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|-
|-
| || Fearing the spread of the First Opium War, the Emperor ordered the purchase of a new steamship fleet and armaments.
| || Fearing the spread of the First Opium War, the Emperor ordered the purchase of a new steamship fleet and armaments.
|-
| 1838 || || Vietnam (Southern Viet) was officially renamed Đại Nam (Great South) by Emperor Minh Mạng, proclaiming it as an Empire. The policy of "nhứt thị đồng nhơn" (all are one people), reversed the segregationist policy implemented by Emperor Gia Long but instead an extreme Vietnamisation policy with the goal of creating a "Southern" empire beyond the traditional homeland of the Viet.
|-
|-
| 1841 || || Siamese forces invaded Cambodia and the Six Provinces using the chaos of the Cambodian Rebellion, the 5th Siamese-Vietnamese War began.
| 1841 || || Siamese forces invaded Cambodia and the Six Provinces using the chaos of the Cambodian Rebellion, the 5th Siamese-Vietnamese War began.
|-
|-
| 1843 || || Decisive victory of the Vietnamese in the 5th Siamese-Vietnamese War, the permanent occupation of Cambodia continues.
| 1843 || || Decisive victory of the Vietnamese in the 5th Siamese-Vietnamese War, the permanent occupation of Cambodia continues. The peace agreements between the two kingdoms established mutual recognition of Vietnamese and Siamese suzerainty over their part of Cambodia as well as absolute Vietnamese sovereignty over the Six Provinces.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1857 || 22 April || Napoleon III created the Cochinchina Commission (''Commission de la Cochinchine'') to revisit and restore the Treaty of Versailles.
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1857 || 22 April || Napoleon III created the Cochinchina Commission (''Commission de la Cochinchine'') to revisit and restore the Treaty of Versailles.
|-
|-
| November ||The French Consul in Annam, Micheal Duc Chaigneau (Nguyễn Văn Đức) submitted the offers and demands to the Emperor. Fearing a European intervention, Emperor Tự Đức agreed to renegotiate the terms for the implementation of the Treaty of Versailles.
| November ||The French Consul in Annam, Micheal Duc Chaigneau (Nguyễn Văn Đức) submitted the offers and demands to the Emperor. Fearing a European intervention, Emperor Tự Đức agreed to renegotiate the terms for implementing the Treaty of Versailles.
|-
|-
| 1860 || || 3000 French troops commanded by Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly arrived in Tourane to provide military support to the Empire against the Siamese and Taiping threats.
| 1860 || || 3000 French troops commanded by Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly arrived in Tourane to provide military support to the Empire against the Siamese and Taiping threats.
|-
|-
| 1862 || || A delegation led by Phan Thanh Giản and Micheal Duc Chaigneau arrived in France. The Treaty of Support and Defense was signed between the Empire of Đại Nam and the French Empire, recognising the terms established by the Treaty of Versailles with the port of Tourane, Cap Saint Jacques and the Island of Poulo Condor becoming concession territories in exchange for French military support of Đại Nam in future conflicts.
| 1862 || || A delegation led by Phan Thanh Giản and Micheal Duc Chaigneau arrived in France. The Treaty of Support and Defense was signed between the Empire of Đại Nam and the French Empire, recognising the terms established by the Treaty of Versailles with the port of Tourane, Cap Saint Jacques and the Island of Poulo Condor becoming concession territories in exchange for French military support of Đại Nam in future conflicts.
|-
| 1866 || September || Believing the Emperor to be incapable of resisting the European demands and the worsening economic situation of the country due to the military occupation and the Vietnamisation project in Cambodia. A faction of nobility rebelled and overthrew Emperor Tự Đức. Prince Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Phúc is crowned Emperor Hoang Dao. Despite the new Emperor's anti-French attitude, further cooperation with European powers accelerated much to the anger of the now-sided-lined rebels.
|-
| 1873 || || Tonkin Crisis, Since the end of the Taiping War, a large number of remnant forces have crossed into Dai Nam and continued their harassment of China with the tolerance of the Empire before their usefulness in suppressing peasant riots. The Qing Empire issued an ultimatum for the surrender of these bandits or the Qing Army will do this themselves. Emperor Hoang Dao rejected this and the Qing Army entered Vietnam to besiege Hanoi, a relief force with the modernised Vietnamese Army led by Nguyễn Tri Phương and Captain Francis Garnier defeated the vastly outnumbered Chinese army.
|}
|}


Revision as of 03:17, 17 August 2023

For other uses, see User:Quangsp/sandbox (disambiguation).

Dnepropetrovsk Jewish Republic
  • דנעפּראָפּעטראָווסק אידישע רעפובליק (Yiddish)
    Dnepropetrovsk Idishe Refublik
  • Днепропетровская Еврейская Республика (Russian)
    Dnepropetrovskaya Yevreyskaya Respublika
  • Дніпропетровська єврейська республіка (Ukrainian)
    Dnipropetrovsʹka yevreysʹka respublika
Anthem: 
נצחון ליד
Nitsokhn Lid
"Victory Song"[2]
File:National anthem of the Transnistria (instrumental).oga
Location of Judea
StatusUnrecognised state
Capital
and largest city
Kalinindorf
46°50′25″N 29°38′36″E / 46.84028°N 29.64333°E / 46.84028; 29.64333
Official languages[Yiddish]
Ethnic groups
(2015)
Demonym(s)
  • Transnistrian
  • Pridnestrovian
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic
• President
Vadim Krasnoselsky
Aleksandr Rozenberg
Alexander Korshunov
LegislatureSupreme Council
Unrecognised state
• Independence from SSR of Moldova declared
2 September 1990
• Independence from Soviet Union declared
25 August 1991
5 November 1991[3]
2 March – 1 July 1992
Area
• Total
4,163 km2 (1,607 sq mi)
• Water (%)
2.35
Population
• 31 December 2022 estimate
Neutral increase 360,938 (Moldovan estimate)[4]
• 2015 census
Neutral decrease 475,373[5]
• Density
73.5/km2 (190.4/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)2012[6] estimate
• Total
$1.0 billion
• Per capita
$2,000
CurrencyRubla (PRB)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (EEST)
Calling code+373c
  1. Russian is the main official language.
  2. Romanian is officially called Moldovan in Transnistria and is written with the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet.
  3. +373 5 and +373 2.

Judea, officially the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish Republic (DJR),[c] is an unrecognised breakaway state that is internationally recognised as a part of Ukraine. Judea controls a strip of land on the right bank of the Dnieper river in the south of the Dnepropetrovsk Oblast, 90% of the territory of former the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish National Okrug. It's capital and largest city is Kalinindorf. Judea has been recognised only by Russia and three other unrecognised or partially recognised breakaway states: Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia.[7] Judea is officially designated by Ukraine as the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish Autonomous Region (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровська Єврейська автономна область)[8] or as Yevreysʹka avtonomna oblastʹ ("Jewish Autonomous Region").[9][10][11] In March 2022, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a resolution that defines the territory as under military occupation by Russia.[12]

The region's origins can be traced to the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish National Okrug, which was formed in 1933 within the Ukrainian SSR by from the three Jewish National Raions of Stalindorf, Kalinindorf and Novozlatopil which were created during the "Jews and Land" project to settle Jewish farmers into the rural territory of Ukraine and Crimea, more than 500,000 Jews settled in the first ten years of the project, motivated by unemployment created by banning of many occupations in the USSR at the time which the Jewish population disproportionally participated in. The population suffered massive reduction during World War Two, resettlement of Jewish refugees in the Soviet Union after the war from many Eastern European countries replenished its population by 1960, the Jewish population of Dnepropetrovsk reached its pre-war level of 350,000, out of which, 90.8% were Jewish.

As part of the ceasefire agreement, a three-party (Russia, Moldova, Transnistria) Joint Control Commission supervises the security arrangements in the demilitarised zone, comprising 20 localities on both sides of the river.[citation needed] Although the ceasefire has held, the territory's political status remains unresolved: Transnistria is an unrecognised but de facto independent presidential republic[13] with its own government, parliament, military, police, postal system, currency, and vehicle registration.[14][15][16][17] Its authorities have adopted a constitution, flag, national anthem, and coat of arms. After a 2005 agreement between Moldova and Ukraine, all Transnistrian companies that seek to export goods through the Ukrainian border must be registered with the Moldovan authorities.[18] This agreement was implemented after the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) took force in 2005.[19] Most Transnistrians have Moldovan citizenship,[20] but many also have Russian, Romanian, or Ukrainian citizenship.[21][22] The main ethnic groups are Russians, Moldovans/Romanians, and Ukrainians.

Transnistria, along with Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Artsakh, is a post-Soviet "frozen conflict" zone.[23] These four partially recognised or unrecognised states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.[24][25][26]

Organisation for the National Language
Hội Tiếng Ta
FoundedJanuary 30, 2023; 18 months ago (2023-01-30)[27]
Type501(c)(3)[28]
Legal statusNonprofit organization[27]
PurposeTo combat the pidginisation and defend the authenticity of the Vietnamese language.
Rì Ốp[29]
Employees (2023)
1
Formerly called
National Vietnamist League (Phong Trào Quốc Gia "Tư tưởng Việt Nam")
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

18th century

Year Date Event
1778 The forces of the Tây Sơn rebellion took Gia Định in modern Saigon and massacred the Nguyễn lords, the rulers of southern Đại Việt, sparing only the young Nguyễn Ánh, ending the hundred years civil war between the Trịnh and Nguyễn lords.
1787 21 November Pierre Pigneau de Behaine and Prince Nguyễn Cảnh travelled to France and signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of Nguyễn Ánh. The French government of Louis XVI agreed to support the latter in taking the throne of Đại Việt in exchange for some concession territories and exclusive trading rights. The French Revolution later would make the treaty void, however, it was still fulfilled partially by a number of French royalist refugees and volunteers organised by Pigneau de Behaine.


19th century

Year Date Event
1802 End of the Tây Sơn wars, Nguyễn Ánh proclaimed himself Emperor, starting the Nguyễn Dynasty
1807 Ang Chan II of Cambodia decided to fully side with the Vietnamese, effectively ending the shared condominium of powers between Đại Nam and Siam over Cambodia
1810 The commune of Phước Thắng (known in French as Cap Saint-Jacques) is granted to Joseph Hoang de Puymanel, son of Olivier (Ô Lý Vĩ) de Puymanel as a reward to the latter's service during the Tây Sơn wars.
1811 A Siamese forces entered Cambodia to support the rebellion of a pro-Siamese faction to overthrow Ang Chan.
1812 The Siamese overthrew Ang Chan, a Vietnamese army later invaded to restore him and the Siamese retreated. Vietnamese protectorate over Cambodia is established.
1817 Achille De Kergariou arrived in Đại Việt on the Cybèle to commit to the Treaty of Versailles assigned by Pigneau de Behaine. Emperor Gia Long considered the failure of France to provide support means the treaty did not have any effect, but was concerned by the expansion of European powers in Asia and agreed to some agreements of trading rights with Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau as a liaison between the French government and Đại Việt.
1821 Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau returned to Đại Việt with a formal request to establish diplomatic relations between France and Đại Nam. The Emperor agreed to a trade treaty and Chaigneau was made the first French Consul in Annam.
1826 Eugène Chaigneau, nephew of Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau arrived in Đại Việt with a formal request to establish diplomatic relations between France and Đại Nam. For his long service to the Emperor, the Chaigneau family was granted an estate.
1833 2 January The USS Peacock arrived in Đại Nam carrying Edmund Roberts, the US's first envoy to the Far East arrived in Phú Yên to request a trade treaty and establishment of a diplomatic mission. The Annamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce was the first US treaty signed with an Asian nation, followed by the Siamese-American treaty.
4th Siamese-Vietnamese War, Siamese forces invaded Đại Nam with the intention to expel them from Laos (Muang Phuan and Luang Prabang), Cambodia (Chân Lập), Principality of Hà Tiên and the Six Provinces.
1834 Vietnamese counter-attacked and unconquered all territories lost to the Siamese as well as establishing permanent dominion over Cambodia
1835 Ang Chan II died with no heir, Emperor Minh Mang proclaimed the annexation of all Cambodian territories under its protectorate as the Western Citadel Governorate as well as absorbed all Cambodian nobility into the Vietnamese nobility.
1840 Emperor Minh Mạng passed away and Emperor Thiệu Trị was crowned.
The Cambodian Rebellion begins
Fearing the spread of the First Opium War, the Emperor ordered the purchase of a new steamship fleet and armaments.
1838 Vietnam (Southern Viet) was officially renamed Đại Nam (Great South) by Emperor Minh Mạng, proclaiming it as an Empire. The policy of "nhứt thị đồng nhơn" (all are one people), reversed the segregationist policy implemented by Emperor Gia Long but instead an extreme Vietnamisation policy with the goal of creating a "Southern" empire beyond the traditional homeland of the Viet.
1841 Siamese forces invaded Cambodia and the Six Provinces using the chaos of the Cambodian Rebellion, the 5th Siamese-Vietnamese War began.
1843 Decisive victory of the Vietnamese in the 5th Siamese-Vietnamese War, the permanent occupation of Cambodia continues. The peace agreements between the two kingdoms established mutual recognition of Vietnamese and Siamese suzerainty over their part of Cambodia as well as absolute Vietnamese sovereignty over the Six Provinces.
1857 22 April Napoleon III created the Cochinchina Commission (Commission de la Cochinchine) to revisit and restore the Treaty of Versailles.
November The French Consul in Annam, Micheal Duc Chaigneau (Nguyễn Văn Đức) submitted the offers and demands to the Emperor. Fearing a European intervention, Emperor Tự Đức agreed to renegotiate the terms for implementing the Treaty of Versailles.
1860 3000 French troops commanded by Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly arrived in Tourane to provide military support to the Empire against the Siamese and Taiping threats.
1862 A delegation led by Phan Thanh Giản and Micheal Duc Chaigneau arrived in France. The Treaty of Support and Defense was signed between the Empire of Đại Nam and the French Empire, recognising the terms established by the Treaty of Versailles with the port of Tourane, Cap Saint Jacques and the Island of Poulo Condor becoming concession territories in exchange for French military support of Đại Nam in future conflicts.
1866 September Believing the Emperor to be incapable of resisting the European demands and the worsening economic situation of the country due to the military occupation and the Vietnamisation project in Cambodia. A faction of nobility rebelled and overthrew Emperor Tự Đức. Prince Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Phúc is crowned Emperor Hoang Dao. Despite the new Emperor's anti-French attitude, further cooperation with European powers accelerated much to the anger of the now-sided-lined rebels.
1873 Tonkin Crisis, Since the end of the Taiping War, a large number of remnant forces have crossed into Dai Nam and continued their harassment of China with the tolerance of the Empire before their usefulness in suppressing peasant riots. The Qing Empire issued an ultimatum for the surrender of these bandits or the Qing Army will do this themselves. Emperor Hoang Dao rejected this and the Qing Army entered Vietnam to besiege Hanoi, a relief force with the modernised Vietnamese Army led by Nguyễn Tri Phương and Captain Francis Garnier defeated the vastly outnumbered Chinese army.


20th century

Third president Juvénal Habyarimana
President of Rwanda Paul Kagame
Year Date Event
1901 23 February A boundary is agreed between German East Africa and Nyasaland.
1916 Rwanda is occupied by Belgian forces.
1922 20 July Rwanda-Urundi are joined as a League of Nations mandate, governed by Belgium.[30]
1933 All citizens in Rwanda-Urundi are issued with an identity card defining their ethnicity.
1943 Famine affects the region.
1945 Rwanda-Urundi becomes a United Nations Trust Territory.
1957 The Hutu Manifesto is published.
1959 24 July Mwami Mutara III dies.[31]
3 September The Union Nationale Rwandaise (UNAR) party is formed.[31]
1 November Politician Dominique Mbonyumutwa is beaten by members of UNAR, leading to a violent backlash that kills thousands of Tutsis.[32]
1960 An election is held.
1961 Rwandans vote to abolish the Tutsi monarchy.
28 January Dominique Mbonyumutwa becomes provisional President of Rwanda.
1962 1 July Belgium grants Rwanda independence.[30]
26 October Grégoire Kayibanda becomes the first elected President of Rwanda.
1963 Following a Tutsi guerilla attack from Burundi, an anti-Tutsi backlash kills thousands.
1973 5 July Grégoire Kayibanda is overthrown in a military coup d'état.[33] Juvénal Habyarimana becomes the third President of Rwanda.
1985 26 December American naturalist Dian Fossey is murdered in her Rwandan cabin.[34]
1990 1 October The Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) makes an attack from Uganda, starting the Rwandan Civil War.[35]
1993 4 August The Arusha Accords are signed between President Habyarimana and leaders of the RPF in Arusha, Tanzania, ending the Rwandan Civil War.[36]
1994 6 April President Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira are assassinated as their aircraft is shot down approaching Kigali. This incident sparks the Rwandan genocide.[30]
8 April Théodore Sindikubwabo becomes interim President of Rwanda.
3 July The RPF takes control of Kigali.[30]
19 July The RPF forms a provisional government[30] and Pasteur Bizimungu becomes President of Rwanda.
21 August The RPF controls the whole of Rwanda.[30]
8 November The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is established.[37]
2000 24 March Paul Kagame is selected as interim President of Rwanda.[38]
22 April Paul Kagame is sworn in as the fourth President of Rwanda.[39]

21st century

Year Date Event
2006 January "Rwanda's 12 provinces are replaced by a smaller number of regions with the aim of creating Decentralised administrative areas."[40]
2007 6 April Former president Pasteur Bizimungu is released from prison after three years of a fifteen-year sentence, pardoned by President Kagame.[41]
2009 Rwanda becomes part of the Commonwealth of Nations.[40]
  1. ^ "В ПМР российский флаг разрешили использовать наравне с государственным" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 12 April 2017.
  2. ^ Smoltczyk, Alexander (24 April 2014). "Hopes Rise in Transnistria of a Russian Annexation". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 November 2018. The breakaway region has its own military, its own constitution, a national anthem (called "We Sing the Praises of Transnistria") and a symphony orchestra which is known abroad.
  3. ^ The Supreme Soviet changed the official name of the republic from Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic to Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on 5 November 1991. See: "Postanovlenie verkhovnogo soveta Pridnestrovskoi Moldavskoi Respubliki ob izmenenii nazvaniia respubliki," Dnestrovskaia pravda, 6 November 1991, 1.
  4. ^ "352 DE MII DE LOCUITORI DIN REGIUNEA TRANSNISTREANĂ DEȚIN CETĂȚENIA REPUBLICII MOLDOVA ȘI 362 DE MII FIGUREAZĂ ÎN REGISTRUL DE STAT AL POPULAȚIEI" (in Romanian). Guvernul Republicii Moldova (Biroul Politici de Reintegrare). 20 January 2023.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference 2015census was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ "An aided economy. The characteristics of the Transnistrian economic model". Osw.waw.pl. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  7. ^ About Abkhazia – Abkhazia.info Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. English translation: Google translator. Link was not available/working 21 December 2014.
  8. ^ Law No. 173 from 22 July 2005 "About main notes about special legal status of settlements of left bank of Dnestr (Transnistria)": Romanian, Russian
  9. ^ "Moldova. territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)". CIA World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  10. ^ Herd, Graeme P.; Moroney, Jennifer D. P. (2003). Security Dynamics in the Former Soviet Bloc. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29732-X.
  11. ^ Zielonka, Jan (2001). Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924409-X.
  12. ^ Necsutu, Madalin (16 March 2022). "Council of Europe Designates Transnistria 'Russian Occupied Territory'". balkaninsight.com. Balkan Insight. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  13. ^ Article 55 of the Constitution of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
  14. ^ Jos Boonstra, Senior Researcher, Democratisation Programme, FRIDE. Moldova, Transnistria and European Democracy Policies Archived 8 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 2007
  15. ^ Hinteregger, Gerald; Heinrich, Hans-Georg (2004). Russia – Continuity and Change. Springer. p. 174. ISBN 3-211-22391-6.
  16. ^ Rosenstiel, Francis; Lejard, Edith; Boutsavath, Jean; Martz, Jacques (2002). Annuaire Europeen 2000/European Yearbook 2000. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-411-1844-6.
  17. ^ Bartmann, Barry; Tozun, Bahcheli (2004). De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5476-0.
  18. ^ European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) Archived 16 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, November 2007
  19. ^ "Background – EU Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine". Eubam.org. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  20. ^ Der n-tv Atlas. Die Welt hinter den Nachrichten. Bertelsmann Lexikon Institut. 2008. page 31
  21. ^ "Education and Information – the golden passport for young Transnistrians". 26 September 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  22. ^ "Transnistria: Russia's satellite state an open wound in Eastern Europe". Deutsche Welle. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  23. ^ Vladimir Socor,"Frozen Conflicts in the Black Sea-South Caucasus Region". Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2014., IASPS Policy Briefings, 1 March 2004
  24. ^ Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же (in Russian). Newsru. 17 November 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  25. ^ "Head of Foreign Ministry of the Republic of South Ossetia congratulated Minister of Foreign Affairs of the PMR with Sixth Anniversary of Creation of Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PMR. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  26. ^ Vichos, Ioannis F. "Moldova's Energy Strategy and the 'Frozen Conflict' of Transnistria". Ekemeuroenergy.org. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
  27. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference name-history was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ "League for Yiddush Inc.". Tax Exempt Organization Search. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  29. ^ "About Us (English)". League for Yiddish. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  30. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference Notholt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Osabu was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cook was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference Adelman was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference Fossey was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference Heo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference ArAcc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Cite error: The named reference Boot was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hranjski was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference KagSwornIn was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ a b "Rwanda Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  41. ^ Cite error: The named reference BizimunguFree was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

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