Jump to content

Commodore International: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
website, original name
78Game (talk | contribs)
166 edits
No edit summary
Line 20: Line 20:
| num_employees = <!--peak number of employees-->
| num_employees = <!--peak number of employees-->
| subsid = [[Amiga Corporation]]<br>[[MOS Technology#Commodore Semiconductor Group|Commodore Semiconductor Group]]
| subsid = [[Amiga Corporation]]<br>[[MOS Technology#Commodore Semiconductor Group|Commodore Semiconductor Group]]
| website = https://www.commodorecompany.com/
| area_served = Worldwide
| area_served = Worldwide
| num_locations = International
| num_locations = International

Revision as of 02:20, 21 May 2021

"C=" redirects here. For a similar looking digraph, see (= (disambiguation).
This article is about the classic PC manufacturer that operated between 1958 and 1994. For the Florida-based company that purchased the brand name in the 2010s, see Commodore USA.
For other uses, see Commodore (disambiguation).

Commodore International Corporation
IndustryElectronics
Computer hardware
Computer software
Founded1958; 66 years ago (1958)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
FoundersJack Tramiel and Manfred Kapp
DefunctApril 29, 1994; 30 years ago (1994-04-29)
FateBankruptcy
Headquarters1200 Wilson Drive West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States 19380
Number of locations
International
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
ProductsCommodore PET
Commodore VIC-20
Commodore 64
Commodore 128
Amiga
Amiga CD32
SubsidiariesAmiga Corporation
Commodore Semiconductor Group

Commodore International (other names include Commodore International Limited, or Commodore Business Machines was an American home computer and electronics manufacturer founded by Jack Tramiel. Commodore International (CI), along with its subsidiary Commodore Business Machines (CBM), was a significant participant in the development of the home personal computer industry in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. The company developed and marketed the world's best-selling desktop computer, the Commodore 64 (1982),[1] and released its Amiga computer line in July 1985. With quarterly sales ending 1983 of $49 million (equivalent to $126 million in 2023), Commodore was one of the world's largest personal computer manufacturers.[2][3]

History

Founding and early years

Commodore logo (1965–1984)
Minuteman MM3S

Commodore co-founders Jack Tramiel and Manfred Kapp met in the early 1950s while both employed by the Ace Typewriter Repair Company in New York City. In 1954, they formed a partnership to sell used and reconditioned typewriters and used their profits to purchase the Singer Typewriter Company. After acquiring a local dealership selling Everest adding machines, Tramiel convinced Everest to give him and Kapp exclusive Canadian rights to its products and established Everest Office Machines in Toronto in 1955.

By 1958, the adding machine business was slowing, but Tramiel made a connection with an Everest agent in England who alerted him to a business opportunity to import into Canada portable typewriters manufactured by a Czechoslovakian company. On October 10, 1958, Tramiel and Kapp incorporated Commodore Portable Typewriter, Ltd. in Toronto to sell the imported typewriters.[4] Commodore funded its operations through factoring over its first two years, but faced a continual cash crunch. To bolster the company's financial condition, Tramiel and Kapp sold a portion of the company to Atlantic Acceptance Corporation, one of Canada's largest financing companies, and Atlantic President C. Powell Morgan became chairman of Commodore. In 1962, the company went public on the Montreal Stock Exchange,[5] under the name of Commodore Business Machines (Canada), Ltd.

With the financial backing of Atlantic Acceptance, Commodore expanded rapidly in the early 1960s. It purchased a factory in West Germany to manufacture its own typewriters, began distributing office furniture for a Canadian manufacturer, and sold Pearlsoud radio and stereo equipment. In 1965, it purchased the furniture company for which it served as the distributor and moved its headquarters to that company's facilities on Warden Avenue in the Scarborough district of Toronto.[6] That same year, the company made a deal with a Japanese manufacturer to produce adding machines for Commodore and purchased the office supply retailer Wilson Stationers to serve as an outlet for its typewriters.

In 1965, Atlantic Acceptance collapsed when it failed to make a routine payment. A subsequent investigation by a royal commission revealed a massive fraud scheme in which the company falsified financial records to acquire loans funneled into a web of subsidiaries in which C. Powell Morgan held a personal stake. Morgan then either pocketed the money or invested it in a series of unsuccessful ventures. Commodore was one of the Atlantic subsidiaries directly implicated in this scheme, but the commission was unable to find any evidence of wrongdoing on the part of Tramiel or Kapp despite heavy suspicion. Nevertheless, the scandal left Commodore in a bad financial position because it had borrowed heavily from Atlantic to purchase Wilson, and the loan was called in. Due to the financial scandal, Tramiel could only secure a bridge loan by paying interest well above the prime rate and putting the German factory up as collateral. To extricate himself, Tramiel worked with a financier named Irving Gould, who brokered a deal to sell Wilson Stationers to an American company. Commodore now owed Gould money and still did not have sufficient capital to meet its payments, so Tramiel sold 17.9% of the company to Gould in 1966 for $500,000. As part of the deal, Gould became the new chairman of the company.

Through his Japanese contacts, Tramiel saw some of the first electronic calculators in the late 1960s and pivoted from adding machines to marketing calculators produced by companies like Casio under the Commodore brand name. In 1969, Commodore began manufacturing its own electronic calculators. Commodore soon had a profitable calculator line and was one of the more popular brands in the early 1970s, producing both consumer as well as scientific/programmable calculators. However, in 1975, Texas Instruments, the main supplier of calculator parts, entered the market directly and put out a line of machines priced at less than Commodore's cost for the parts. Commodore obtained an infusion of cash from Gould, which Tramiel used beginning in 1976 to purchase several second-source chip suppliers, including MOS Technology, Inc., in order to assure his supply.[7] He agreed to buy MOS, which was having troubles of its own, only on the condition that its chip designer Chuck Peddle join Commodore directly as head of engineering.

Through the 1970s, Commodore also produced numerous peripherals and consumer electronic products such as the Chessmate, a chess computer based around a MOS 6504 chip, released in 1978.

"Computers for the masses, not the classes"

Commodore PET 2001 (1977)

Chuck Peddle convinced Jack Tramiel that calculators were already a dead end and that they should turn their attention to home computers. Peddle packaged his single-board computer design in a metal case, initially with a keyboard using calculator keys, later with a full-travel QWERTY keyboard, monochrome monitor, and tape recorder for program and data storage, to produce the Commodore PET (Personal Electronic Transactor). From PET's 1977 debut, Commodore would be a computer company.

Commodore had been reorganized the year before into Commodore International, Ltd., moving its financial headquarters to the Bahamas and its operational headquarters to West Chester, Pennsylvania, near the MOS Technology site. The operational headquarters, where research and development of new products occurred, retained the name Commodore Business Machines, Inc. In 1980 Commodore launched production for the European market in Braunschweig (Germany).[8]

By 1980, Commodore was one of the three largest microcomputer companies and the largest in the Common Market.[9] The company had lost its early domestic-market sales leadership, however; by mid-1981 its US market share was less than 5%, and US computer magazines rarely discussed Commodore products.[10] BYTE stated of the business computer market that "the lack of a marketing strategy by Commodore, as well as its past nonchalant attitude toward the encouragement and development of good software, has hurt its credibility, especially in comparison to the other systems on the market".[11] The author of Programming the PET/CBM (1982) stated in its introduction that "CBM's product manuals are widely recognized to be unhelpful; this is one of the reasons for the existence of this book."[12]

Commodore reemphasized the US market with the VIC-20.[10] The PET computer line was used primarily in schools, where its tough all-metal construction and ability to share printers and disk drives on a simple local area network were advantages, but PETs did not compete well in the home setting where graphics and sound were important. This was addressed with the VIC-20 in 1981, which was introduced at a cost of US$299 and sold in retail stores. Commodore bought aggressive advertisements featuring William Shatner asking consumers "Why buy just a video game?" The strategy worked and the VIC-20 became the first computer to ship more than one million units. A total of 2.5 million units were sold over the machine's lifetime[13] and helped Commodore's sales to Canadian schools.[14] In another promotion aimed at schools (and as a way of getting rid of old unsold inventory), some PET models labeled "Teacher's PET" were given away as part of a "buy 2 get 1 free" promotion.

Commodore 64 (1982)

In 1982, Commodore introduced the Commodore 64 as the successor to the VIC-20. Thanks to a well-designed set of chips designed by MOS Technology, the Commodore 64, (also referred to as C64), possessed remarkable sound and graphics for its time and is often credited with starting the computer demo scene. Its US$595 price was high compared with that of the VIC-20, but it was still much less expensive than any other 64K computer on the market. Early C64 advertisements boasted, "You can't buy a better computer at twice the price." Australian adverts in the mid-1980s used a tune speaking the words "Are you keeping up with the Commodore? Because the Commodore is keeping up with you."[15]

In 1983, Tramiel decided to focus on market share and cut the price of the VIC-20 and C64 dramatically, starting what would be called the "home computer war". TI responded by cutting prices on its TI-99/4A, which had been introduced in 1981. Soon there was an all-out price war involving Commodore, TI, Atari, and practically every vendor other than Apple Computer. Commodore began selling the VIC-20 and C64 through mass-market retailers such as K-Mart, in addition to traditional computer stores. By the end of this conflict, Commodore had shipped somewhere around 22 million C64s, making the C64 the best selling computer of all time.

The "heart" of Commodore's philosophy: Early Commodore 16 main PCB (prototype), not used in regular series model. According to Commodore computer engineer Bil Herd, this single sided PCB was an extraordinary attempt of cost saving by Commodore, which probably failed due to technical problems.[16]

At the June 1983 Consumer Electronics Show, Commodore lowered the retail price of the 64 to $300, and stores sold it for as little as $199. At one point the company was selling as many computers as the rest of the industry combined.[17] Its prices for the VIC-20 and 64 were $50 lower than Atari's prices for the 600XL and 800XL.[18] Commodore's strategy was to, according to a spokesman, devote 50% of its efforts to the under-$500 market, 30% on the $500–1000 market, and 20% on the over-$1000 market. Its vertical integration and Tramiel's focus on cost control helped Commodore do well during the price war, with $1 billion in 1983 sales.[19] Although the company and Tramiel's focus on cost cutting over product testing caused some hardware defects in the initial 64, some resolved in later iterations[20] by early 1984, Synapse Software—the largest provider of third-party Atari 8-bit software—received 65% of sales from the Commodore market,[18] and Commodore sold almost three times as many computers as Atari that year.[21]

Despite its focus on the lower end of the market, Commodore's computers were also sold in upmarket department stores such as Harrod's.[22] The company also attracted several high-profile customers. In 1984, the company's British branch became the first manufacturer to receive a royal warrant for computer business systems.[23] NASA's Kennedy Space Center was another noted customer, with over 60 Commodore systems processing documentation, tracking equipment and employees, costing jobs, and ensuring the safety of hazardous waste.[24]

Tramiel quits; the Amiga vs. ST battle

Commodore's logo dubbed the "Chicken Lips"

Although by early 1984, Creative Computing compared Commodore to "a well-armed battleship [which] rules the micro waves" and threatened to destroy rivals like Atari and Coleco,[25] Commodore's board of directors were as impacted as anyone else by the price spiral and decided they wanted out. An internal power struggle resulted; in January 1984, Tramiel resigned due to intense disagreement with the chairman of the board, Irving Gould. Gould replaced Tramiel with Marshall F. Smith, a steel executive who had no experience with computers or consumer marketing.[26][27][28] Tramiel founded a new company, Tramel Technology (spelled differently so people would pronounce it correctly), and hired away a number of Commodore engineers to begin work on a next-generation computer design.

Now it was left to the remaining Commodore management to salvage the company's fortunes and plan for the future. It did so by buying a small startup company called Amiga Corporation in February 1984, for $25 million ($12.8 million in cash and 550,000 in common shares) which became a subsidiary of Commodore, called Commodore-Amiga, Inc.[29] Commodore brought this new 32-bit computer design (initially codenamed "Lorraine") from 1979, and had been called High-Toro from 1980 to 1981 then later dubbed the Amiga, under Amiga Inc. in early 1982. There were three unsuccessful attempts to release the Amiga by Jay Miner and company. These were: 1982, 1983 and one more after Commodore bought Amiga in 1984, after which it was released only to the local public. Then in 1985 Commodore re-released it to the world. Cost was $1000-$1300.

But Tramiel had beaten Commodore to the punch. His design was 95% completed by June. In July 1984 he bought the consumer side of Atari Inc. from Warner Communications which allowed him to strike back and release the Atari ST earlier in 1985 for about $800. The Atari ST was technology-wise almost out, however the Amiga was out sooner.

During development in 1981, Amiga had exhausted venture capital and was desperate for more financing. Jay Miner and company had approached former employer Atari, and the Warner-owned Atari had paid Amiga to continue development work.[30] In return, Atari was to get one-year exclusive use of the design as a video game console. After one year, Atari would have the right to add a keyboard and market the complete Amiga computer. The Atari Museum has acquired the Atari-Amiga contract and Atari engineering logs revealing that the Atari Amiga was originally designated as the 1850XLD. As Atari was heavily involved with Disney at the time, it was later code-named "Mickey", and the 256K memory expansion board was codenamed "Minnie".[31]

The following year, Tramiel discovered that Warner Communications wanted to sell Atari, which was rumored to be losing about $10,000 a day. Interested in Atari's overseas manufacturing and worldwide distribution network for his new computer, he approached Atari and entered negotiations. After several on-again/off-again talks with Atari in May and June 1984, Tramiel had secured his funding and bought Atari's Consumer Division (which included the console and home computer departments) in July.

As more execs and researchers left Commodore after the announcement to join up with Tramiel's new company Atari Corp., Commodore followed by filing lawsuits against four former engineers for theft of trade secrets in late July. This was intended, in effect, to bar Tramiel from releasing his new computer.

One of Tramiel's first acts after forming Atari Corp. was to fire most of Atari's remaining staff, and to cancel almost all ongoing projects, in order to review their continued viability. In late July/early August, Tramiel representatives discovered the original Amiga contract from the previous fall. Seeing a chance to gain some leverage, Tramiel immediately used the contract to counter-sue Commodore through its new subsidiary, Amiga, on August 13.

Amiga 500 (1987)

The Amiga crew, still suffering serious financial problems, had sought more monetary support from investors that entire spring. At around the same time that Tramiel was in negotiations with Atari, Amiga entered into discussions with Commodore. The discussions ultimately led to Commodore's intentions to purchase Amiga outright, which would (from Commodore's viewpoint) cancel any outstanding contracts – including Atari Inc.'s. This "interpretation" is what Tramiel used to counter-sue, and sought damages and an injunction to bar Amiga (and effectively Commodore) from producing any resembling technology. This was an attempt to render Commodore's new acquisition (and the source for its next generation of computers) useless. The resulting court case lasted for several years, with both companies releasing their respective products. In the end, the Amiga computer outlasted the Atari.[32]

Throughout the life of the ST and Amiga platforms, a ferocious Atari-Commodore rivalry raged. While this rivalry was in many ways a holdover from the days when the Commodore 64 had first challenged the Atari 800 (among others) in a series of scathing television commercials, the events leading to the launch of the ST and Amiga only served to further alienate fans of each computer, who fought vitriolic holy wars on the question of which platform was superior. This was reflected in sales numbers for the two platforms until the release of the Amiga 500 in 1987, which led the Amiga sales to exceed the ST by about 1.5 to 1,[citation needed] despite reaching the market later. However, the battle was in vain, as neither platform captured a significant share of the world computer market and only the Apple Macintosh would survive the industry-wide shift to Microsoft Windows running on PC clones.

Demise

Adam Osborne stated in April 1981 that "the microcomputer industry abounds with horror stories describing the way Commodore treats its dealers and its customers."[33] Many in the industry believed rumors in late 1983 that Commodore would discontinue the 64 despite its great success because they disliked the company's business practices, including poor treatment of dealers and introducing new computers incompatible with existing ones. One dealer said "It's too unsettling to be one of their dealers and not know where you stand with them."[34] After Tramiel's departure, another journalist wrote that he "had never been able to establish very good relations with computer dealers ... computer retailers have accused Commodore of treating them as harshly as if they were suppliers or competitors, and as a result, many have become disenchanted with Commodore and dropped the product line".[19] However, upon the 1987 introduction of the Amiga 2000, Commodore retreated from its earlier strategy of selling its computers to discount outlets and toy stores, and now favored authorized dealers.[35][36][37] Software developers also disliked the company, with one stating that "Dealing with Commodore was like dealing with Attila the Hun."[38] At the 1987 Comdex, an informal InfoWorld survey found that none of the developers present planned to write for Commodore platforms.[39] Although Comdex was oriented toward business computing, not Commodore's traditional consumer market, such a response did not bode well for Commodore's efforts to establish the Amiga as a business platform.

Commodore faced the problem, when marketing the Amiga, of still being seen as the company that made cheap computers like the 64 and VIC.[40][41] By the late 1980s, the personal computer market had become dominated by the IBM PC and Apple Macintosh platforms and Commodore's marketing efforts for the Amiga were less successful in breaking the new computer into this now-established market than its promotions for the 8-bit line had been in making Commodore the home computer leader. The company put effort into developing and promoting consumer products that would not be in demand for years, such as an Amiga 500-based HTPC called CDTV. As early as 1986, the mainstream press was predicting Commodore's demise,[42] and in 1990 Computer Gaming World wrote of its "abysmal record of customer and technical support in the past".[43] Nevertheless, as profits and the stock price began to slide, The Philadelphia Inquirer's Top 100 Businesses annual continued to list several Commodore executives among the highest-paid in the region and the paper documented the company's questionable hiring practices and large bonuses paid to executives amid shareholder discontent.[44][45]

Commodore PC20 (1992)

Commodore failed to update the Amiga to keep pace as the PC platform advanced.[46] CBM continued selling the Amiga 2000 with 7.14 MHz 68000 CPUs, even though the Amiga 3000 with its 25 MHz 68030 was on the market. Apple by this time was using the 68040 and had relegated the 68000 to its lowest end model, the black and white Macintosh Classic. The 68000 was used in the Sega Genesis, one of the leading game consoles of the era,[47] PCs fitted with high-color VGA graphics cards and SoundBlaster (or compatible) sound cards had finally caught up with the Amiga's performance[48][49] and Commodore began to fade from the consumer market.[50] Although the Amiga was originally conceived as a gaming machine, Commodore had always emphasized the Amiga's potential for professional applications.[51][52] But the Amiga's high-performance sound and graphics were irrelevant for most of the day's MS-DOS-based routine business word-processing and data-processing requirements, and the machine could not successfully compete with PCs in a business market that was rapidly undergoing commoditization. Commodore introduced a range of PC compatible systems designed by its German division, and while the Commodore name was better known in the US than some of its competition, the systems' price and specs were only average.[53]

In 1992, the A600 replaced the A500. It removed the numeric keypad, Zorro expansion slot, and other functionality, but added IDE, PCMCIA and a theoretically cost-reduced design. Designed as the Amiga 300, a nonexpandable model to sell for less than the Amiga 500, the 600 was forced to become a replacement for the 500 due to the unexpected higher cost of manufacture. Productivity developers increasingly moved to PC and Macintosh, while the console wars took over the gaming market. David Pleasance, managing director of Commodore UK,[54] described the A600 as a 'complete and utter screw-up'.[55]

In 1992, Commodore released the Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000 computers, which featured an improved graphics chipset, the AGA. The advent of PC games using 3D graphics such as Doom and Wolfenstein 3D spelled the end of Amiga as a gaming platform, due to mismanagement.[56][57]

Amiga CD32 (1993)

In 1993, the 'make or break' system, according to Pleasance,[58] was a 32-bit CD-ROM-based game console called the Amiga CD32, but it was not sufficiently profitable to put Commodore back in the black. This was not a universal opinion at Commodore with Hardware expert Rainer Benda who worked for Commodore Germany in Frankfurt stating 'The CD32 was a year late for Commodore. In other words, here, too, it might have been better to focus on the core business than jump on a console and hope to sell 300,000 or more units in a short period of time to avoid bankruptcy.[59]

In 1992, all UK servicing and warranty repairs were outsourced to Wang Laboratories,[citation needed] which was replaced by ICL after failing to meet repair demand during the Christmas rush in 1992.[60] By 1994, only the operations in Germany and the United Kingdom were still profitable. Commodore declared bankruptcy on April 29, 1994, and ceased to exist,[61] causing the board of directors to "authorize the transfer of its assets to trustees for the benefit of its creditors", according to an official statement.[62]

The company's computer systems, especially the C64 and Amiga series, retains a cult following decades after its demise.[63][64]

Post-Commodore International Ltd.

Following its liquidation, Commodore's former assets went their separate ways, with none of the descendant companies repeating Commodore's early success. Both Commodore and Amiga product lines were produced in the 21st century, but separately with Amiga, Inc. being its own company and Commodore computers briefly being produced by Commodore USA, an unrelated Florida-based company that licensed the brand name. Other companies develop operating systems and manufacture computers for both Commodore and Amiga brands as well as software.

"Commodore's high point was the Amiga 1000 (1985). The Amiga was so far ahead of its time that almost nobody--including Commodore's marketing department--could fully articulate what it was all about. Today, it's obvious the Amiga was the first multimedia computer, but in those days it was derided as a game machine because few people grasped the importance of advanced graphics, sound, and video. Nine years later, vendors are still struggling to make systems that work like 1985 Amigas."

—Byte Magazine, August 1994

Commodore UK and Commodore BV (Netherlands) were the subsidiaries that survived the bankruptcy but failed to placed a bid to buy out the rest of the operation, or at least the former parent company. Due to press exposure at the time Commodore UK was considered the front runner in the bid. Commodore UK and Commodore BV (Netherlands)[65] stayed in business by selling old inventory and making computer speakers and some other types of computer peripherals. However, Commodore UK withdrew its bid at the start of the auction process after several larger companies, including Gateway Computers and Dell Inc., became interested, primarily for Commodore's 47 patents relating to the Amiga. The only companies who entered bids were Dell and Escom.[66] the successful bidder was German PC conglomerate Escom, and Commodore UK went into liquidation on August 30, 1995.

In 1995 Escom paid US$14 million for the assets of Commodore International.[67] It separated the Commodore and Amiga operations into separate divisions and quickly started using the Commodore brand name on a line of PCs sold in Europe. However, it soon started losing money due to over-expansion, went bankrupt on July 15, 1996, and was liquidated.

Commodore 64 Web-it PC

In September 1997, the Commodore brand name was acquired by Dutch computer maker Tulip Computers.

In July 2004, Tulip announced a new series of products using the Commodore name: fPET, a flash memory-based USB Flash drive; mPET, a flash-based MP3 Player and digital recorder; eVIC, a 20 GB music player. Also, it licensed the Commodore trademark and Chicken Lips logo to the producers of the C64 DTV, a single-chip implementation of the Commodore 64 computer with 30 built-in games.

In late 2004, Tulip sold the Commodore trademarks to Yeahronimo Media Ventures for €22 million.[68] The sale was completed in March 2005 after months of negotiations. Yeahronimo Media Ventures soon renamed itself to Commodore International Corporation and started an operation intended to relaunch the Commodore brand. The company launched its Gravel line of products: personal multimedia players equipped with Wi-Fi, with the hope the Commodore brand would help them take off. The Gravel was never a success and was discontinued. On June 24, 2009, CIC renamed itself to Reunite Investments.[69] CIC's founder, Ben van Wijhe, bought a Hong Kong-based company called Asiarim.[70] The brand is now owned by C= Holdings (formerly Commodore International B.V.):[71][72] Reunite became the sole owner of it in 2010, after buying the remaining shares from the bankrupt Nedfield,[73] then sold it to Commodore Licensing BV, a subsidiary of Asiarim, later in 2010.[72] It was sold again on November 7, 2011: this transaction became the basis of a legal dispute between Asiarim (which, even after that date, made commercial use of the Commodore trademark, among others by advertising for sale Commodore-branded computers, and dealing licensing agreements for the trademarks) and the new owners, that was resolved by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on December 16, 2013 in favour of the new owners.[71]

Commodore 64 at its 25th anniversary event at The Computer History Museum

The Commodore Semiconductor Group (formerly MOS Technology, Inc.) was bought by its former management and in 1995, resumed operations [citation needed] under the name GMT Microelectronics, utilizing a troubled facility in Norristown, Pennsylvania that Commodore had closed in 1992. By 1999 it had $21 million in revenues and 183 employees. However, in 2001 the United States Environmental Protection Agency shut the plant down. GMT ceased operations and was liquidated.

Ownership of the remaining assets of Commodore International, including the copyrights and patents, and the Amiga trademarks, passed from Escom to U.S. PC clone maker Gateway 2000 in 1997, who retained the patents and sold the copyrights and trademarks, together with a license to use the patents, to Amiga, Inc., a Washington company founded, among others, by former Gateway subcontractors Bill McEwen and Fleecy Moss in 2000. On March 15, 2004, Amiga, Inc. announced that on April 23, 2003 it had transferred its rights over past and future versions of the Amiga OS (but not yet over other intellectual property) to Itec, LLC, later acquired by KMOS, Inc., a Delaware company. Shortly afterwards, on the basis of some loans and security agreements between Amiga, Inc. and Itec, LLC, the remaining intellectual property assets were also transferred from Amiga, Inc. to KMOS, Inc. On March 16, 2005, KMOS, Inc. announced that it had completed all registrations with the State of Delaware to change its corporate name to Amiga, Inc. The Commodore/Amiga copyrights were later sold to Cloanto.[74] AmigaOS (as well as spin-offs MorphOS and AROS) is still maintained and updated. Several companies produce related hardware and software today.

Commodore's former US headquarters in West Chester, Pennsylvania, is currently the headquarters to QVC.

In February 2017 an exhibition room for about 200 Commodore products was opened in Braunschweig, commemorating the European production site of Commodore which had up to 2000 employees.[75]

Product line

This product line consists of original Commodore products.

Calculators

Commodore PR-100 programmable calculator

774D, 776M, 796M, 9R23, C108, C110, F4146R, F4902, MM3, Minuteman 6, P50, PR100, SR1800, SR4120D, SR4120R, SR4148D, SR4148R, SR4190R, SR4212, SR4912, SR4921RPN, SR5120D, SR5120R, SR5148D, SR5148R, SR5190R, SR59, SR7919, SR7949, SR9150R, SR9190R, US*3, US*8 and The Specialist series: M55 (The Mathematician), N60 (The Navigator), S61 (The Statistician).[76]

Computers

(listed chronologically)

Games consoles

Monitors

1000, 1024, 1070, 1080, 1081, 1083S, 1084, 1084S, 1084ST, 1085S, 1201, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1407, 1428, 1428x, 1432D, 1432V, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1900M/DM602, 1901/75BM13/M1, 1902, 1902A, 1930, 1930-II, 1930-III, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1936ALR, 1940, 1942, 1950, 1960, 1962, 2002, A2024, 2080, 76M13, CM-141, DM-14, DM602[77][78][79]

Printers

VIC 1520 plotter

A somewhat rare and niche piece of equipment, it used the ALPS mechanicals, and four color rotary pen setup that scrolled a 4 1/4" roll paper. The ALPS mechanism was shared with a number of other 8 bit computers of the era, including Tandy, Atari and Apple among others.

Software

Commodore's own software had a poor reputation; InfoWorld in 1984, for example, stated that "so far, the normal standard for Commodore software is mediocrity".[80] Third parties developed the vast majority of software for Commodore computers.

References

  1. ^ "The Commodore 64, that '80s computer icon, lives again". Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  2. ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
  3. ^ "COMMODORE CORP reports earnings for Qtr to Dec 31". The New York Times. February 15, 1984.
  4. ^ Bagnall, Brian (2006). On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore, Variant Press. Page xiii. ISBN 0-9738649-0-7
  5. ^ Bagnall, Brian (2006). On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore, Variant Press. Page 532. ISBN 0-9738649-0-7
  6. ^ "Might's Greater Toronto city directory, 1966". Internet Archive. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  7. ^ "Calculator maker integrates downwards". New Scientist. Vol. 71, no. 1017. September 9, 1976. p. 541. ISSN 0262-4079. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015.
  8. ^ "Computer aus Zonenrandgebiet:: Commodore bald aus Braunschweig". computerwoche.de. Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  9. ^ Hogan, Thom (August 31, 1981). "From Zero to a Billion in Five Years". InfoWorld. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
  10. ^ a b Hogan, Thom (September 14, 1981). "State of Microcomputing / Some Horses Running Neck and Neck". pp. 10–12. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  11. ^ Dickerman, Harold (August 1982). "The Commodore 8032 Business System". BYTE. p. 366. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  12. ^ West, Raeto Collin (1982). "Introduction and Overview". Programming the PET/CBM. Greensboro, North Carolina: Compute! Books. p. 1. ISBN 0-942386-04-3.
  13. ^ Bagnall, Brian (2006). On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore, Variant Press. Page 221. ISBN 0-9738649-0-7
  14. ^ "RUN Magazine Issue 30 June 1986". Archived from the original on March 11, 2016.
  15. ^ "Computer Commercial: Are You Keeping Up With Your Commodore (1983)(Commodore)(AU).mp4". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  16. ^ Plus4world.com: Bil Herd: About the Commodore 16 prototype. Retrieved August 13, 2017
  17. ^ Mitchell, Peter W. (September 6, 1983). "A summer-CES report". Boston Phoenix. p. 4. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
  18. ^ a b Mace, Scott (February 27, 1984). "Can Atari Bounce Back?". InfoWorld. p. 100. Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  19. ^ a b Leeman, Sheldon (May 1984). "The Future of Commodore?". Ahoy!. p. 44. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  20. ^ Perry, Tekla S.; Wallich, Paul (March 1985). "Design case history: the Commodore 64" (PDF). IEEE Spectrum. 22 (3): 48–58. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1985.6370590. ISSN 0018-9235. S2CID 11900865. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
  21. ^ Kleinfield, N. R. (December 22, 1984). "Trading Up in Computer Gifts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  22. ^ Garamszeghy, Mikos (1987). "Commodore in Europe: An International Comparison of Price and Availability" (PDF). The Transactor. 7 (6). Transactor Publishing: 21–23. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  23. ^ "News BRK" (PDF). The Transactor. 5 (2). Transactor Publishing: 6–14. 1984. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  24. ^ "News and New Products" (PDF). The Transactor. 4 (2). Canadian Micro Distributors: 4–9. 1983. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  25. ^ Anderson, John J. (March 1984). "Commodore". Creative Computing. p. 56. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  26. ^ Maher, Jimmy (July 28, 2013). "A Computer for Every Home?". The Digital Antiquarian. Archived from the original on July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  27. ^ Herzog, Marty (January 1988). "Neil Harris". Comics Interview. No. 54. Fictioneer Books. pp. 41–51.
  28. ^ (1985). Jack Tramiel Interview on YouTube
  29. ^ David Needle. "Special Report" p.90 Personal Computing, (August 1985)
  30. ^ "TOP SECRET: Confidential Atari-Amiga Agreement". Atari Historical Society. November 1981. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2006.
  31. ^ ""Confidential Atari-Amiga Agreement" and "Afterthoughts: The Atari 1600XL Rumor"". Archives.atarimuseum.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
  32. ^ Jay Miner
  33. ^ Osborne, Adam (April 13, 1981). "The Portable Osborne". InfoWorld. pp. 42–43. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  34. ^ Wierzbicki, Barbara (December 5, 1983). "Longevity of Commodore 64, VIC 20 questioned". InfoWorld. p. 24. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  35. ^ "Commodore's Back On Line, And Amiga's The Reason". Archived from the original on January 12, 2015.
  36. ^ "The Great Amiga Reboot". Archived from the original on January 12, 2015.
  37. ^ "1987 Commodore ad in InfoWorld targeted at dealers". October 26, 1987. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015.
  38. ^ Chin, Kathy (January 28, 1985). "Atari Promises Software For ST". InfoWorld. IDG. p. 17. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  39. ^ "OS/2's Arrival Marks the Dawn of a New Era". November 9, 1987. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015.
  40. ^ Dvorak, John C. (September 1985). "Image". Ahoy!. p. 5. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  41. ^ "Amiga: 25 Years Later". Archived from the original on January 1, 2015.
  42. ^ "Adios, Amiga?". Time. February 24, 1986. Archived from the original on December 4, 2011.
  43. ^ "The Maturation of Computer Entertainment: Warming The Global Village". Computer Gaming World. July 8, 1990. p. 11. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  44. ^ "Pay Went Up As Profits Plunged Proxy Reveals Big Salaries At Commodore". Archived from the original on January 12, 2015.
  45. ^ "Executive Benefits Questioned Commodore Hurting, But Officials Aren't". Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Ali's minimum $2 million annual combined salary and bonus will certainly earn him a place among the most richly rewarded technology company executives in the country.
  46. ^ "The Amiga Story: Conceived at Atari, Born at Commodore". Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Commodore began to falter in the early 90s as Windows PCs became more advanced. The multimedia features that wowed audiences in 1985 were commonplace in even inexpensive computers of the early 90s.
  47. ^ "What's hot: Amiga or Sega?". Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Still, Amiga owners could take consolation in the fact that their system played the best games around. But that's no longer the case. New videogame systems, NEC TurboGrafix, and SNK's NeoGeo--have surpassed the Amiga as a game machine. Another up-and-comer, the Nintendo SFX (known in Japan as the SuperFamicom), will blow it away. Meanwhile, after seven years the Amiga still has the same palette, the same eight sprites, and the same four audio voices.
  48. ^ "Taking the PC Plunge!". Archived from the original on December 28, 2014.
  49. ^ "A history of the Amiga Part 8: The demo scene". Archived from the original on July 4, 2017.
  50. ^ "MULTIMEDIA AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS, 1997-2002:PERSPECTIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS".
  51. ^ "Looks great, Manny, but will it sell?". August 5, 1985. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015.
  52. ^ "PERIPHERALS; COMMODORE INTRODUCES NEW AMIGA". Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. ...as a new, untested machine from a company that has previously sold its products in toy stores, Amiga faces a tough challenge in cracking the conservative business market. Commodore officials vow that Amiga is the flagship of an armada of business products that will transform the company into a major international force in technology.
  53. ^ "RUN Magazine issue 42". Archived from the original on April 3, 2016.
  54. ^ "A Multimedia Gem Commodore Is Dead. Long Live The Amiga. Suddenly, It's A Hot Item". Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. David Pleasance, joint managing director of Commodore's United Kingdom subsidiary...
  55. ^ Tim Smith and Chris Lloyd (1994), "Chewing the Facts", 'Amiga Format' Annual 1994, 106-111, 107.
  56. ^ Maher, Jimmy (April 13, 2012). The Future Was Here: The Commodore Amiga. ISBN 9780262300742. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015.
  57. ^ "Natami Project Home Page". Archived from the original on January 18, 2015.
  58. ^ "Amiga Shopper Feb 1995". Archived from the original on April 1, 2016.
  59. ^ "Forum / Interview / Rainer Benda". www.amigagadget.de. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
  60. ^ CTW August 16, 1993
  61. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  62. ^ "Commodore Sinks". GamePro. No. 60. IDG. July 1994. p. 168.
  63. ^ "Kidnapper's retro computer offers scant clues". Archived from the original on April 16, 2017. The beige-coloured machine was popular in the 1980s but is now considered an antique, though some electronic dance acts still use it and it has a cult following among some fans of retro computers.
  64. ^ "Ced Kurtz's Techman Texts: Andy's Amiga a cult computer favorite". Archived from the original on October 18, 2014.
  65. ^ Reimer, Jeremy (November 13, 2017). "A history of the Amiga, part 11: Between an Escom and a Gateway". Ars Technica. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
  66. ^ Reimer, Jeremy (November 13, 2017). "A history of the Amiga, part 11: Between an Escom and a Gateway". Ars Technica. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
  67. ^ "Commodore Auction Report". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  68. ^ "Tulip offloads Commodore brand". Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  69. ^ "Commodore International Corporation Changed Its Company Name to Reunite Investments, Inc". Reuters. June 24, 2009. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
  70. ^ "EDGAR Filing Documents for 0001457860-09-000002". Sec.gov. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  71. ^ a b C=Holdings BV v. Asiarim Corp. (United States District Court, Southern District of New York December 16, 2013), Text.
  72. ^ a b Faillissements verslag Commodore Licensing B.V. Archived January 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  73. ^ Nedfield Persbericht Archived February 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets, February 9, 2010
  74. ^ "Cloanto confirms transfers of Commodore/Amiga copyrights". amiga-news.de. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
  75. ^ Braunschweiger Zeitung: Erinnerung an einen Konzern mit Weltruf, February 17, 2017
  76. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  77. ^ "Commodore monitors". Gona.mactar.hu. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  78. ^ "Computer Monitor". C64-Wiki. February 20, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  79. ^ http://www.bigbookofamigahardware.com/bboah/CategoryList.aspx?id=26
  80. ^ Mace, Scott (April 9, 1984). "Atarisoft vs. Commodore". InfoWorld. p. 50. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Commodore International.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commodore_International&oldid=1024260351"