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←Replaced content with '<table border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 align=right style="margin-left:0.5em;" width="300px"> <caption><font size="+1">'''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)'''<...'
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<table border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 align=right style="margin-left:0.5em;" width="300px">
{{short description|Group of islands in the South Atlantic}}
<caption><font size="+1">'''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)'''</font></caption>
{{redirect-multi|2|Falklands|Malvinas}}
<tr><td style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2">
{{coord|51|41|S|59|10|W|scale:2500000_source:GNS|display=title}}
<table border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0>
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
<tr><td align="center" width="140px">[[Image:Falkland islands flag medium.png|Flag of the Falkland Islands]]
<!-- Do not edit this article to include or remove any Spanish names without first discussing it on Talk. Any substantial changes without consensus on Talk may result in an immediate block from editing. -->
<td align="center" width="140px">[[Image:Falklands_Coat_of_Arms.png|Falkland Islands coat of arms]]
{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
<tr><td align="center" width="140px">([[Flag of the Falkland Islands|In Detail]])
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
<td align="center" width="140px">(Full size)
{{Infobox dependency
</table>
| name = Falkland Islands
<tr><td align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;"><font size="-1">''[[Motto]]: Desire the right''</font>
| settlement_type = [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]
<tr><td>[[Official language]] <td>English
| linking_name = the Falkland Islands
<tr><td>[[Capital]] <td>[[Port Stanley]] (Puerto Argentino)
| image_flag = Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg
<tr><td>[[Governor of the Falkland Islands|Governor]]<td>[[Howard Pearce]]
| flag_size = 153px
| flag_link = Flag of the Falkland Islands
<tr><td>[[Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands|Chief Executive]]<td>[[Chris Simpkins]]
<tr><td>[[Area]]<br>&nbsp;- Total <br>&nbsp;- % water<td>[[List of countries by area|not ranked]]<br> [[1 E10 m²|12,173 km²]] <br> -
| image_seal = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands.svg
<tr><td>[[Population]]
| seal_size = 72px
<br>&nbsp;- Total (2003 [[Estimation|E]])
| seal_type = Coat of arms
<br>&nbsp;- [[Population density|Density]]<td>[[List of countries by population|not ranked]]
| seal_link = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands
<br> 2,967
| motto = "[[Desire the Right]]"
<br> 0.24/km²
| anthem = "[[God Save the Queen]]"<br><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg]]</div>
<tr><td>[[Currency]] <td>Falkland [[pound (currency)|pound]] (FKP; fixed to [[pound sterling|GBP]])
| song_type = Unofficial anthem
<tr><td>[[Time zone]] <td>[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] -4 ([[Daylight Saving Time|DST -3]])
| song = "[[Song of the Falklands]]"
<tr><td>[[National anthem]] <td>[[God Save the Queen]]
| image_map = Location map of the Falklands&nbsp;– Alternative version 4.svg
<tr><td>[[Top-level domain|Internet TLD]] <td>.FK
| map_caption = Location of the Falkland Islands
<tr><td>[[List_of_country_calling_codes|Calling Code]]<td>500
| mapsize = 255px
</table>
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]]
| established_title = First settlement
| established_date = 1764
| established_title2 = [[Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)|British rule reasserted]]
| established_date2 = 3 January 1833
| established_title3 = [[Falklands War]]
| established_date3 = 2 April to<br />14 June 1982
| established_title4 = [[Constitution of the Falkland Islands|Current constitution]]
| established_date4 = 1 January 2009
| official_languages = [[English language|English]]
| demonym = [[Falkland Islander]], Falklander
| capital = [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|51|42|S|57|51|W|type:city}}
| largest_settlement = capital
| largest_settlement_type = largest settlement
| ethnic_groups =
| ethnic_groups_year =
| government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]]
| leader_title2 = [[Governor of the Falkland Islands|Governor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Nigel Phillips]]
| leader_title3 = [[Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands|Chief Executive]]
| leader_name3 = [[Barry Rowland]]
| legislature = [[Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands|Legislative Assembly]]
| national_representation = [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
| national_representation_type1 = Minister
| national_representation1 = [[Wendy Morton]]
| area_km2 = 12,200
| area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area:none -->
| area_sq_mi = 4,700 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| elevation_max_m = 705
| percent_water = 0
| population_estimate =
| population_census = 3,398<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/policy/index.php/component/jdownloads/finish/5-statistics/4788-falkland-islands-census-2016-report/0?Itemid=0#page=14|title=2016 Census Report|year=2017|publisher=Policy and Economic Development Unit, Falkland Islands Government|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124232820/http://www.fig.gov.fk/policy/index.php/component/jdownloads/finish/5-statistics/4788-falkland-islands-census-2016-report/0?Itemid=0|archive-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year =
| population_census_rank = not ranked
| population_census_year = 2016
| population_density_km2 = 0.28
| population_density_rank = not ranked
| population_density_sq_mi = 0.72<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| GDP_PPP = $228.5 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiassociation.com/shopimages/pdfs/2015%2003%20State%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands%20Economy%20Report.pdf |title=State of the Falkland Islands Economy |date=March 2015 |access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2013
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $96,962
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 4th
| Gini = 34.17 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2010
| Gini_ref = {{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}}
| Gini_rank = 64th
| HDI = 0.874 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year = 2010
| HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = {{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}}
| HDI_rank = 20th
| currency = [[Falkland Islands pound]] (£)
| currency_code = FKP
| timezone = [[Falkland Islands Standard Time|FKST]]
| utc_offset = -03:00
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the Falkland Islands|+500]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]]
| postal_code = FIQQ 1ZZ
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:FK|FK]]
| cctld = [[.fk]]
}}
<!-- READ THIS FIRST!


The '''Falkland Islands''' (also known as '''Islas Malvinas''' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]) are an [[overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. They are also claimed by [[Argentina]].
The first sentence has been established as a compromise consensus between many editors in a long and difficult discussion (see talk page). Trying to change the sentence will be reverted on sight without discussion by many of the editors part of the discussion. If you have over-riding NEW arguments, please bring them to the talk page first!


The capital is [[Port Stanley, Falkland Islands|Port Stanley]].
-->
The '''Falkland Islands''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|l|k|l|ə|n|d}}; {{lang-es|Islas Malvinas}}, {{IPA-es|ˈislas malˈβinas|pron}}) is an [[archipelago]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic Ocean]] on the [[Patagonian Shelf]]. The principal islands are about {{convert|300|mi|km|0|abbr=off}} east of [[South America]]'s southern [[Patagonia]]n coast and about {{convert|752|mi|km|0|abbr=off}} from the [[Cape Dubouzet|northern tip]] of the [[Antarctic Peninsula]], at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of {{convert|4700|sqmi|km2|abbr=off}}, comprises [[East Falkland]], [[West Falkland]], and 776 smaller islands. As a [[British Overseas Territories|British overseas territory]], the Falklands have internal [[self-governance]], and the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The Falkland Islands' capital is [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]] on East Falkland.


[[Image:Falklandsmap.gif|none]]
Controversy exists over the Falklands' discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times, the islands have had French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain [[Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)|reasserted its rule in 1833]], but Argentina maintains its [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|claim to the islands]]. In April 1982, Argentine military forces [[1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands|invaded the islands]]. British administration was restored two months later at the end of the [[Falklands War]]. Almost all Falklanders [[2013 Falkland Islands sovereignty referendum|favour]] the archipelago remaining a UK overseas territory. Its sovereignty status is part of an ongoing [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom]].


==History==
The population (3,398 inhabitants in 2016)<ref name="auto2"/> consists primarily of native-born [[Falkland Islanders]], the majority of British descent. Other ethnicities include French, [[Gibraltarians|Gibraltarian]], and Scandinavian. Immigration from the United Kingdom, the South Atlantic island of [[Saint Helena]], and [[Chile]] has reversed a population decline. The predominant (and official) language is English. Under the [[British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983]], Falkland Islanders are [[British nationality law|British citizens]].
''Main article: [[History of the Falkland Islands]]''


The Falkland Islands were first seen in [[1520]] by [[Magallanes (in a Spanish expedition)|Magallanes]]. They remained practically unsettled until the [[19th century]]. [[Argentina]] set up a penal colony in the islands in [[1820]], and in 1929 named Luis Vernet as the islands' governor, in order to colonize them. The [[United Kingdom]] took the islands in [[1833]], but Argentina maintained its claim. Various tensions led to an invasion in [[1982]]; which was later reversed. See: [[Falklands War]].
The islands lie on the boundary of the [[Oceanic climate|subantarctic oceanic]] and [[tundra climate]] zones, and both major islands have mountain ranges reaching {{convert|700|m|ft|order=flip}}. They are home to large bird populations, although many no longer breed on the main islands due to predation by [[introduced species]]. Major economic activities include fishing, tourism and sheep farming, with an emphasis on high-quality wool exports. Oil exploration, licensed by the [[Falkland Islands Government]], remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina.


== Etymology ==
==Politics==
{{see also|List of Falkland Islands placenames}}
''Main article: [[Politics of the Falkland Islands]]''


Executive authority comes from the Queen and is exercised by the governor on her behalf. There is a constitution, which into force in [[1985]]. Under the constitution, eight Legislative Councillors, five from Stanley and three from Camp, are elected every four years.
The name "Falkland Islands" comes from [[Falkland Sound]], the [[strait]] that separates the two main islands.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p = 73}} The name "Falkland" was applied to the channel by [[John Strong (mariner)|John Strong]], captain of an English expedition that landed on the islands in 1690. Strong named the strait in honour of [[Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount of Falkland]], the [[Treasurer of the Navy]] who sponsored his journey.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p = 165}},
* {{harvnb|Room|2006|p = 129}}.</ref> The Viscount's title originates from the town of [[Falkland, Fife|Falkland]], Scotland—the town's name likely comes from a [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] term referring to an "enclosure" ({{Lang|gd|lann}}),{{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} but it could less plausibly be from the Anglo-Saxon term "folkland" (land held by [[Anglo-Saxon law#Folk-right and privilege|folk-right]]).{{sfn|Room|2006|p = 129}} The name "Falklands" was not applied to the islands until 1765, when [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] captain [[John Byron]] of the [[Royal Navy]] claimed them for [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] as "Falkland's Islands".<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Paine|2000|p = 45}},
* {{harvnb|Room|2006|p = 129}}.</ref> The term "Falklands" is a standard abbreviation used to refer to the islands.


The Executive Council, which advices the governor, consists of the Chief Executive, Financial Secretary and three Legislative Councillors which are elected by the other Legislative Councillors.
The Spanish name for the archipelago, ''Islas Malvinas'', derives from the French ''Îles Malouines''—the name given to the islands by [[Kingdom of France|French]] explorer [[Louis-Antoine de Bougainville]] in 1764.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p = 121}} Bougainville, who founded the islands' first settlement, named the area after the port of [[Saint-Malo]] (the point of departure for his ships and colonists).<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p = 121}},
* {{harvnb|Room|2006|p = 129}}.</ref> The port, located in the [[Brittany]] region of western France, was named after [[Malo (saint)|St. Malo]] (or Maclou), the Christian [[Evangelism|evangelist]] who founded the city.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc = Chapter 36}}


The The Legislative Council consists of Chief Executive, Financial Secretary and the eight Legislative Councillors. The governor is the speaker.
At the twentieth session of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], the [[United Nations Fourth Committee|Fourth Committee]] determined that, in all languages other than Spanish, all UN documentation would designate the territory as ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''. In Spanish, the territory was designated as ''Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands)''.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p = 80}} The nomenclature used by the United Nations for statistical processing purposes is ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web | url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm | title= Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications | publisher=United Nations Statistics Division | date=13 February 2013 | access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>


Defence is the responsiblity of the UK
== History ==
{{Main|History of the Falkland Islands|Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands}}


==Geography==
Although [[Fuegians]] from [[Patagonia]] may have visited the Falkland Islands in prehistoric times,<ref>{{cite journal |author=G. Hattersley-Smith |date=June 1983 |title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=21 |issue=135 |pages=605–06 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X }}</ref> the islands were uninhabited when Europeans first discovered them.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p = 367}} Claims of discovery date back to the 16th century, but no consensus exists on whether early explorers discovered the Falklands or other islands in the South Atlantic.<ref name="M White">{{cite news | first=Michael |last= White | title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?| newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?| date=2 February 2012|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp = xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} The first undisputed landing on the islands is attributed to English captain John Strong, who, en route to [[Peru]] and Chile's littoral in 1690, discovered the Falkland Sound and noted the islands' water and game.<ref>See:
''Main article: [[Geography of the Falkland Islands]]''
* {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p = 5}},
* {{harvnb|Headland|1989|p = 66}},
* {{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p = 182}}.</ref>


The islands are 300 miles (483 km) from the South American mainland.There are two main islands, East and West Falkland and 200 small islands. The total land area is 12,173 sq km.
The Falklands remained uninhabited until the 1764 establishment of [[Port Louis, Falkland Islands|Port Louis]] on [[East Falkland]] by French captain [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] and the 1766 foundation of [[Port Egmont]] on [[Saunders Island, Falkland Islands|Saunders Island]] by British captain [[John MacBride (Royal Navy officer)|John MacBride]].{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} Whether or not the settlements were aware of each other's existence is debated by historians.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp = 226, 232, 269}},
* {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> In 1766, France surrendered its claim on the Falklands to Spain, which renamed the French colony [[Puerto Soledad]] the following year.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p = 240}} Problems began when Spain discovered and [[Capture of Port Egmont|captured Port Egmont]] in 1770. [[Falklands Crisis (1770)|War]] was narrowly avoided by its restitution to Britain in 1771.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p = 26}}


==Economy==
Both the [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Spain|Spanish]] settlements coexisted in the archipelago until 1774, when Britain's new economic and strategic considerations led it to voluntarily withdraw from the islands, leaving a plaque claiming the Falklands for King George III.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} Spain's [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] became the only governmental presence in the territory. [[West Falkland]] was left abandoned, and Puerto Soledad became mostly a prison camp.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} Amid the [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in Europe, the islands' governor evacuated the archipelago in 1806; Spain's remaining colonial garrison followed suit in 1811, except for [[gaucho]]s and fishermen who remained voluntarily.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p = 27}}
''Main article: [[Economy of the Falkland Islands]]''


The largest industries are [[fishing]] and [[agriculture]]. The islands have oil reserves that are believed to be quite substantial, but yet to be exploited
Thereafter, the archipelago was visited only by fishing ships; its political status was undisputed until 1820, when Colonel [[David Jewett]], an American [[privateer]] working for the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]], informed anchored ships about [[Buenos Aires]]' 1816 claim to Spain's territories in the South Atlantic.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p = 27}},
* {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p = 714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognized either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} Since the islands had no permanent inhabitants, in 1823 Buenos Aires granted German-born merchant [[Luis Vernet]] permission to conduct fishing activities and exploit feral cattle in the archipelago.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} Vernet settled at the ruins of Puerto Soledad in 1826, and accumulated resources on the islands until the venture was secure enough to bring settlers and form a permanent colony.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}},
* {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p = 32}}.</ref> Buenos Aires named Vernet military and civil commander of the islands in 1829,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} and he attempted to regulate sealing to stop the activities of foreign whalers and sealers.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p = 27}} Vernet's venture lasted until a dispute over fishing and hunting rights led to [[Falklands Expedition|a raid]] by the [[United States Ship|American warship]] [[USS Lexington (1825)|USS ''Lexington'']] in 1831,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp = 541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} when [[United States Navy]] commander [[Silas Duncan]] declared the dissolution of the island's government.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p = 106}}


==Demographics==
[[File:Edward Gennys Fanshawe, Mount William, Falkland Islands, May 1849 (Portion B).png|left|thumb|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|Depiction of a Falklands [[corral]], shepherds and sheep in 1849 (painting by Royal Navy Admiral [[Edward Fanshawe]])]]
''Main article: [[Demographics of the Falkland Islands]]''


The population is 2,967 (July 2003 estimated).
Buenos Aires attempted to retain influence over the settlement by installing a garrison, but a mutiny in 1832 was followed the next year by the arrival of British forces who [[Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)|reasserted Britain's rule]].{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p = 50}} The [[Argentine Confederation]] (headed by Buenos Aires Governor [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]]) protested against Britain's actions,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp = 25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} and Argentine governments have continued since then to register official protests against Britain.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp = 34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} The British troops departed after completing their mission, leaving the area without formal government.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} Vernet's deputy, the Scotsman [[Matthew Brisbane]], returned to the islands that year to restore the business, but his efforts ended after, amid unrest at Port Louis, gaucho [[Antonio Rivero]] led a group of dissatisfied individuals to murder Brisbane and the settlement's senior leaders; survivors hid in a cave on a nearby island until the British returned and restored order.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} In 1840, the Falklands became a [[Crown colony]] and Scottish settlers subsequently established an official pastoral community.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p = 201}} Four years later, nearly everyone relocated to Port Jackson, considered a better location for government, and merchant [[Samuel Fisher Lafone|Samuel Lafone]] began a venture to encourage British colonisation.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc = Stanley and Vicinity: History}},
* {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp = 9, 27}}.</ref>


==Culture==
[[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]], as Port Jackson was soon renamed, officially became the seat of government in 1845.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p = 9}} Early in its history, Stanley had a negative reputation due to cargo-shipping losses; only in emergencies would ships rounding [[Cape Horn]] stop at the port.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc = Stanley and Vicinity: History}} Nevertheless, the Falklands' geographic location proved ideal for ship repairs and the "Wrecking Trade", the business of selling and buying shipwrecks and their cargoes.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp =72–74}} Aside from this trade, commercial interest in the archipelago was minimal due to the low-value hides of the feral cattle roaming the pastures. Economic growth began only after the [[Falkland Islands Holdings|Falkland Islands Company]], which bought out Lafone's failing enterprise in 1851,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the United Kingdom, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from [[Uruguay]].{{sfn|Strange|1987|p =84}}}} successfully introduced [[Cheviot sheep]] for wool farming, spurring other farms to follow suit.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc = Stanley and Vicinity: History">See:
''Main article: [[Culture of the Falkland Islands]]''
* {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc = Stanley and Vicinity: History}},
* {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p = 9}}.</ref> The high cost of importing materials, combined with the shortage of labour and consequent high wages, meant the ship repair trade became uncompetitive. After 1870, it declined as the replacement of sail ships by [[steamship]]s was accelerated by the low cost of coal in South America; by 1914, with the opening of the [[Panama Canal]], the trade effectively ended.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp =72–73}} In 1881, the Falkland Islands became financially independent of Britain.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p = 9}} For more than a century, the Falkland Islands Company dominated the trade and employment of the archipelago; in addition, it owned most housing in Stanley, which greatly benefited from the wool trade with the UK.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc = Stanley and Vicinity: History"/>


==Miscellaneous topics==
[[File:Cfbattlepainting (Retouched).jpg|left|thumb|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|Naval confrontation during the 1914 [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]] (painting by [[William Lionel Wyllie]])]]
* [[Communications in the Falkland Islands]]
* [[Transportation in the Falkland Islands]]
* [[Military of the Falkland Islands]]
* [[Stamps and postal history of the Falkland Islands]]


==See also==
In the first half of the 20th century, the Falklands served an important role in Britain's territorial claims to [[subantarctic]] islands and a section of Antarctica. The Falklands governed these territories as the [[Falkland Islands Dependencies]] starting in 1908, and retained them until their dissolution in 1985.{{sfn|Day|2013|p = 129–30}} The Falklands also played a minor role in the two world wars as a military base aiding control of the South Atlantic. In the [[World War I|First World War]] [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]] in December 1914, a Royal Navy fleet defeated an [[German Empire|Imperial German]] squadron. In the [[World War II|Second World War]], following the December 1939 [[Battle of the River Plate]], the battle-damaged [[HMS Exeter (68)|HMS ''Exeter'']] steamed to the Falklands for repairs.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p = 367}} In 1942, a battalion en route to India was redeployed to the Falklands as a garrison amid fears of a Japanese seizure of the archipelago.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc = Prologue}} After the war ended, the Falklands economy was affected by declining wool prices and the political uncertainty resulting from the revived sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc = Stanley and Vicinity: History}}
* [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]] - naval engagement of the [[First World War]]

* [[Falklands War]] - conflict between [[Argentina]] and [[United Kingdom]]
Simmering tensions between the UK and Argentina increased during the second half of the century, when Argentine President [[Juan Perón]] asserted sovereignty over the archipelago.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p = 102}} The sovereignty dispute intensified during the 1960s, shortly after the United Nations passed a resolution on [[decolonisation]] which Argentina interpreted as favourable to its position.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p = 125}} In 1965, the UN General Assembly passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2065|Resolution 2065]], calling for both states to conduct bilateral negotiations to reach a peaceful settlement of the dispute.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p = 125}} From 1966 until 1968, the UK confidentially discussed with Argentina the transfer of the Falklands, assuming its judgement would be accepted by the islanders.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p = 24}} An agreement on trade ties between the archipelago and the mainland was reached in 1971 and, consequently, Argentina built a temporary airfield at Stanley in 1972.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p = 9}} Nonetheless, Falklander dissent, as expressed by their strong lobby in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]], and tensions between the UK and Argentina effectively limited sovereignty negotiations until 1977.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp = 24–27}}
* [[Major Samuel Stransham]]

Concerned at the expense of maintaining the Falkland Islands in an era of budget cuts, the UK again considered transferring sovereignty to Argentina in the early [[Premiership of Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher government]].<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past | title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals'' | newspaper=The Guardian | date=28 June 2005 | access-date=12 June 2014 | first1=Richard |last1= Norton-Taylor |first2= Rob |last2= Evans }}</ref> Substantive sovereignty talks again ended by 1981, and the dispute escalated with passing time.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp = 28–31}} In April 1982, the [[Falklands War]] began when Argentine military forces [[1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands|invaded the Falklands]] and other [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|British territories in the South Atlantic]], briefly [[Occupation of the Falkland Islands|occupying them]] until a UK [[Expeditionary warfare|expeditionary force]] retook the territories in June.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp = 5, 10–12, 67}},
* {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp = 102–03}}.</ref> After the war, the United Kingdom expanded its military presence, building [[RAF Mount Pleasant]] and increasing the size of its garrison.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp = 130–35}} The war also left some 117 minefields containing nearly 20,000 mines of various types, including anti-vehicle and anti-personnel mines.<ref name = "BBC_Mines">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8564061.stm |title=The Long Road to Clearing Falklands Landmines |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=14 March 2010 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> Due to the large number of [[Demining|deminer]] casualties, initial attempts to clear the mines ceased in 1983.<ref name = "BBC_Mines"/>{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name = "BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2= Jill E. |date= August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher= James Madison University |volume= 5|issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref>}} Demining operations recommenced in 2009 and were completed in October 2020.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{Cite magazine |date=2020-10-23 |title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News |url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/ |magazine=Penguin News |language=en-GB |access-date=2020-10-23}}</ref>

Based on [[Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton|Lord Shackleton]]'s recommendations, the Falklands diversified from a sheep-based monoculture into an economy of tourism and, with the establishment of the Falklands [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], fisheries.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p= 147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; however, his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p= 147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p= 147}}}} The road network was also made more extensive, and the construction of RAF Mount Pleasant allowed access to [[Flight length|long haul]] flights.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p= 147}} Oil exploration also began, with indications of possible commercially exploitable deposits in the Falklands basin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2014/05/15/falklands-drilling-will-resume-in-second-quarter-of-2015-announced-premier-oil |title=Falklands Drilling Will Resume in Second Quarter of 2015, Announced Premier Oil |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=15 May 2014 |newspaper=MercoPress |access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> Landmine clearance work restarted in 2009, in accordance with the UK's obligations under the [[Ottawa Treaty]], and [[Sapper Hill]] Corral was cleared of mines in 2012, allowing access to an important historical landmark for the first time in 30 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/9169829/The-Falkland-Islands-30-years-after-the-war-with-Argentina.html?frame=2178743 |title=The Falkland Islands, 30 Years After the War with Argentina |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012 |title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012 |author=Grant Munro |date=8 December 2011 |newspaper=MercoPress |access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> Argentina and the UK re-established diplomatic relations in 1990; relations have since deteriorated as neither has agreed on the terms of future sovereignty discussions.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p = 1528}},
* {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp = 102–03}}.</ref> Disputes between the governments have led "some analysts [to] predict a growing conflict of interest between Argentina and Great Britain&nbsp;... because of the recent expansion of the fishing industry in the waters surrounding the Falklands".{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p = 103}}

== Government ==
{{Main|Politics of the Falkland Islands}}
[[File:Government House, Falkland Islands.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|[[Government House, Falkland Islands|Government House]] in [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]] is the Governor's [[official residence]].]]

The Falkland Islands are a [[self-governing colony|self-governing]] [[British Overseas Territory]].{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc = "Falkland Islands"}} Under the [[Falkland Islands Constitution|2009 Constitution]], the islands have full internal self-government; the UK is responsible for foreign affairs, retaining the power "to protect UK interests and to ensure the overall [[good governance]] of the territory".<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news |title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands |newspaper=MercoPress |date=1 January 2009 | access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch of the United Kingdom]] is the [[head of state]], and [[Executive (government)|executive authority]] is exercised on the monarch's behalf by the [[Governor of the Falkland Islands|governor]], who appoints the islands' [[Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands|chief executive]] on the advice of members of the [[Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands|Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf|title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |publisher=The Queen in Council |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> Both the governor and the chief executive serve as the [[head of government]].{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p= 394}}

Governor [[Nigel Phillips]] was appointed in September 2017<ref>{{cite news |title=Falklands' Swearing in Ceremony for Governor Phillips on 12 September |newspaper=[[MercoPress]] |date= 2 September 2017 |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2017/09/02/falklands-swearing-in-ceremony-for-governor-phillips-on-12-september |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> and Chief Executive [[Barry Rowland]] was appointed in October 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2016/10/13/falklands-new-chief-executive-has-30-years-experience-in-england-s-public-sector |title=Falklands' new Chief Executive has 30 years experience in England's public sector |date=13 October 2016 |newspaper=[[MercoPress]] |access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> The UK minister responsible for the Falkland Islands since 2019, [[Christopher Pincher]], administers British foreign policy regarding the islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State at the Foreign & Commonwealth Office|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--14 |publisher= United Kingdom Government|date=27 June 2014| access-date=2 July 2014}}</ref>

The governor acts on the advice of the islands' [[Executive Council of the Falkland Islands|Executive Council]], composed of the chief executive, the [[Director of Finance of the Falkland Islands|Director of Finance]] and three elected members of the Legislative Assembly (with the governor as chairman).<ref name="constitutiontext" /> The Legislative Assembly, a [[Unicameralism|unicameral legislature]], consists of the chief executive, the director of finance and eight members (five from Stanley and three from [[Camp (Falkland Islands)|Camp]]) elected to four-year terms by [[universal suffrage]].<ref name="constitutiontext" /> All politicians in the Falkland Islands are [[Independent (politician)|independent]]; no political parties exist on the islands.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc = "Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} Since the [[2013 Falkland Islands general election|2013 general election]], members of the Legislative Assembly have received a salary and are expected to work full-time and give up all previously held jobs or business interests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem" |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem |newspaper=MercoPress |date=28 October 2013 |access-date=1 July 2014}}</ref>

As a territory of the United Kingdom, the Falklands were part of the [[Special member state territories and the European Union|overseas countries and territories]] of the [[European Union]] until [[Brexit|2020]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |date=4 June 2014 |author=EuropeAid |publisher=European Commission |access-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 }}</ref> The islands' judicial system, overseen by the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]], is largely based on [[English law]],{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp = 157–158}} and the constitution binds the territory to the principles of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]].<ref name="Constitution" /> Residents have the right of appeal to the [[European Court of Human Rights]] and the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |title = A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |publisher = Ministry of Justice |year = 2012 |page = 4 |location = London |access-date = 25 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK | type = si | year = 2006 | number = 3205 | si = The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009 }}</ref> Law enforcement is the responsibility of the [[Royal Falkland Islands Police]] (RFIP),{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp = 157–158}} and [[Military of the Falkland Islands|military defence]] of the islands is provided by the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc = "Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} A British military garrison is stationed on the islands, and the Falkland Islands government funds an additional [[company (military unit)|company]]-sized [[light infantry]] [[Falkland Islands Defence Force]].<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece | title= Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer |date=6 March 2010 |author= Martin Fletcher |newspaper=The Times| access-date=18 March 2011}}</ref> The Falklands claim an [[exclusive economic zone]] (EEZ) extending {{convert|200|nmi|km}} from its coastal baselines, based on the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]]; this zone overlaps with the EEZ of Argentina.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ | title= Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |author= International Boundaries Research Unit | publisher=Durham University |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

=== Sovereignty dispute ===
{{Main|Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute}}

The United Kingdom and Argentina both assert sovereignty over the Falkland Islands. The UK bases its position on its continuous administration of the islands since 1833 and the islanders' "right to self-determination as set out in the [[United Nations Charter|UN Charter]]".{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p = 1528}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina | first=Nicholas |last= Watt| title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown |newspaper=The Guardian | date=27 March 2009 |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination|title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence|work=Policy |date=12 March 2013|access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Argentina claims that, when it [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|achieved independence]] in 1816, it acquired the Falklands from Spain.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|journal=Yale Law Journal|volume=93|issue=287|page=306 |publisher= Faculty Scholarship Series |access-date=23 October 2013 |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |publisher=United Nations|work=Press Release |date=18 June 2004|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> The [[Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)|incident of 1833]] is particularly contentious; Argentina considers it proof of "Britain's usurpation" whereas the UK discounts it as a mere reassertion of its claim.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government|work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}}

In 2009, the British prime minister, [[Gordon Brown]], had a meeting with the Argentine president, [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], and said that there would be no further talks over the sovereignty of the Falklands.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm | title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown |newspaper=BBC News |date=28 March 2009 |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> In March 2013, the Falkland Islands held a [[2013 Falkland Islands sovereignty referendum|referendum]] on its political status: 99.8% of votes cast favoured remaining a British overseas territory.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760 | title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status |newspaper=BBC News |date=10 March 2013 |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/12/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312 | first1=Marcos |last1= Brindicci |first2= Juan |last2= Bustamante | title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule | publisher=Reuters | date=12 March 2013 |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> Argentina does not recognise the Falkland Islanders as a partner in negotiations.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas|title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas|language=es|author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores|publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina)|access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague | title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague | newspaper=MercoPress | date=31 January 2013 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Laura Smith-Spark|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/ | title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status | publisher=CNN| date=11 March 2013 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of the Falkland Islands}}
[[File:Falkland Islands topographic map-en.svg|thumb|alt=Topographic image|Map of the Falkland Islands]]

The Falkland Islands have a land area of {{convert|4,700|sqmi}} and a coastline estimated at {{convert|800|mi}}.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Guo|2007|p = 112}},
* {{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p = 157}}.</ref> The archipelago consists of two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland, and 776 smaller islands.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p = 157}} The islands are predominantly mountainous and hilly,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc = "Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} with the major exception being the depressed plains of [[Lafonia]] (a peninsula forming the southern part of East Falkland).{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p = 79}} The Falklands consists of [[continental crust]] fragments resulting from the break-up of [[Gondwana]] and the opening of the South Atlantic that began 130&nbsp;million years ago. The islands are located in the [[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic Ocean]], on the [[Patagonian Shelf]], about {{convert|300|mi|km}} east of Patagonia in southern Argentina.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p = 66}}

The Falklands' approximate location is latitude {{nowrap|51°40′}}&nbsp;– {{nowrap|53°00′ S}} and longitude {{nowrap|57°40′}}&nbsp;– {{nowrap|62°00′ W}}.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p = 112}} The archipelago's two main islands are separated by the [[Falkland Sound]],{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p = 318}} and its deep coastal indentations form [[natural harbour]]s.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p = 100}},
* {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc = "Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> East Falkland houses Stanley (the capital and largest settlement),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p = 112}} the UK military base at RAF Mount Pleasant, and the archipelago's highest point: [[Mount Usborne]], at {{convert|705|m|ft|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p = 318}} Outside of these significant settlements is the area colloquially known as "Camp", which is derived from the Spanish term for countryside (''Campo'').{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc= "Camp"}}

The [[Climate of the Falkland Islands|climate of the islands]] is cold, windy and humid [[Oceanic climate|maritime]].{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p = 66}} Variability of daily weather is typical throughout the archipelago.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p = 16}} Rainfall is common over half of the year, averaging {{convert|610|mm}} in Stanley, and sporadic light snowfall occurs nearly all year.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc = "Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} The temperature has historically stayed between {{convert|21.1|and|-11.1|C}} in Stanley, with mean monthly temperatures varying from {{convert|9|C}} early in the year to {{convert|-1|C}} in July.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p = 16}} Strong [[Westerlies|westerly winds]] and cloudy skies are common.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc = "Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} Although numerous storms are recorded each month, conditions are normally calm.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p = 16}}

== Biodiversity ==
{{Main|Wildlife of the Falkland Islands}}
[[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|Colony of [[southern rockhopper penguin]]s on [[Saunders Island, Falkland Islands|Saunders Island]]]]

The Falkland Islands are [[Biogeography|biogeographically]] part of the [[Antarctic ecozone|Antarctic zone]],{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp = 84–86}} with strong connections to the flora and fauna of Patagonia in mainland South America.<ref name="epk">{{cite web|url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government |date=May 2008 |access-date=25 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref> Land birds make up most of the Falklands' [[Bird|avifauna]]; 63 species breed on the islands, including 16 [[Endemism|endemic]] species.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p = 131}} There is also abundant [[arthropod]] diversity on the islands.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p = 132}} The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native [[Vascular plant|vascular species]].{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p = 129}} The islands' only native terrestrial mammal, the [[Falkland Islands wolf|warrah]], was hunted to extinction by European settlers.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p = 370}}

The islands are frequented by [[marine mammal]]s, such as the [[southern elephant seal]] and the [[South American fur seal]], and various types of [[cetacea]]ns; offshore islands house the rare [[striated caracara]]. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest [[albatross]] colonies on the planet.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url= http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=30 June 2015 |title= Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands |first=Lindsay R. |last=Chura |quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus ''[[Galaxias]]''.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p = 132}} The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of [[Subshrub|dwarf shrubs]].{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p = 85}}

Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep.<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref> Introduced species include [[reindeer]], hares, rabbits, [[South American gray fox|Patagonian foxes]], [[brown rat]]s and cats.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p = 544}} Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp = 542–545}} The extent of [[Human impact on the environment|human impact]] on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change.<ref name="epk" />

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of the Falkland Islands}}
[[File:Aerial photo Port Stanley edit.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|[[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]] is the financial centre of the Falkland Islands' economy.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p = 171}}]]

The economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the {{ordinal|222}} largest out of 229 in the world by [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), but ranks {{ordinal|5}} worldwide by [[GDP (PPP) per capita]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2001.html#fk The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 20 September 2017.</ref> The unemployment rate was 1% in 2016, and [[inflation]] was calculated at 1.4% in 2014.<ref name="CIA" /> Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high [[Human Development Index]] of 0.874{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p = 47}} and a moderate [[Gini coefficient]] for [[Economic inequality|income inequality]] of 34.17.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p = 54}} The local currency is the [[Falkland Islands pound]], which is [[Fixed exchange-rate system|pegged]] to the British [[pound sterling]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm |title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands |newspaper=BBC News |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

[[Economic development]] was advanced by [[Shipyard|ship resupplying]] and sheep farming for high-quality [[wool]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p = 134}},
* {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p = 170}}.</ref> The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are [[Polwarth (sheep)|Polwarth]] and [[Corriedale]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |title=Agriculture |publisher=Falkland Islands Government |access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of [[synthetic fibre]]s damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an [[exclusive economic zone]] and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone".{{sfn|Royle|2001|p = 170}} Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity has increasingly focused on [[oil field]] [[Hydrocarbon exploration|exploration]] and tourism.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p = 319}}

The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp = 170–171}} Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from [[overfishing]], [[illegal fishing]] and fish [[Market trend|market price fluctuations]] have increased interest in [[oil well|oil drilling]] as an alternative source of revenue; exploration efforts have yet to find "exploitable reserves".{{sfn|Royle|2001|p = 171}} Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p = 170}}

The [[primary sector of the economy]] accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/|publisher=Falkland Islands Government |title=The Economy|access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts |title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 January 2013 |access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref> Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in [[Tourism in Antarctica|Antarctic exploration]] and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p = 144}},
* {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p = 171}}.</ref> Tourists, mostly [[cruise ship]] passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and [[wreck diving]]; the majority find accommodation in Stanley.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p = 171}},
* {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p = 183}}.</ref> The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, [[building material]]s and clothing.<ref name="CIA" />

== Demographics ==
{{see also|Origins of Falkland Islanders|Religion in the Falkland Islands}}
[[File:FAL-2016-Stanley, Falkland Islands–Christ Church Cathedral.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of a building|[[Christ Church Cathedral (Falkland Islands)|Christ Church Cathedral]], the local parish church of the [[Anglican Communion]]. Most Falklanders identify themselves as Christian.]]
The Falkland Islands population is [[homogeneous]], mostly descended from [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Welsh people|Welsh]] immigrants who settled in the territory after 1833.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p = 9}} The Falkland-born population are also descended from [[English People|English]] and [[French people]], [[Gibraltarian people|Gibraltarians]], [[North Germanic peoples|Scandinavians]] and [[South Americans]]. The 2016 census indicated that 43% of residents were born on the archipelago, with foreign-born residents assimilated into local culture. The legal term for the right of residence is "belonging to the islands".<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010|title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government |access-date=4 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web|last1=Falkland Islands Government|title=Falkland Islands Census 2016|url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf|website=Falkland Islands Government|access-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1983, full [[British citizenship]] was given to Falkland Islanders under the [[British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983|British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act]].{{sfn|Laver|2001|p = 9}}

A significant [[population decline]] affected the archipelago in the twentieth century, with many young islanders moving overseas in search of education, a modern lifestyle, and better job opportunities,<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}},
* {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> particularly to the British city of [[Southampton]], which came to be known in the islands as "Stanley north".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears], ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> In recent years, the islands' population decline has reduced, thanks to immigrants from the United Kingdom, [[Saint Helena]], and [[Chile]].{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p = 139}} In the 2012 census, a majority of residents listed their nationality as [[Falkland Islander]] (59 percent), followed by [[British people|British]] (29 percent), Saint Helenian (9.8 percent), and [[Chileans in the Falkland Islands|Chilean]] (5.4 percent).<ref name=census2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |date=10 September 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government |access-date=19 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 }}</ref> A small number of [[Argentine people|Argentines]] also live on the islands.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news | url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes | title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes | newspaper=MercoPress | date=28 June 2013 | access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

The Falkland Islands [[List of South American countries by population|have a low population density]].{{sfn|Royle|2006|p =181}} According to the 2012 census, the average daily population of the Falklands was 2,932, excluding military personnel serving in the archipelago and their dependents.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name = census2012/>}} A 2012 report counted 1,300 uniformed personnel and 50 [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|British Ministry of Defence]] civil servants present in the Falklands.<ref name="FI Guardian"/> Stanley (with 2,121 residents) is the most-populous location on the archipelago, followed by [[RAF Mount Pleasant|Mount Pleasant]] (369 residents, primarily air-base contractors) and Camp (351 residents).<ref name="census2012" /> The islands' age distribution is skewed towards working age {{nowrap|(20–60)}}. Males outnumber females (53 to 47 percent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the {{nowrap|20–60}} age group.<ref name="2006Census" />

In the 2012 census, most islanders identified themselves as [[Christianity|Christian]] (66 percent), followed by those with no religious affiliation (32 percent). The remaining 2 percent identified as adherents of other religions, including the [[Baháʼí Faith]],<ref name=Adherents2001>{{cite web |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |website=Adherents.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com:80/largecom/com_bahai.html |date=September 2001 |archive-date=2001-10-20 |access-date=2020-10-11}}</ref> [[Buddhism]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> and [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion |title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed |date=8 October 2009 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> The main Christian denominations are [[Anglicanism]] and other [[Protestantism]], and [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]].<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref>

[[Education in the Falkland Islands]], which follows [[Education in England|England's system]], is free and compulsory for residents aged between 5 and 16 years.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web|url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/|publisher=Falkland Islands Government|title=Education|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/|archive-date=26 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Primary education is available at Stanley, RAF Mount Pleasant (for children of service personnel) and a number of rural settlements. Secondary education is only available in Stanley, which offers [[Boarding school|boarding facilities]] and 12 subjects to [[General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (GCSE) level. Students aged 16 or older may study at colleges in England for their [[GCE Advanced Level]] or vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend institutions of higher education, usually in the United Kingdom.<ref name="EDU" />

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of the Falkland Islands}}
[[File:Hope-Place.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|[[Gaucho]]s from mainland South America, such as these two men having [[Mate (beverage)|mate]] at Hope Place in East Falkland, influenced the local dialect.]]

Falklands culture is based on the [[Culture of the United Kingdom|cultural traditions]] of its British settlers but has also been influenced by [[Hispanic America|Hispanic South America]].{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p = 139}} Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p = 21}} The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being [[British English]]; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p = 139}} According to naturalist [[Will Wagstaff]], "the Falkland Islands are a very social place, and stopping for a chat is a way of life".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p = 21}}

The islands have two weekly newspapers: ''Teaberry Express'' and ''[[Penguin News|The Penguin News]]'',{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p = 66}} and television and radio broadcasts generally feature programming from the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p = 139}} Wagstaff describes local cuisine as "very British in character with much use made of the homegrown vegetables, local lamb, mutton, beef, and fish". Common between meals are "home made cakes and biscuits with tea or coffee".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp = 63–64}} Social activities are, according to Wagstaff, "typical of that of a small British town with a variety of clubs and organisations covering many aspects of community life".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p = 65}}

== See also ==
* [[Index of Falkland Islands-related articles]]
* [[List of islands of the Falkland Islands]]
* [[Outline of the Falkland Islands]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist-ua|35em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Aldrich | first1 = Robert | last2 = Connell | first2 = John | title = The Last Colonies| year = 1998 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-521-41461-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = Avakov | first = Alexander | title = Quality of Life, Balance of Powers, and Nuclear Weapons | year = 2013 | publisher = Algora Publishing | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-87586-963-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = Balmaceda | first = Daniel | title = Historias Inesperadas de la Historia Argentina | year = 2011 | publisher = Editorial Sudamericana | location = Buenos Aires | language=es | isbn = 978-950-07-3390-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Bell | first = Brian | editor= Beau Riffenburgh | chapter= Introduced Species | title= Encyclopedia of the Antarctic | year = 2007 | volume = 1 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-415-97024-2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Bernhardson| first = Wayne| title = Patagonia: Including the Falkland Islands | year = 2011 | publisher = Friesens | location = Altona, Manitoba | isbn = 978-1-59880-965-7 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Bertram | first1 = Esther | last2 = Muir | first2 = Shona | last3 = Stonehouse | first3 = Bernard | title = Prospects for Polar Tourism | chapter = Gateway Ports in the Development of Antarctic Tourism | year = 2007 | publisher = CAB International | location = Oxon, England | isbn = 978-1-84593-247-3 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Blouet | first1 = Brian | last2 = Blouet | first2 = Olwyn | title = Latin America and the Caribbean | year = 2009 | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | location = Hoboken, New Jersey | isbn = 978-0-470-38773-3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Buckman | first = Robert | title = Latin America 2012 | year = 2012 | publisher = Stryker-Post Publications | location = Ranson, West Virginia | isbn = 978-1-61048-887-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488877 }}
* {{cite book | last = Cahill | first = Kevin | title = Who Owns the World: The Surprising Truth About Every Piece of Land on the Planet | year = 2010 | publisher = Grand Central Publishing | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-446-55139-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Calvert | first = Peter | title = A Political and Economic Dictionary of Latin America | year = 2004 | publisher = Europa Publications | location = London | isbn = 978-0-203-40378-5 }}
* {{cite book | last = Carafano | first = James Jay | chapter= Falkland/Malvinas Islands | title= Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History | year = 2005 | editor = Will Kaufman | editor2= Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson | publisher = ABC–CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, California | isbn = 978-1-85109-431-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Cawkell | first = Mary |title= The History of the Falkland Islands | year=2001 | publisher = Anthony Nelson Ltd. | location = Oswestry, England | isbn = 978-0-904614-55-8 }}
* {{cite book | author = Central Intelligence Agency | title = The CIA World Factbook 2012 | year = 2011 | publisher = Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-61608-332-8 | author-link = Central Intelligence Agency }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Clark | first1 = Malcolm | last2 = Dingwall | first2 = Paul | title = Conservation of Islands in the Southern Ocean | year = 1985 | publisher = [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] | location = Cambridge, England | isbn = 978-2-88032-503-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/conservationofis0000clar }}
* {{cite book | last = Day | first = David| title = Antarctica: A Biography | edition = Reprint | year = 2013 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, England | isbn = 978-0-19-967055-0 }}
* {{cite book | last = Dotan | first = Yossi | title = Watercraft on World Coins: America and Asia, 1800–2008 | volume=2 | year = 2010 | publisher = The Alpha Press | location = Portland, Oregon | isbn = 978-1-898595-50-2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Dunmore | first = John | title = Storms and Dreams | year = 2005 | publisher = Exisle Publishing Limited | location = Auckland, New Zealand | isbn = 978-0-908988-57-0 }}
* {{cite book | author = Foreign Office | title = Report on the Proceedings of the General Assembly of the United Nations | year = 1961 | publisher = H.M. Stationery Office | location = London }}
* {{cite book | last = Gibran | first = Daniel | title = The Falklands War: Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic | year = 1998 | publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc. | location = Jefferson, North Carolina | isbn = 978-0-7864-0406-3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Goebel | first = Julius | title = The Struggle for the Falkland Islands: A Study in Legal and Diplomatic History | year = 1971 | publisher = Kennikat Press | location = Port Washington, New York | isbn = 978-0-8046-1390-3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Graham-Yooll | first = Andrew | author-link = Andrew Graham-Yooll | title = Imperial Skirmishes: War and Gunboat Diplomacy in Latin America | year = 2002 | publisher = Signal Books Limited | location = Oxford, England | isbn = 978-1-902669-21-2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Guo | first = Rongxing | title = Territorial Disputes and Resource Management | year = 2007 | publisher = [[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]] | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-60021-445-5 }}
* {{cite book | last = Gustafson| first = Lowell | title = The Sovereignty Dispute Over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands | year = 1988 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-19-504184-2 }}
* {{cite book|last1= Haddelsey|first1=Stephen|last2=Carroll|first2=Alan|title=Operation Tabarin: Britain's Secret Wartime Expedition to Antarctica 1944–46|year=2014|publisher=The History Press|location=Stroud, England| isbn=978-0-7509-5511-9}}
* {{cite book | last = Headland | first = Robert | title = Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events | year = 1989 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-521-30903-5 }}
* {{cite book | last = Heawood | first = Edward | title = A History of Geographical Discovery in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries | year = 2011 | edition = Reprint | editor = F. H. H. Guillemard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-107-60049-2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Hemmerle | first = Oliver Benjamin | editor= R. W. McColl |chapter=Falkland Islands | title= Encyclopedia of World Geography | volume=1 | year = 2005 | publisher = Golson Books, Ltd. | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8160-5786-3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Hertslet | first = Lewis | author-link = Lewis Hertslet | title = A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions, and Reciprocal Regulations, At Present Subsisting Between Great Britain and Foreign Powers, and of the Laws, Decrees, and Orders in Council, Concerning the Same | year = 1851 | publisher = Harrison and Son | location = London | volume = 8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Hince | first = Bernadette | title = The Antarctic Dictionary | year = 2001 | publisher = [[CSIRO Publishing]] | location = Collingwood, Melbourne | isbn = 978-0-9577471-1-1 }}
* {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Roger | title = What's Who? A Dictionary of Things Named After People and the People They are Named After | year = 2009 | publisher = Matador | location = Leicester, England | isbn = 978-1-84876-047-9 }}
* {{cite book | last = Jónsdóttir| first = Ingibjörg | editor= Jorge Rabassa| editor2= Maria Laura Borla| chapter= Botany during the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901–1903 | title= Antarctic Peninsula and Tierra del Fuego| year = 2007 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | location = Leiden, Netherlands | isbn = 978-0-415-41379-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Klügel | first = Andreas | editor= Rosemary Gillespie| editor2= David Clague| chapter= Atlantic Region | title= Encyclopedia of Islands | year = 2009 | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | isbn = 978-0-520-25649-1 }}
* {{cite book | last = Lansford | first = Tom | title = Political Handbook of the World 2012 | year = 2012 | editor = Thomas Muller | editor2 = Judith Isacoff | editor3 = Tom Lansford | publisher = CQ Press | location = Los Angeles, California | isbn = 978-1-60871-995-2 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/politicalhandboo0000unse_a2s3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Laver | first = Roberto | title = The Falklands/Malvinas Case | year = 2001 | publisher = Martinus Nijhoff Publishers | location = The Hague | isbn = 978-90-411-1534-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Marley | first = David | title = Wars of the Americas | year = 2008 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, California | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-1-59884-100-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Minahan | first = James | title = Ethnic Groups of the Americas | year = 2013 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, California | isbn = 978-1-61069-163-5 }}
* {{cite book | last = Paine | first = Lincoln | title = Ships of Discovery and Exploration | year = 2000 | publisher = [[Mariner Books]] | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-395-98415-4 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Pascoe | first1 = Graham | last2 = Pepper | first2 = Peter | chapter = Luis Vernet | title = The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (Including South Georgia): From Discovery Up to 1981 | editor = David Tatham | editor-link = David Tatham| publisher = David Tatham | location = Ledbury, England | year=2008 | isbn = 978-0-9558985-0-1 }}
* {{cite book | last = Peterson | first = Harold | title = Argentina and the United States 1810–1960 | year = 1964 | publisher = University Publishers Inc. | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-87395-010-7 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Prideaux | first = Bruce | title = Falkland Islands | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Tourism and Recreation in Marine Environments | editor = Michael Lück | publisher = CAB International | location = Oxon, England | year=2008 | isbn = 978-1-84593-350-0 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Reginald | first1 = Robert | last2 = Elliot | first2 = Jeffrey | title = Tempest in a Teapot: The Falkland Islands War | year = 1983 | publisher = Whitehall Co. | location = Wheeling, Illinois | isbn = 978-0-89370-267-0 }}
* {{cite book | last = Room | first = Adrian | author-link=Adrian Room | title = Placenames of the World | edition=2nd | year = 2006 | publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc. | location = Jefferson, North Carolina | isbn = 978-0-7864-2248-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Royle | first = Stephen | title = A Geography of Islands: Small Island Insularity | year = 2001 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-203-16036-7 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last= Royle | first= Stephen |title= The Falkland Islands | year=2006 | encyclopedia = Extreme Tourism: Lessons from the World's Cold Water Islands | editor = Godfrey Baldacchino | publisher=Elsevier | location = Amsterdam | isbn=978-0-08-044656-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Sainato | first = Vincenzo | editor= [[Graeme Newman]] | editor2= Janet Stamatel | editor3= Hang-en Sung |chapter=Falkland Islands | title= Crime and Punishment around the World | volume=2 | year = 2010 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, California | isbn = 978-0-313-35133-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Segal | first = Gerald | title = The World Affairs Companion | url = https://archive.org/details/worldaffairscomp00sega | url-access = registration | year = 1991 | publisher = Simon & Schuster/Touchstone | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-671-74157-0 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sicker | first = Martin | title = The Geopolitics of Security in the Americas | year = 2002 | publisher = Praeger Publishers | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 978-0-275-97255-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Strange | first = Ian | title = The Falkland Islands and Their Natural History | year = 1987 | publisher = David & Charles | location = Newton Abbot, England | isbn = 978-0-7153-8833-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/falklandislands00stra }}
* {{cite book|last1 = Taylor| first1=Simon | last2= Márkus| first2=Gilbert |title= The Place-Names of Fife: Central Fife between the Rivers Leven and Eden |year=2005|publisher= Shaun Tyas |location= Donington, England | isbn= 978-1900289-93-1 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Thomas | first = David | title = The View from Whitehall | encyclopedia = Toward Resolution? The Falklands/Malvinas Dispute| editor = Wayne Smith | publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers | location = Boulder, Colorado | year=1991 | isbn = 978-1-55587-265-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Trewby | first = Mary | title = Antarctica: An Encyclopedia from Abbott Ice Shelf to Zooplankton | year = 2002 | publisher = Firefly Books | location = [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], Ontario | isbn = 978-1-55297-590-9 }}
* {{cite book | last = Wagstaff | first = William | author-link= Will Wagstaff | title = Falkland Islands: The Bradt Travel Guide | year = 2001 | publisher = Bradt Travel Guides, Ltd. | location = Buckinghamshire, England | isbn = 978-1-84162-037-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Zepeda | first = Alexis | chapter= Argentina | title= Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History | year = 2005 | editor = Will Kaufman | editor2= Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson | publisher = ABC–CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, California | isbn = 978-1-85109-431-8 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|first=César |last=Caviedes |url=http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/search/retrieve/?Vol=29&Num=2&Start=172 |title=Conflict Over The Falkland Islands: A Never-Ending Story? |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=29 |year=1994 |issue=2 |pages=172–187 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118140010/http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/search/retrieve/?Vol=29&Num=2&Start=172 |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}
* {{cite journal |year=1846 |last=Darwin |first=Charles |title=On the Geology of the Falkland Islands |journal=[[Journal of the Geological Society|Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society]] |volume=2 |issue=1–2 |pages=267–274 |doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1846.002.01-02.46 |s2cid=129936121 |url=http://www.umag.cl/investigacion/dpa/docs/267-a.pdf |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711103055/http://www.umag.cl/investigacion/dpa/docs/267-a.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |editor-first= Carlos |editor-last= Escudé|editor-first2= Andrés |editor-last2= Cisneros |title= Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas |location= Buenos Aires, Argentina |publisher= GEL/Nuevohacer |year= 2000 |isbn= 978-950-694-546-6}} Work developed and published under the auspices of the Argentine Council for International Relations (CARI).
* {{cite book|last = Freedman | first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Freedman|title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign|url = https://archive.org/details/officialhistoryo0001free |url-access = registration |year=2005|publisher=Routledge|location=Oxon, UK|isbn=978-0-7146-5207-8}}
* {{cite news |author=Michael Frenchman |work=[[The Times]] |page=7 |title=Britain puts forward four options on Falklands (Nick Ridley visit & leaseback) |date=28 November 1980 |url=https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/112605 |access-date=July 5, 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last= Greig |first= D. W. |url= http://www.austlii.com/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw//1978/2.pdf |title= Sovereignty and the Falkland Islands Crisis |journal= Australian Year Book of International Law |volume= 8 |year= 1983 |pages= 20–70 |doi= 10.1163/26660229-008-01-900000006 |issn= 0084-7658}}
* {{cite book |first= L. L. |last= Ivanov |title= The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People |location=Sofia, Bulgaria |publisher= Manfred Wörner Foundation |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-954-91503-1-5|display-authors=etal|title-link= s:The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People }} Printed in Bulgaria by Double T Publishers.
{{refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Wikiatlas|Falkland Islands}}
*[http://www.falklands.gov.fk/ Falkland Islands Government]
*[http://www.penguin-news.com/ Penguin News (weekly newspaper)]
* [https://www.falklands.gov.fk/ Falkland Islands Government] (official site)
* [http://www.fidc.co.fk/ Falkland Islands Development Corporation] (official site)
*[http://www.falklandnews.com/ Falkland Islands News Network]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040325151046/http://falklandnews.com/ Falkland Islands News Network] (official site)
*[http://www.falklandislands.com/ Falkland Islands Portal]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18425572 Falkland Islands Profile (BBC)]
*[http://www.numismondo.com/pm/jas/ Jason Islands Banknotes]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Falkland Islands |volume=10 |short=x}}
{{Geographic Location
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|Northwest = {{Flag|Argentina}}
|North = ''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''
|Northeast = ''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''
|East = ''[[Atlantic Ocean]]'' <br /> {{flagicon|SGS}} [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]]
|Southeast = ''[[Southern Ocean]]'' <br /> [[South Orkney Islands]]
|South = ''[[Drake Passage]]'' <br /> [[South Shetland Islands]] <br /> [[Antarctic Peninsula]]
|Southwest = [[Tierra del Fuego]] <br /> ''[[Drake Passage]]''
|West = {{Flag|Chile}} <br /> ''[[Strait of Magellan]]''
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'''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. {{small|and}} Long.]] {{coord|51|42|S|57|51|W|display=inline}} {{color|darkblue|(Stanley)}}'''
{{Falkland Islands}}
{{British dependencies}}
{{British overseas territories}}
{{Countries of South America}}
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{{Spanish Empire}}
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[[cs:Falklandsk&#233; ostrovy]]
[[Category:Falkland Islands| ]]
[[de:Falklandinseln]]
[[Category:Disputed islands]]
[[es:Malvinas]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[et:Falklandi saared]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[eo:Falklandoj]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1833]]
[[it:Isole Falkland]]
[[Category:Dependent territories in South America]]
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[[Category:British Overseas Territories|.Falklands]]
[[no:Malvinas]]
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[[fi:Falklandinsaaret]]
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Revision as of 19:52, 2 March 2021

Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Flag of the Falkland Islands Falkland Islands coat of arms
(In Detail) (Full size)
Motto: Desire the right
Official language English
Capital Port Stanley (Puerto Argentino)
GovernorHoward Pearce
Chief ExecutiveChris Simpkins
Area
 - Total
 - % water		not ranked
12,173 km²
-
Population


 - Total (2003 E)


 - Density		not ranked


2,967
0.24/km²

Currency Falkland pound (FKP; fixed to GBP)
Time zone UTC -4 (DST -3)
National anthem God Save the Queen
Internet TLD .FK
Calling Code500

The Falkland Islands (also known as Islas Malvinas in Spanish) are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. They are also claimed by Argentina.

The capital is Port Stanley.

History

Main article: History of the Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands were first seen in 1520 by Magallanes. They remained practically unsettled until the 19th century. Argentina set up a penal colony in the islands in 1820, and in 1929 named Luis Vernet as the islands' governor, in order to colonize them. The United Kingdom took the islands in 1833, but Argentina maintained its claim. Various tensions led to an invasion in 1982; which was later reversed. See: Falklands War.

Politics

Main article: Politics of the Falkland Islands

Executive authority comes from the Queen and is exercised by the governor on her behalf. There is a constitution, which into force in 1985. Under the constitution, eight Legislative Councillors, five from Stanley and three from Camp, are elected every four years.

The Executive Council, which advices the governor, consists of the Chief Executive, Financial Secretary and three Legislative Councillors which are elected by the other Legislative Councillors.

The The Legislative Council consists of Chief Executive, Financial Secretary and the eight Legislative Councillors. The governor is the speaker.

Defence is the responsiblity of the UK

Geography

Main article: Geography of the Falkland Islands

The islands are 300 miles (483 km) from the South American mainland.There are two main islands, East and West Falkland and 200 small islands. The total land area is 12,173 sq km.

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Falkland Islands

The largest industries are fishing and agriculture. The islands have oil reserves that are believed to be quite substantial, but yet to be exploited

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the Falkland Islands

The population is 2,967 (July 2003 estimated).

Culture

Main article: Culture of the Falkland Islands

Miscellaneous topics

See also

Template:South America Template:Crowncolonies

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