group which established the state of Bulgaria), was claimed to be of Iranian language although it is generally accepted it was Turkic of [[Oghur languages|Oghuric]] branch and related to modern [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]].<ref name="Detrez"/>

[[Aleksandar Burmov]] noted that the medieval writers under various names mentioned Huns and Bulgars, and some authors mentioned them as separate ethnical categories.{{sfn|Zlatarski (Burmov)|1948|p=83}} The cases of mixing information for Bulgars and Huns in some authors, as well as possible rapprochement of the names Avitohol - Attila and Irnik - Ernak, do not give reason to draw a line of equality between the two ethnic groups.{{sfn|Zlatarski (Burmov)|1948|p=83}} According Burmov there is no historical evidence that the Bulgars and Huns lived in the same territory.{{sfn|Zlatarski (Burmov)|1948|p=83}}


===Etymology===
===Etymology===

Revision as of 02:18, 17 December 2016

A symbol associated with the Dulo clan.

The Dulo clan or the House of Dulo was the ruling dynasty of the Huno-Bulgars [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] of states in various parts of Eastern Europe, including Old Great Bulgaria (632 AD), Volga Bulgaria (until the 13th century) and Danube Bulgaria (681 AD). The origins of the Bulgars and Dulo clan are not known precisely, there are many theories about their origin, but it is generally considered that it is intimately related to the origin and activity of the Huns.[8][9] Some researchers point out that the name Dulo is the same as the name Tulo, a tribal division of the Western Turks,[10] but P. Golden considers such connection as speculative.[11]

The most what is known about the House of Dulo is written in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans.[12] The first two rulers, Avitohol and Irnik, are usually identified by many historians as Attila and his third son Ernak although no documents exist to support this identification.[13][14][15][16][17]

Kubrat (605 AD-665 AD), the first historical member of the House of Dulo, was a Utigurs Bulgar. In 632 AD Kubrat founded Old Great Bulgaria on the territory of modern Ukraine unifying different Bulgar tribes and defeating the Avars.[18] During the second half of the 7th century Kubrat's sons split up the Bulgar family and spread over Europe, from the Volga to the shadow of Vesuvius: Batbayan (Ukraine), Kotrag (Volga Bulgaria), Kuber (Balkan Macedonia), Asparuh (Danube Bulgaria) and also Alcek (Italy).[19]

Asparuh of the House of Dulo founded Danube Bulgaria in the year 681, establishing the First Bulgarian Empire south of the Danube after defeating the Romans in the Battle of Ongal.[20]

Tervel (700-721AD) of the House of Dulo played an important role in the history of Europe when in 717-718 AD he defeated Arabs and stopped the Arab siege of Constantinople.

Sevar was the last known ruler of Bulgaria from the House of Dulo, he reigned 738–754 AD. The successor of the last Dulo was a boyar named Kormisosh, of the House of Vokil (or Uokil).[21][22][23] [24][25]

Research history

The most what is known about the clan is written in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. The Nominalia lists as the first ruler mythical Avitohol, who lived 300 years and descended from the Dulo clan.[26] Josef Marquart and many other historians identified Avitohol with Attila the Hun.[27][28] Steven Runciman considered the connection possible, but suspicious and unimportant if the link between Irnik-Ernak is confirmed.[29] Runciman considered the name Avitohol meaningless and its biblical origin more convincing.[30] He considered that the missionaries were spreading Old Testament stories around the Eurasian Steppes, as well the story of Japheth, the ancestor of Eurasian people, which easily modifies into the Latin name Avitus (ancestral; grandfather) and Turkish Awit (ancestor) it derives from.[31] Runciman considered Avitohol to be a distant mythological ancestor.[32] Ivan Biliarsky considers that both Avitohol and Irnik were only mythic figures of the historical personalities.[28] According to him the Nominalia shows that the clan memory and genealogy important to Central Asian peoples was likewise significant to the Bulgars, as well the cosmological understanding of the history, as the Avitohol and Irnik were mentioned in the category of the creator and founder, the mythological divine ancestor-creator represented in the reincarnation of the cultural hero within time cycles.[28][33] Jean W Sedlar considered the Attila connection justly doubtful, and argued the possibility of a steppe dynasty which produced Hunnic rulers like Attila may have also produced rulers for the Bulgars.[34]

The second listed ruler is Irnik, who lived 150 years and also descended from the Dulo clan.[35] It is generally considered that in the Nominalia under Irnik was considered the third son of Attila, Ernak.[36][28] Vasil Zlatarski thought the identification between Irnik and Ernak pointless, and they were two different persons and families.[37] Zlatarski pointed out, which points Runciman considered to be indisputable;[38] if Irnik was Ernak, then both Ernak and Atilla belonged to the Dulo clan, whereas, actually, no source mentions Dulo clan in connection with them;[37] according to the Nominalia Irnik ruled from 437, i.e. several years before the death of Attila in 453, which is impossible.[39] Due to be assigned a reign of 150 years, Runciman considered the inaccuracy of the date of accession as venial mistake.[29]

Kurt (Kubrat; c. 632–665), a member of the clan, revolted against the Pannonian Avars and founded the Old Great Bulgaria on the territory of modern Ukraine.[40] During the second half of the 7th century his sons split up the Bulgar royal family and spread over Europe, from the Volga river to the shadow of Matese mountains: Bezmer (Ukraine), Kotrag (Volga Bulgaria), Kuber (Balkan Macedonia), Asparukh (Danube Bulgaria) and Alcek (Sepino, Bojano, Isernia).[19] In the Nominalia the Bezmer (c. 665–668) was the last Dulo ruler on the Northern side of Danube river (of the Old Great Bulgaria), while the Asparukh (c. 681–701) was the first from the Southern side of the river (First Bulgarian Empire). He was followed by Tervel (c. 700–721), and the last ruler of Bulgaria from the Dulo clan, Sevar (c. 721–737). According to Theophanes, in 761 or 762 the Bulgars "rose up, killed their hereditary lords and set up as their king an evil-minded man called Teletzes, who was 30 years old".[25] Historians usually interpreted the testimony as evidence of a massacre of the previous dynasty (the Dulo clan), and the rise of a new leader with no connection to the previous regime.[25][24] According to David Marshall Lang Sevar is the last ruler of the Dulo dynasty, with him died out the lineage of Attila the Hun.[41]

Origin

Omeljan Pritsak further considered the connection of the name of Dulo clan with the name of the old Xiongnu ruling house T'u-ko (in Early Middle Chinese D'uo'klo).[42][43] This association could furtherly prove the link between Xiongnu and Huns (as well Huns and Bulgars).[42] Peter B. Golden considers the Turkic association as speculative.[44]

Mercia MacDermott claimed that the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal.[45] MacDermott considered that the Bulgarian expression preserved to this today "he kills the dog", in the meaning "he gives the orders", is a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrificed a dog to the deity Tangra in the name of the whole community.[45]

Etymology

B. Zhivkov emphasized that Dulo and Nushibi were tribal confederations, and not ruling dynasties.[46] B. Simeonov derived Dulu from Turkic dul/tul (big, powerful, giant; war horse), and saw Dulo as partly Slavicized form.[44] The *Dullu Simeonov derived from Old Hunnic dul + lu (mounted, horseman).[44] According P. B. Golden no such Hunnic word is attested.[44] According G. Clauson, Old Turkic tul denotes "widow, widower".[44] All theories P. B. Golden considers for now as speculative.[44]

Omeljan Pritsak connects the name Dulo with the name of the Xiongnu ruling dynasty Tu-ko (EMC d'uo'klo) by suggesting that the name Vihtun from the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans is the famous Xiongnu emperor Modun.[47][48] According to another hypothesis the name Dulo is distorted form of the name of Attila.[49]

Legacy

Dulo Hill on Livingston Island, near Antarctica, is named after the Bulgarian ruling dynasty Dulo.[50]

References

Notes

  1. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", (2013), Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: " Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  2. ^ Cafer Saatchi , Early Mediaeval identity of the Bulgarians, page 3 : " The early Byzantine texts use the names of Huns, Bulgarians, Kutrigurs and Utrigurs as interchangeable terms. There the Bulgarians are represented as identical, they are a part of Huns or at least have something common with them. The khans Avtiochol and Irnik, listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans today are identified with Attila and Ernach.", http://www.academia.edu/10894065/Early_Mediaeval_identity_of_the_Bulgarians
  3. ^ "SOME REMARKS ON THE CHINESE "BULGAR"", 2004, SANPING CHEN: " In fact contemporary European sources kept equating the Bulgars with the Huns. At the very least, the Hun-Bulgar connection was much more tangible than the Hun-Xiongnu identification. " http://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksBG/Sanping_Chen_SOME_REMARKS_ON_THE_CHINESE_BULGARIAN.pdf
  4. ^ "A history of the First Bulgarian Empire", "Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS " Steven Runciman, стр. 5, " On Attila’s death, his empire crumbled. His people, who had probably been only a conglomeration of kindred tribes that he had welded together, divided again into these tribes; and each went its own way. One of these tribes was soon to be known as the Bulgars." http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm
  5. ^ "Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries", Romilly James Heald Jenkins, page 45 : " The Bulgarians seem to have been in origin Huns, who may well have formed part, and survived as a rump, of the hordes of Attila in the fifth century. ... the so called Onogur Bulgarians are found in large numbers somewhere between the Kuban and the Volga rivers..." https://books.google.hr/books?id=O5JqH_NXQBsC&pg=PA45&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBDgoahUKEwistou42ZPJAhWGWiwKHUbUDxI#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false
  6. ^ The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 4, Edward Gibbon, page 537: " And both Procopius and Agathias represent Kotrigurs and Utigurs as tribes of Huns. There can be no doubt Kutrigurs, Utigurs and Bulgars belong to the same race as the Huns of Attila and spoke tongues closely related, - were in fact Huns. They had all been under Attila's dominion", https://books.google.bg/books?id=j83oF6YQI68C&dq=utigurs&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  7. ^ Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, Jennifer Lawler, " Utigurs - Hunnic tribe that lived on the east steppes of Don, related to the Bulgars", page. 296 https://books.google.hr/books?id=sEWeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA296&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAjgUahUKEwi427LD25zHAhVEECwKHc3wDFQ#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false
  8. ^ Pohl 1998.
  9. ^ The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text, Ivan Biliarsky, р. 255: "Among historians, there is almost unanimity they were Attila, the ruler of the Huns, and his son Ernach.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=mbevAAAAQBAJ&q=dulo#v=snippet&q=dulo&f=false
  10. ^ The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim, page 59, https://books.google.hr/books?hl=hr&id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=dulo#v=snippet&q=dulo&f=false
  11. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2012), Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* (PDF), Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, pp. footnote 37
  12. ^ "Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria", Ivan Biliarsky, page 218 https://books.google.bg/books?id=O-j66lYzINEC&pg=PA218&dq=Dulo+clan&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Dulo%20clan&f=false
  13. ^ Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen, The world of the Huns, page 415: "Ernak has often been identified with Ирникъ in the Bulgarian Princes’ List."
  14. ^ Kim 2013, p. 59, 142.
  15. ^ The Early Medieval Balkans, John Van Antwerp Fine, page 66, https://books.google.bg/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PA66&dq=Dulo+attila&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Dulo%20attila&f=false
  16. ^ Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 11, page 228
  17. ^ The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest, David Marshall Lang, page 49, https://books.google.bg/books?redir_esc=y&id=8EppAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=dulo
  18. ^ Nicephori Archiepiscopi Constantinopolitani Opuscula Historica, editor Carl G. de Boor, 24, 9-12.
  19. ^ a b Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 2–24.
  20. ^ Cholpanov, B. and others. History of the Bulgarians: Military history, 2007, p.73
  21. ^ A History of the Eastern Roman Empire, J. B. Bury, page 334, https://books.google.bg/books?id=vL-wBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334&dq=Dulo+clan&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Dulo%20clan&f=false
  22. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_khans
  23. ^ http://www.helsinki.fi/slavicahelsingiensia/preview/sh35/pdf/4.pdf
  24. ^ a b Sophoulis, Panos (2011). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. Brill. pp. 92, 147–148, 71, 111. ISBN 9789004206960.
  25. ^ a b c Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79, 85. ISBN 9780521815390.
  26. ^ Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 11.
  27. ^ Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 12.
  28. ^ a b c d Biliarsky, Ivan (2013). The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text. Brill. pp. 255–257. ISBN 9789004254381.
  29. ^ a b Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 280.
  30. ^ Runciman (Book I; Appendix III) 1930, p. 11–12; 281.
  31. ^ Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 11–12, 281.
  32. ^ Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 281.
  33. ^ Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria. Brill. p. 218. ISBN 9789004191457.
  34. ^ Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295800646.
  35. ^ Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 11–12.
  36. ^ Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 11–12, 280–281.
  37. ^ a b Zlatarski 1918, p. 79–80.
  38. ^ Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 280–281.
  39. ^ Zlatarski 1918, p. 80.
  40. ^ John Van Antwerp Fine (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. pp. 66, 300. ISBN 9780472081493. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  41. ^ The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest, David Marshall Lang, page 49, https://books.google.bg/books?redir_esc=y&id=8EppAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=dulo
  42. ^ a b Kim 2013, p. 59.
  43. ^ Cite error: The named reference Chen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  44. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference Golden was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  45. ^ a b MacDermott, Mercia (1998). Bulgarian Folk Customs. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9781853024856.
  46. ^ Cite error: The named reference Boris was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  47. ^ The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim, р. 59, https://books.google.bg/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&pg=PR1&lpg=PR1&dq=The+Huns,+Rome+and+the+Birth+of+Europe,+Hyun+Jin+Kim&source=bl&ots=aQ-k_oBl-I&sig=bMI_jWIOu7DtwP8VqKox1YEkmEw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkw42I8bPMAhWpQJoKHRDdA3sQ6AEIUTAJ#v=onepage&q=dulo&f=false
  48. ^ Teoderico e i Goti tra oriente e occidente, Antonio Carile, 1995, page 28: "First is the name of the royal clan which is Dulo, a modern form of the Hsiung-nu Tu-ko(Do-klak>Dulo). Second, as the founder of Bulgarian realm appears there Irnik, the son of Attila, whose ascension to the throne is said to have occurred in the year of the serpent which corresponds to AD 453, the year of Attila's death.", https://books.google.bg/books?id=NH1oAAAAMAAJ&q=dulo+huns&dq=dulo+huns&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y
  49. ^ Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 11, р. 228, https://books.google.bg/books?id=SO2zAAAAIAAJ&q=dulo+attila&dq=dulo+attila&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y
  50. ^ Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica: Dulo Hill.

Sources

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