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===Mexico===
===Mexico===
In Mexico, recycled paper, rather than wood pulp, is the principal feedstock in papermills accounting for about 75% of raw materials.<ref>{{cite web|last=Business News Americas staff reporters|title=Paper, cardboard recycling industry ranked 4th in world, Mexico, Water & Waste, news|url=http://www.bnamericas.com/news/waterandwaste/Paper,_cardboard_recycling_industry_ranked_4th_in_world|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030073221/http://www.bnamericas.com/news/waterandwaste/Paper,_cardboard_recycling_industry_ranked_4th_in_world|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In Mexico, recycled paper, rather than wood pulp, is the principal feedstock in paper mills accounting for about 75% of raw materials.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paper, cardboard recycling industry ranked 4th in world, Mexico, Water & Waste, news|url=http://www.bnamericas.com/news/waterandwaste/Paper,_cardboard_recycling_industry_ranked_4th_in_world|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030073221/http://www.bnamericas.com/news/waterandwaste/Paper,_cardboard_recycling_industry_ranked_4th_in_world|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>


===South Africa===
===South Africa===

Revision as of 14:54, 26 August 2023

Waste paper collected for recycling in Italy
Recycling rates of paper and cardboard (2004)
Bin to collect paper for recycling in a German train station

The recycling of paper is the process by which waste paper is turned into new paper products. It has a number of important benefits: It saves waste paper from occupying homes of people and producing methane as it breaks down. Because paper fibre contains carbon (originally absorbed by the tree from which it was produced), recycling keeps the carbon locked up for longer and out of the atmosphere. Around two-thirds of all paper products in the US are now recovered and recycled, although it does not all become new paper. After repeated processing the fibres become too short for the production of new paper, which is why virgin fibre (from sustainably farmed trees) is frequently added to the pulp recipe.[1]

There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste.[2] Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled in a paper mill. Pre-consumer waste is a material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. Post-consumer waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, and newspapers.[2] Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper", often used to produce moulded pulp packaging. The industrial process of removing printing ink from paper fibres of recycled paper to make deinked pulp is called deinking, an invention of the German jurist Justus Claproth.[3]

Process

The process of waste paper recycling most often involves mixing used/old paper with water and chemicals to break it down. It is then chopped up and heated, which breaks it down further into strands of cellulose, a type of organic plant material; this resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry. It is strained through screens, which remove plastic (especially from plastic-coated paper) that may still be in the mixture. It is then cleaned, de-inked (ink is removed), bleached, and mixed with water. Then it can be made into new recycled paper.[4]

The share of ink in a wastepaper stock is up to about 2% of the total weight.[5]

Rationale for recycling

Industrialized paper making has an effect on the environment both upstream (where raw materials are acquired and processed) and downstream (waste-disposal impacts).[6]

Today[when?], 40% of paper pulp is created from wood (in most modern mills only 9–16% of pulp is made from pulp logs; the rest comes from waste wood that was traditionally burnt)[citation needed]. Paper production accounts for about 35% of felled trees.[7] Recycling one ton of newsprint saves about 1 ton of wood while recycling 1 ton of printing or copier paper saves slightly more than 2 tons of wood.[8] This is because kraft pulping requires twice as much wood since it removes lignin to produce higher quality fibres than mechanical pulping processes. Relating tons of paper recycled to the number of trees not cut is meaningless, since tree size varies tremendously and is the major factor in how much paper can be made from how many trees.[9] In addition, trees raised specifically for pulp production account for 16% of world pulp production, old growth forests 9% and second- and third- and more generation forests account for the balance.[7] Most pulp mill operators practice reforestation to ensure a continuing supply of trees.[citation needed] The Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certify paper made from trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.[10]

Energy

Energy consumption is reduced by recycling,[11] although there is debate concerning the actual energy savings realized. The Energy Information Administration claims a 40% reduction in energy when paper is recycled versus paper made with unrecycled pulp,[12] while the Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) claims a 64% reduction.[13] Some calculations show that recycling one ton of newspaper saves about 4,000 kWh (14 GJ) of electricity, although this may be too high (see comments below on unrecycled pulp). This is enough electricity to power a 3-bedroom European house for an entire year, or enough energy to heat and air-condition the average North American home for almost six months.[14] Recycling paper to make pulp actually consumes more fossil fuels than making new pulp via the kraft process; these mills generate most of their energy from burning waste wood (bark, roots, sawmill waste) and byproduct lignin (black liquor).[15] Pulp mills producing new mechanical pulp use large amounts of energy; a very rough estimate of the electrical energy needed is 10 gigajoules per tonne of pulp (2500 kW·h per short ton).[16]

Landfill use

About 35% of municipal solid waste (before recycling) in the United States by weight is paper and paper products. 42.4% of that is recycled.[17]

Water and air pollution

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found that recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper.[18] Pulp mills can be sources of both air and water pollution, especially if they are producing bleached pulp. Modern mills produce considerably less pollution than those of a few decades ago. Recycling paper provides an alternative fibre for papermaking. Recycled pulp can be bleached with the same chemicals used to bleach virgin pulp, but hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydrosulfite are the most common bleaching agents. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known as PCF (process chlorine free) if no chlorine-containing compounds were used in the recycling process.[19]

Greenhouse gas emissions

Studies on paper and cardboard production estimate the emissions of recycling paper to be 0.2 to 1.5 kg CO₂-equivalent/kg material.[20][21][22] This is about 70% of the CO₂ emissions connected with production of virgin material.[23]

Recycling statistics

In the mid-19th century, there was an increased demand for books and writing material. Up to that time, paper manufacturers had used discarded linen rags for paper, but supply could not keep up with the increased demand. Books were bought at auctions for the purpose of recycling fiber content into new paper, at least in the United Kingdom, by the beginning of the 19th century.[24]

Internationally, about half of all recovered paper comes from converting losses (pre-consumer recycling), such as shavings and unsold periodicals; approximately one third comes from household or post-consumer waste.[25]

Some statistics on paper consumption:

  • 1996: it was estimated that 95% of business information is still stored on paper.[26]
  • 2006: recycling 1 short ton (0.91 t) of paper saves 17 mature trees,[27] 7 thousand US gallons (26 m3) of water, 3 cubic yards (2.3 m3) of landfill space, 2 barrels of oil (84 US gal or 320 L), and 4,100 kilowatt-hours (15 GJ) of electricity – enough energy to power the average American home for six months.[28]
  • 1993: although paper is traditionally identified with reading and writing, communications has now been replaced by packaging as the single largest category of paper use at 41% of all paper used.[29]
  • no date: 115 billion sheets of paper are used annually for personal computers.[30] The average web user prints 16 pages daily.[31][citation needed]
  • 1997: on that year, 299,044 metric tons of paper was produced (including paperboard).[32]
  • 1999: on that year, in the United States, the average consumption of paper per person was approximately 354 kilograms. This would be the same consumption for 6 people in Asia or 30 people in Africa.[27]
  • 2006–2007: Australia 5.5 million tons of paper and cardboard was used with 2.5 million tons of this recycled.[33]
  • 2009: Newspaper manufactured in Australia has 40% recycled content.[34]

By region

European Union

Cardboard salvaging in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1975.

Paper recycling in Europe has a long history. The industry self-initiative European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC) was set up in 2000 to monitor progress towards meeting the paper recycling targets set out in the 2000 European Declaration on Paper Recycling. Since then, the commitments in the Declaration have been renewed every five years. In 2011, the ERPC committed itself to meeting and maintaining both a voluntary recycling rate target of 70% in the then E-27, plus Switzerland and Norway by 2015, as well as qualitative targets in areas such as waste prevention, ecodesign and research and development. In 2014, the paper recycling rate in Europe was 71.7%, as stated in the 2014 Monitoring Report.[35]

United States

Paper recycling in Atlanta, Georgia

Recycling has long been practiced in the United States. In 1690, nearly a century before the American Revolution, the first paper mill to use recycled linen rags was established by the Rittenhouse family.[36] In 1993, 300 years later, another milestone was reached when, for the first time, more paper was recycled than was landfilled.[37]

In 2018, paper and paperboard accounted for 67.39 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in the U.S.,[38] down from more than 87.74 million tons in 2000.[39] As of 2018, paper products are still the largest component of MSW generated in the United States, making up 23% by weight.[39] While paper is the most commonly recycled material (68.2 percent of paper waste was recovered in 2018, up from 33.5 percent in 1990)[38][40] it is being used less overall than at the turn of the century.[41] As of 2018, paper accounted for a third of all recyclables collected in the US, by weight.[39] The widespread adoption of the internet and email has led to a change in the composition of the waster paper stream, with junk mail becoming a larger part of the materials collected, as reading of newspapers and writing of personal letters declines.[41]

By 1998, some 9,000 curbside recycling programs and 12,000 recyclable drop-off centers existed nationwide. As of 1999, 480 materials recovery facilities had been established to process the collected materials.[42]

In 2008, the global financial crisis caused the price of old newspapers to drop in the U.S. from $130 to $40 per short ton ($140/t to $45/t) in October.[43]

India

Paper recycling in Varanasi

The foundation also makes eco-friendly Lord Ganesh idols from paper pulp which are worshiped in Indian homes every year during Ganesh Chaturthi. These paper recycling activities are carried out throughout the year by the volunteers of the foundation converting waste paper into "No Waste".[44][45]

In recent years,[when?] paper recycling has increased and Indian imports of waste paper have increased following stringent restrictions by China on waste imports. However, only 25–28% of local waste paper is recycled.[46]

Mexico

In Mexico, recycled paper, rather than wood pulp, is the principal feedstock in paper mills accounting for about 75% of raw materials.[47]

South Africa

In 2018, South Africa recovered 1.285 million tonnes of recyclable paper products, putting the country's paper recovery rate at 71.7%. More than 90% of this recovered paper is used for the local beneficiation of new paper packaging and tissue.[48]

Limitations and effects

Along with fibres, paper can contain a variety of inorganic and organic constituents, including up to 10,000 different chemicals, which can potentially contaminate the newly manufactured paper products.[49] As an example, bisphenol A (a chemical commonly found in thermal paper) has been verified as a contaminant in a variety of paper products resulting from paper recycling.[50] Groups of chemicals as phthalates, phenols, mineral oils, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and toxic metals have all been identified in paper material.[51] Although several measures might reduce the chemical load in paper recycling (e.g., improved decontamination, optimized collection of paper for recycling), even completely terminating the use of a particular chemical (phase-out) might still result in its circulation in the paper cycle for decades.[52]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Paper Recycling Facts, Figures and Information Sources". Small Business. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Debunking the Myths of Recycled Paper". Recycling Point Dot Com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  3. ^ Müller, Lothar (2014). White Magic: The Age of Paper. Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-7253-3.
  4. ^ "How is Paper Recycled" (PDF). TAPPI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  5. ^ R. McKinney: Technology of Paper Recycling, 1995, p. 351. ISBN 9780751400175
  6. ^ Hershkowitz, A. (2002). Bronx ecology. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 62
  7. ^ a b Martin, Sam (2004). "Paper Chase". Ecology Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  8. ^ "Environmental Paper Network" (PDF). Green Press Initiative. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  9. ^ Marcot, Bruce G. (1992). "How Many Recycled Newspapers Does It Take to Save A Tree?". The Ecology Plexus. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
  10. ^ "Certification Tracking products from the forest to the shelf!". Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  11. ^ "Case history: The truth about recycling". The Economist. 9 June 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  12. ^ "SavingEnergy Recycling Paper & Glass". Energy Information Administration. September 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  13. ^ "Information about Recycling". Bureau of International Recycling. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  14. ^ "Recycle – Save Energy". South Carolina Electric & Gas Company. 1991. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  15. ^ Jeffries, Tom (27 March 1997). "Kraft pulping: Energy consumption and production". University of Wisconsin Biotech Center. Archived from the original on 20 December 2006. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
  16. ^ Biermann, Christopher J. (1993). Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-097360-X.
  17. ^ "Executive Summary: Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2005 Facts and Figures" (PDF). US Environmental Protection Agency. 200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
  18. ^ "Recyc2007". Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  19. ^ MacFadden, Todd; Michael P. Vogel (June 1996). "Facts About Paper". Printers' National Environmental Assistance Center, Montana State University. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  20. ^ "Life cycle inventory data sets for material production of aluminum, glass, paper, plastic, and steel in North America" (PDF). February 2003. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  21. ^ "Klimaregnskap for avfallshåndtering" (PDF). 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  22. ^ "Resource savings and CO₂ reduction potentials in waste management in Europe and the possible contribution to the CO₂ reduction target in 2020". 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  23. ^ Hillman, Karl; Damgaard, Anders; Eriksson, Ola; Jonsson, Daniel; Fluck, Lena (2015). Climate Benefits of Material Recycling. doi:10.6027/TN2015-547. ISBN 9789289342179. S2CID 128434790. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  24. ^ Howsam, Leslie (1991). Cheap Bibles: Nineteenth Century Publishing and the British and Foreign Bible Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521522129.
  25. ^ "Recovered Paper". Bureau of International Recycling. Archived from the original on 6 April 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2007.
  26. ^ Source: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) Discussion Paper (IIED, London, September 1996)
  27. ^ a b "Paper Facts & Trivia". The Paper Project. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  28. ^ ""Wastes – Resource Conservation – Common Wastes & Materials – Paper Recycling". US EPA". Epa.gov. 28 June 2006. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  29. ^ North American Factbook PPI, 1995 (Figures are for 1993)
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  34. ^ "Paper and Cardboard Fact Sheet" (PDF). Clean Up Australia Ltd. September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  35. ^ Final Monitoring Report 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20160310193259/http://www.paperrecovery.org/uploads/Modules/Publications/Final_MonitoringReport2014.pdf
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  52. ^ Pivnenko, Kostyantyn; Laner, David; Astrup, Thomas F. (15 November 2016). "Material Cycles and Chemicals: Dynamic Material Flow Analysis of Contaminants in Paper Recycling". Environmental Science & Technology. 50 (22): 12302–12311. Bibcode:2016EnST...5012302P. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b01791. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 27572286.

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