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== Investigation ==
== Investigation ==
The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) investigation discovered that the autopilot had been inadvertently switched from altitude hold to [[autopilot#Control Wheel Steering|control wheel steering]] (CWS) mode in pitch.<ref name="AAR-73-14 Final report" />{{rp|23}} In this mode, once the pilot releases pressure on the [[yoke (aircraft)|yoke]] (control column or wheel), the autopilot maintains the pitch attitude selected by the pilot until he moves the yoke again. Investigators believe the autopilot switched modes when the captain accidentally leaned against the yoke while turning to speak to the flight engineer, who was sitting behind and to the right of him. The slight forward pressure on the stick would have caused the aircraft to enter a slow descent, maintained by the CWS system.<ref name="Macarthur 1994" />{{rp|110}}
The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) investigation discovered that the autopilot had been inadvertently switched from altitude hold to [[autopilot#Control Wheel Steering|control wheel steering]] (CWS) mode in pitch.<ref name="AAR-73-14 Final report" />{{rp|23}} In this mode, once the pilot releases pressure on the [[yoke (aircraft)|yoke]] (control column or wheel), the autopilot maintains the pitch attitude of the aircraft until the yoke is again moved. Investigators believe the autopilot switched modes when the captain accidentally leaned against the yoke while turning to speak to the flight engineer, who was sitting behind and to the right of him. The slight forward pressure on the stick would have caused the aircraft to enter a slow descent, maintained by the CWS system.<ref name="Macarthur 1994" />{{rp|110}}


Investigation into the aircraft's autopilot showed that the force required to switch to CWS mode was different between the A and B channels ({{convert|15|and|20|lbf|N|round=5|abbr=on|disp=or}}, respectively). Thus, the switching to CWS in channel A possibly did not occur in channel B, thus depriving the first officer of any indication the mode had changed (channel A provides the captain's instruments with data, while channel B provides the first officer's).<ref name="AAR-73-14 Final report" />{{rp|13}}
Investigation into the aircraft's autopilot showed that the force required to switch to CWS mode was different between the A and B channels ({{convert|15|and|20|lbf|N|round=5|abbr=on|disp=or}}, respectively). Thus, the switching to CWS in channel A possibly did not occur in channel B, thus depriving the first officer of any indication the mode had changed (channel A provides the captain's instruments with data, while channel B provides the first officer's).<ref name="AAR-73-14 Final report" />{{rp|13}}

Revision as of 00:54, 5 June 2022

Eastern Air Lines Flight 401
N310EA, the aircraft involved in the accident
Accident
DateDecember 29, 1972 (1972-12-29)
SummaryControlled flight into terrain due to pilot error and loss of situational awareness
SiteFlorida Everglades
near Miami International Airport
Miami-Dade County, Florida, U.S.
25°51′53″N 80°35′43″W / 25.86472°N 80.59528°W / 25.86472; -80.59528
Aircraft
Aircraft typeLockheed L-1011-385-1 TriStar
OperatorEastern Air Lines
RegistrationN310EA
Flight originJohn F. Kennedy Int'l Airport
DestinationMiami International Airport
Occupants176
Passengers163
Crew13
Fatalities101
Injuries75
Survivors75

Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 was a scheduled flight from New York JFK to Miami. Shortly before midnight on December 29, 1972, the Lockheed L-1011-1 TriStar crashed into the Florida Everglades,[1][2][3] causing 101 fatalities. All three cockpit crew members, two of the 10 flight attendants, and 96 of the 163 passengers were killed; there were 75 survivors.

The crash occurred while the entire cockpit crew was preoccupied with a burnt-out landing gear indicator light. They failed to notice that the autopilot had inadvertently been disconnected, and as a result, the aircraft gradually lost altitude and crashed. This was the first fatal crash of a wide-body aircraft.[4] It was also the first hull loss and first fatal crash of a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar.[4]

Aircraft

Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 was a regularly scheduled flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens, New York, to Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida. On the day of the crash, Flight 401 was operated using a Lockheed L-1011-1 TriStar (registration N310EA), which had been delivered to the airline on August 18, 1972.[5]: 30 [6]: 99  The aircraft was fleet number 310, and the 10th TriStar delivered to the carrier.[6]

Flight crew

The flight was under the command of Captain Robert Albin (Bob) Loft, age 55, a veteran pilot ranked 50th in seniority at Eastern. Captain Loft had been with the airline for 32 years and had accumulated a total of 29,700 flight hours throughout his flying career. He had logged 280 hours in the L-1011. His flight crew included First Officer Albert John (Bert) Stockstill, 39, who had 5,800 hours of flying experience (with 306 of them in the L-1011), and Flight Engineer Donald Louis (Don) Repo, 51, who had 15,700 hours of flying experience, with 53 of them in the L-1011.[5]: 27–29 

A company employee—technical officer Angelo Donadeo, 47, returning to Miami from an assignment in New York—accompanied the flight crew for the journey, but was officially an off-duty, "nonrevenue passenger".[5]: 6 [6]: 98 

Flight and crash

The aircraft flightpath summary,
as shown in the NTSB report

Flight 401 departed JFK Airport in New York on Friday, December 29, 1972, at 21:20 EST, with 163 passengers and 13 crew members on board.[5]: 3 

The flight was routine until 23:32, when the plane began its approach into Miami International Airport. After lowering the gear, First Officer Stockstill noticed that the landing gear indicator, a green light identifying that the nose gear is properly locked in the "down" position, had not illuminated.[5]: 3  This was later discovered to be due to a burned-out light bulb.[5]: 9  The landing gear could have been manually lowered, nonetheless.[6]: 101  The pilots cycled the landing gear, but still failed to get the confirmation light.[5]: 3 

Loft, who was working the radio during this leg of the flight, told the tower that they would discontinue their approach to their airport and requested to enter a holding pattern. The approach controller cleared the flight to climb to 2,000 ft (610 m), and then hold west over the Everglades.[5]: 3 

The cockpit crew removed the light assembly,[6]: 102  and Second Officer Repo was dispatched to the avionics bay beneath the flight deck to check via a small porthole whether the landing gear was indeed down.[5]: 4  Fifty seconds after reaching their assigned altitude, Captain Loft instructed First Officer Stockstill to put the L-1011 on autopilot.[5]: 4  For the next 80 seconds, the plane maintained level flight. Then, it dropped 100 ft (30 m), and then again flew level for two more minutes, after which it began a descent so gradual it could not be perceived by the crew.[5]: 4  In the next 70 seconds, the plane lost only 250 ft (76 m), but this was enough to trigger the altitude warning C-chord chime located under the engineer's workstation.[5]: 4  The engineer (Repo) had gone below, and no indication was heard of the pilots' voices recorded on the CVR that they heard the chime. In another 50 seconds, the plane was at half its assigned altitude.[5]: 5 

As Stockstill started another turn, onto 180°, he noticed the discrepancy. The following conversation was recovered from the flight voice recorder later:

Stockstill: We did something to the altitude.
Loft: What?
Stockstill: We're still at 2,000 feet, right?
Loft: Hey—what's happening here?[5]: 5 

Less than 10 seconds after this exchange, the jetliner crashed:

Cockpit area microphone (CAM): [Sound of click]
CAM: [Sound of six beeps similar to radio altimeter increasing in rate]
CAM: [Sound of initial impact][5]: 5 

The location was west-northwest of Miami, 18.7 mi (30.1 km) from the end of runway 9L.[5]: 5  The plane was traveling at 227 miles per hour (197 kn; 365 km/h) when it hit the ground. With the aircraft in mid-turn, the left wingtip hit the surface first, then the left engine and the left landing gear,[5]: 8  making three trails through the sawgrass, each 5 ft (1.5 m) wide and over 100 ft (30 m) long. When the main part of the fuselage hit the ground, it continued to move through the grass and water, breaking up as it went.

Crash sequence

The TriStar's port outer wing structure struck the ground first, followed by the No. 1 engine and the port main undercarriage. The disintegration of the aircraft that followed scattered wreckage over an area 1,600 ft (500 m) long and 330 ft (100 m) wide in a southwesterly direction. Only small fragments of metal marked the wingtip's first contact, followed 49 ft (15 m) further on by three massive 115 ft (35 m) swaths cut through the mud and sawgrass by the aircraft's extended undercarriage before two of the legs were sheared off. Then came scattered parts from the No. 1 (port) engine, and fragments from the port wing itself and the port tailplane. About 490 feet (150 m) from the wingtip's initial contact with the ground, the massive fuselage had begun to break up, scattering components from the underfloor galley, the cargo compartments, and the cabin interior. At 820 ft (250 m) along the wreckage trail, the outer section of the starboard wing tore off, gouging a 59-foot-long (18 m) crater in the soft ground as it did so. From this point on, the breakup of the fuselage became more extensive, scattering metal fragments, cabin fittings, and passenger seats widely.

The three major sections of the fuselage—the most intact of which was the tail assembly—lay in the mud towards the end of the wreckage trail. The fact that the tail assembly—rear fuselage, No. 2 tail-mounted engine, and remains of the empennage—finally came to rest substantially further forward than other major sections, was probably the result of the No. 2 engine continuing to deliver thrust during the actual breakup of the aircraft. No complete cross-section of the passenger cabin remained, and both the port wing and tailplane were demolished to fragments. Incongruously, not far from the roofless fuselage center section with the inner portion of the starboard wing still attached, lay a large, undamaged and fully inflated rubber dinghy, one of a number carried on the TriStar in the event of an emergency water landing. The breakup of the fuselage had freed it from its stowage and activated its inflation mechanism.[6]: 107–109 

Rescue and aftermath

Robert "Bud" Marquis (1929–2008),[7] an airboat pilot, was out frog gigging with Ray Dickinsin (1929–1988) when they witnessed the crash. They rushed to rescue survivors. Marquis received burns to his face, arms, and legs—a result of spilled jet fuel from the crashed TriStar—but continued shuttling people in and out of the crash site that night and the next day. For his efforts, he received the Humanitarian Award from the National Air Disaster Alliance/Foundation and the "Alumitech – Airboat Hero Award", from the American Airboat Search and Rescue Association.[8]

In all, 75 survived the crash—67 of the 163 passengers and eight of the 10 flight attendants.[4] Despite their own injuries, the surviving flight attendants were credited with helping other survivors and several quick-thinking actions such as warning survivors of the danger of striking matches due to jet fuel in the swamp water[9] and singing Christmas carols to keep up hope and draw the rescue teams' attention, as flashlights were not part of the standard equipment on commercial airliners at the time. Of the cockpit crew, only flight engineer Repo survived the initial crash, along with technical officer Donadeo, who was down in the nose electronics bay with Repo at the moment of impact.[6]: 102, 108  Stockstill was killed on impact, while Captain Loft died in the wreckage of the flight deck before he could be transported to a hospital. Repo was evacuated to a hospital, but later died from his injuries.[6]: 107–108  Donadeo, the lone survivor of the four flight-deck occupants, recovered from his injuries. Frank Borman, a former NASA astronaut and Eastern's senior vice president of operations, was awoken at home by a phone call explaining of a probable crash. He immediately drove to Eastern's Miami offices and decided to charter a helicopter to the crash site, as the swampy terrain made rescue difficult, and Eastern Airlines had not heard any news of progress in rescue efforts. There he was able to land in a swampy patch of grass and coordinate rescue efforts. He accompanied 3 survivors on the helicopter to the hospital including a flight attendant and passenger who lost her baby in the crash.[10]

Most of the dead were passengers in the aircraft's midsection.[11] The swamp absorbed much of the energy of the crash, lessening the impact on the aircraft. The mud of the Everglades may have blocked wounds sustained by survivors, preventing them from bleeding to death. However, it also complicated the survivors' recuperation, as organisms in the swamp caused infection, with the potential for gas gangrene. Eight passengers became infected; doctors used hyperbaric chambers to treat the infections.[9] All the survivors were injured; 60 received serious injuries and 17 suffered minor injuries that did not require hospitalization.[6]: 108  The most common injuries were fractures of ribs, spines, pelvises, and lower extremities. Fourteen survivors had various degrees of burns.[5]: 6 [a]

Investigation

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation discovered that the autopilot had been inadvertently switched from altitude hold to control wheel steering (CWS) mode in pitch.[5]: 23  In this mode, once the pilot releases pressure on the yoke (control column or wheel), the autopilot maintains the pitch attitude of the aircraft until the yoke is again moved. Investigators believe the autopilot switched modes when the captain accidentally leaned against the yoke while turning to speak to the flight engineer, who was sitting behind and to the right of him. The slight forward pressure on the stick would have caused the aircraft to enter a slow descent, maintained by the CWS system.[6]: 110 

Investigation into the aircraft's autopilot showed that the force required to switch to CWS mode was different between the A and B channels (15 and 20 lbf or 65 and 90 N, respectively). Thus, the switching to CWS in channel A possibly did not occur in channel B, thus depriving the first officer of any indication the mode had changed (channel A provides the captain's instruments with data, while channel B provides the first officer's).[5]: 13 

After the aircraft had descended 250 feet (76 m) from the selected altitude of 2,000 feet (610 m), a C-chord sounded from the rear speaker.[5]: 4  This altitude alert, designed to warn the pilots of an inadvertent deviation from the selected altitude, went unnoticed by the crew.[5]: 23  Investigators believe this was due to the crew being distracted by the nose gear light, and because the flight engineer was not in his seat when it sounded, so would not have been able to hear it.[6]: 110  Visually, since it was nighttime and the aircraft was flying over the darkened terrain of the Everglades, no ground lights or other visual signs indicated the TriStar was slowly descending.

Captain Loft was found during the autopsy to have an undetected brain tumor, in an area that controls vision.[5]: 6, 16 [9] However, the NTSB concluded that the captain's tumor did not contribute to the accident.[5]: 22 [6]: 109 

Cause

The final NTSB report cited the cause of the crash as pilot error, specifically: "the failure of the flight crew to monitor the flight instruments during the final four minutes of flight, and to detect an unexpected descent soon enough to prevent impact with the ground. Preoccupation with a malfunction of the nose landing gear position indicating system distracted the crew's attention from the instruments and allowed the descent to go unnoticed."[5]: 23–24 

In response to this and other accidents in the 1970s, many airlines started crew resource management training for their pilots.[12][13] The training is designed to make problem solving in a cockpit much more efficient, thus causing less distraction for the crew. Flashlights are now standard equipment near jumpseats, and all jumpseats are outfitted with shoulder harnesses.[14]

Reported ghost sightings

Over the following months and years, stories began circulating that employees of Eastern Air Lines, and numerous passengers, had reported sightings of the dead crew members, captain Robert Loft and second officer (flight engineer) Donald Repo, sitting on board other L-1011s (including, in particular, N318EA).[15][16][17]

These stories speculated that parts of the crashed aircraft were salvaged after the investigation and refitted into other L-1011s.[15][18] The reported hauntings were said to be seen only on the planes that used the spare parts.[15][16] Gossip regarding the sighting of the spirits of Don Repo and Bob Loft spread throughout Eastern Air Lines to the point where Eastern's management warned employees that they could face dismissal if caught spreading ghost stories.[16]

While Eastern Air Lines publicly denied their planes were haunted, they reportedly removed all the salvaged parts from their L-1011 fleet.[17] Over time, the reporting of ghost sightings stopped. An original floor board from Flight 401 remains in the archives at History Miami in South Florida.[19] Pieces of Flight 401's wreckage can also be found in Ed and Lorraine Warren's Occult Museum in Monroe, Connecticut.[20]

The story of the crash and its aftermath were documented in John G. Fuller's 1976 book The Ghost of Flight 401. Fuller recounts stories of paranormal events aboard other Eastern aircraft and the belief that these were caused by equipment salvaged from the wreckage of Flight 401.[21] A television film, also titled The Ghost of Flight 401, aired on NBC in February 1978. Based on Fuller's book, it focused on the ghost sightings surrounding the aftermath. On his 1979 album Three Hearts, musician Bob Welch also recorded a song titled "The Ghost of Flight 401".

Eastern Air Lines CEO (and former Apollo astronaut) Frank Borman called the ghost stories surrounding the crash "garbage".[22] Eastern considered suing for libel, based on assertions of a cover-up by Eastern executives, but Borman opted not to, feeling a lawsuit would merely provide more publicity for the book.[22] Loft's widow and children did sue Fuller, for infringement of Loft's right of publicity, for invasion of privacy, and for intentional infliction of emotional distress, but the lawsuit was dismissed and the dismissal upheld by the Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal.[23]

According to Robert J. Serling's 1980 book From the Captain to the Colonel: An Informal History of Eastern Airlines, the claim that wreckage from Flight 401 was installed and later removed from other Eastern aircraft was false, and no Eastern employees had ever claimed to have seen or believed in the alleged ghost sightings. Skeptic Brian Dunning claims that the origin for the ghost sightings was a joke made by an Eastern Air Lines captain after an emergency landing in which he quipped that he "thought [Don] Repo's ghost was on the plane."[22][24]

The crash was documented in Rob and Sarah Elder's 1977 book Crash.[25] A television film of the same name was aired in October 1978. Based on the book, it dramatized the crash, rescue efforts, and NTSB investigation. Eddie Albert starred as "Dunn", a fictionalized version of Captain Robert Loft.

The television film The Ghost of Flight 401, which aired on NBC in February 1978, offers a fictionalized depiction of the crash and alleged ghost sightings.

The flight is referenced as part of the Bob Welch song "The Ghost of Flight 401" on his 1979 album Three Hearts.

The accident and the subsequent ghost story were mentioned by Dan Aykroyd during his appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on June 6, 1984.

The crash was featured in season five of the Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series Mayday, in a 2009 episode called "Fatal Distraction".[9]

Flight 401 was referenced in season one of Supernatural, episode four: "Phantom Traveler", which aired on October 4, 2005.

A similar situation appeared in the Thai film Dark Flight, directed by Kongkiat Khomsiri, produced in 2012.

It was also featured in Smithsonian Television's Air Disasters season 14, episode 9, "Deadly Disturbance", which aired March 21, 2020.

Footage of the incident appeared in the film Days of Fury (1979), directed by Fred Warshofsky and hosted by Vincent Price.[26]

An episode explaining the events was released by Bizzare Podcast (May 2020, The Ghosts of Flight 401, Haunted Airlines).[27]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The NTSB classified the injuries of one nonrevenue passenger and one other passenger as nonfatal, as their deaths occurred more than seven days after the accident. The death toll per the final accident report was 99.

References

  1. ^ "Airliner carrying 167 crashes in Everglades". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). wire service reports. December 30, 1972. p. 1A.
  2. ^ "Giant jetliner goes down in 'gator infested swamp". The Bulletin. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. December 30, 1972. p. 1.
  3. ^ "Jet's fall cushioned by swamp". Reading Eagle. (Pennsylvania). Associated Press. December 31, 1972. p. 1.
  4. ^ a b c Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Eastern Airlines, Inc. L-1011, N310EA, Miami, Florida, December 29, 1972" (PDF). Aircraft Accident Report. National Transportation Safety Board. June 14, 1973. NTSB/AAR-73/14. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Job, Macarthur (1994). "Chapter 12: Hey - what's happening here?". Air Disaster Volume 1. Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd. pp. 98–111. ISBN 1-875671-11-0.
  7. ^ "Robert "Bud" Marquis's Obituary on San Francisco Chronicle". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  8. ^ "Crash Survivors Honor Everglades Hero". PRWeb. December 7, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d "Fatal Distraction". Mayday. Season 5. 2007. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel.
  10. ^ "Borman Praises Survivors' Calm". Fort Lauderdale News. December 31, 1972. p. 18. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
  11. ^ Yanez, Luisa (October 12, 2012). "PART TWO: THE CRASH "It felt like a wild rollercoaster ride..." The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  12. ^ "Lessons Learned". lessonslearned.faa.gov. Federal Aviation Administration.
  13. ^ "A Lesson on the Importance of Crew Resource Management". AirlineGeeks.com. January 8, 2017.
  14. ^ "Lessons Learnt from the Crash of Eastern 401". Retrieved December 31, 2013.
  15. ^ a b c Jenkins, Greg. (2005) Florida's Ghostly Legends and Haunted Folklore, Vol 1 pp 35-40 Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, Inc.
  16. ^ a b c Floyd, E. Randall. (2002) In the Realm of Ghosts and Hauntings pp 64-67 Boyne City, Michigan: Harbor House
  17. ^ a b Hauck, Dennis William. (2002) Haunted Places" London: Penguin
  18. ^ Floyd, E. Randall. (2002) In the Realm of Ghosts and Hauntings pp 64-70 Boyne City, Michigan: Harbor House
  19. ^ "Lotto Scam, Somali Pirates, Haunted Plane". Mysteries at the Museum. October 4, 2010. Travel Channel.
  20. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ "The Ghost of Flight 401". Goodreads. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  22. ^ a b c Serling, Robert J. (1980). From the Captain to the Colonel: An Informal History of Eastern Airlines. Doubleday. pp. 490–491. ISBN 0-385-27047-X. OCLC 5447734.
  23. ^ Loft v. Fuller, 408 So. 2nd 619 (Fla. App. December 16, 1981).
  24. ^ Dunning, Brian (March 21, 2017). "Grounding the Ghost of Flight 401". Skeptoid Podcast (Podcast). Skeptoid Media. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  25. ^ Elder, Rob; Elder, Sarah (1977). Crash. Atheneum, New York. ISBN 0-689-10758-7.
  26. ^ "Watch Days of Fury (1979) on the Internet Archive". 1979.
  27. ^ "The Ghosts of Flight 401, Haunted Airlines (May 2020) on Spotify". Spotify.
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