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Coordinates: 31°06′36″N 8°26′24″W / 31.110°N 8.440°W / 31.110; -8.440
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==Earthquake==
==Earthquake==
[[File:M 6.8 - Morocco ShakeMap 8 Sept 2023.jpg|180px|thumb|right|A [[strong ground motion]] map (click to expand)]]
[[File:M 6.8 - Morocco ShakeMap 8 Sept 2023.jpg|180px|thumb|right|A [[strong ground motion]] map (click to expand)]]
The Marrakesh-Safi earthquake is the largest instrumentally recorded in Morocco's modern history,<ref name="ISC9">{{citation |title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1904–2018) |url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php |author=ISC |year=2022 |publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]] |series=Version 9.1 |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125091901/http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref> surpassed only by upper estimates of the [[1755 Meknes earthquake]], at {{M|w|link=y}} 6.5–7.0.<ref name="Poujol">{{cite journal |last1=Poujol |first1=A. |last2=Ritz |first2=J.-F. |last3=Vernant |first3=P. |last4=Huot |first4=S. |last5=Maate |first5=S. |last6=Tahayt |first6=A. |title=Which fault destroyed Fes city (Morocco) in 1755? A new insight from the Holocene deformations observed along the southern border of Gibraltar arc |journal=Tectonophysics |date=2017 |volume=712–713 |pages=303–311 |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.036|bibcode=2017Tectp.712..303P }}</ref> It occurred at {{cvt|26.3|km|mi}} depth, and had a magnitude of {{M|ww}}6.8, according to the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS),<ref name="USGSM6.8">{{cite web |author1=National Earthquake Information Center |title=M 6.8 - 51 km WSW of Oukaïmedene, Morocco |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000kufc/executive |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=8 September 2023 |date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908223113/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000kufc/executive |url-status=live }}</ref> while Morocco’s seismic agency reported a focal depth of {{cvt|8|km|mi}}<ref name="AP296" /> and a magnitude of 7.2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Morocco's powerful earthquake: What we know so far |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/9/moroccos-powerful-earthquake-what-we-know-so-far |publisher=Aljazeera |access-date=9 September 2023 |date=9 September 2023}}</ref> The [[Global Centroid Moment Tensor]] (GCMT) reported a magnitude of {{M|w}}6.9.<ref name="GCMT">{{citation |title=Global CMT Catalog Search |url=https://www.globalcmt.org/cgi-bin/globalcmt-cgi-bin/CMT5/form?itype=ymd&yr=2023&mo=9&day=8&oyr=2023&omo=9&oday=9&jyr=1976&jday=1&ojyr=1976&ojday=1&otype=nd&nday=1&lmw=6&umw=10&lms=0&ums=10&lmb=0&umb=10&llat=-90&ulat=90&llon=-180&ulon=180&lhd=0&uhd=1000&lts=-9999&uts=9999&lpe1=0&upe1=90&lpe2=0&upe2=90&list=0 |type=Data set |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Global Centroid Moment Tensor]]}}</ref> According to the [[European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre]], it was also felt in [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Mauritania]], [[Algeria]], [[Western Sahara]] and along the coast of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]].<ref name="elwatannews">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/6791746|title=مركز رصد الزلازل الأوروبي: 6 دول تأثرت من زلزال المغرب.. بينها دول عربية|date=September 8, 2023|website=El Watan News|access-date=9 September 2023|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909042101/https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/6791746|url-status=live}}</ref> The tremors were detected by monitoring stations as far away as Egypt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1234/508043/Egypt/Foreign-Affairs/Egypt-extends-condolences-to-Morocco-after-devasta.aspx|title=Egypt extends condolences to Morocco after devastating earthquake|work=Al-Ahram |date=2023-09-09|accessdate=2023-09-09}}</ref> Witnesses said the shaking lasted for about 20 seconds.<ref name="cnn"/> A magnitude 4.9 aftershock occurred 19 minutes after the [[mainshock]].<ref name="AP296" />
The Marrakesh-Safi earthquake is the largest instrumentally recorded in Morocco's modern history,<ref name="ISC9">{{citation |title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1904–2018) |url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php |author=ISC |year=2022 |publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]] |series=Version 9.1 |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125091901/http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref> surpassed only by upper estimates of the [[1755 Meknes earthquake]], at {{M|w|link=y}} 6.5–7.0.<ref name="Poujol">{{cite journal |last1=Poujol |first1=A. |last2=Ritz |first2=J.-F. |last3=Vernant |first3=P. |last4=Huot |first4=S. |last5=Maate |first5=S. |last6=Tahayt |first6=A. |title=Which fault destroyed Fes city (Morocco) in 1755? A new insight from the Holocene deformations observed along the southern border of Gibraltar arc |journal=Tectonophysics |date=2017 |volume=712–713 |pages=303–311 |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.036|bibcode=2017Tectp.712..303P }}</ref> It occurred at {{cvt|26.3|km|mi}} depth, and had a magnitude of {{M|ww}}6.8, according to the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS),<ref name="USGSM6.8">{{cite web |author1=National Earthquake Information Center |title=M 6.8 - 51 km WSW of Oukaïmedene, Morocco |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000kufc/executive |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=8 September 2023 |date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908223113/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000kufc/executive |url-status=live }}</ref> while Morocco's seismic agency reported a focal depth of {{cvt|8|km|mi}}<ref name="AP296" /> and a magnitude of 7.2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Morocco's powerful earthquake: What we know so far |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/9/moroccos-powerful-earthquake-what-we-know-so-far |publisher=Aljazeera |access-date=9 September 2023 |date=9 September 2023}}</ref> The [[Global Centroid Moment Tensor]] (GCMT) reported a magnitude of {{M|w}}6.9.<ref name="GCMT">{{citation |title=Global CMT Catalog Search |url=https://www.globalcmt.org/cgi-bin/globalcmt-cgi-bin/CMT5/form?itype=ymd&yr=2023&mo=9&day=8&oyr=2023&omo=9&oday=9&jyr=1976&jday=1&ojyr=1976&ojday=1&otype=nd&nday=1&lmw=6&umw=10&lms=0&ums=10&lmb=0&umb=10&llat=-90&ulat=90&llon=-180&ulon=180&lhd=0&uhd=1000&lts=-9999&uts=9999&lpe1=0&upe1=90&lpe2=0&upe2=90&list=0 |type=Data set |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Global Centroid Moment Tensor]]}}</ref> According to the [[European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre]], it was also felt in [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Mauritania]], [[Algeria]], [[Western Sahara]] and along the coast of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]].<ref name="elwatannews">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/6791746|title=مركز رصد الزلازل الأوروبي: 6 دول تأثرت من زلزال المغرب.. بينها دول عربية|date=September 8, 2023|website=El Watan News|access-date=9 September 2023|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909042101/https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/6791746|url-status=live}}</ref> The tremors were detected by monitoring stations as far away as Egypt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1234/508043/Egypt/Foreign-Affairs/Egypt-extends-condolences-to-Morocco-after-devasta.aspx|title=Egypt extends condolences to Morocco after devastating earthquake|work=Al-Ahram |date=2023-09-09|accessdate=2023-09-09}}</ref> Witnesses said the shaking lasted for about 20 seconds.<ref name="cnn"/> A magnitude 4.9 aftershock occurred 19 minutes after the [[mainshock]].<ref name="AP296" />


According to the USGS, the earthquake had a [[focal mechanism]] indicating oblique-[[thrust fault]]ing beneath the High Atlas. The rupture occurred on a steep-dipping oblique-reverse fault striking northwest or a shallow-dipping oblique-reverse fault striking east. It also estimated the fault rupture area to be {{cvt|30|km}} by {{cvt|20|km}}. Many east-west and northeast-southwest [[strike-slip]] and thrust faults occur in the High Atlas. Since 1900, there has not been a {{M|w}} 6.0 or larger earthquake within {{cvt|500|km}} of the recent earthquake's epicenter; but nine {{M|w}} 5.0 and larger events have occurred to its east.<ref name="USGSM6.8" />
According to the USGS, the earthquake had a [[focal mechanism]] indicating oblique-[[thrust fault]]ing beneath the High Atlas. The rupture occurred on a steep-dipping oblique-reverse fault striking northwest or a shallow-dipping oblique-reverse fault striking east. It also estimated the fault rupture area to be {{cvt|30|km}} by {{cvt|20|km}}. Many east-west and northeast-southwest [[strike-slip]] and thrust faults occur in the High Atlas. Since 1900, there has not been a {{M|w}} 6.0 or larger earthquake within {{cvt|500|km}} of the recent earthquake's epicenter; but nine {{M|w}} 5.0 and larger events have occurred to its east.<ref name="USGSM6.8" />

Revision as of 20:35, 9 September 2023

2023 Marrakesh-Safi earthquake
Tizi N'Test after the earthquake
2023 Al Haouz earthquake is located in Morocco
2023 Al Haouz earthquake
UTC time2023-09-08 22:11:01
ISC event626740945
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date8 September 2023 (2023-09-08)
Local time23:11
Magnitude6.8 Mww, 6.9 Mw
Depth26.3 km (16.3 mi)
Epicenter31°06′36″N 8°26′24″W / 31.110°N 8.440°W / 31.110; -8.440
TypeOblique-thrust
Areas affectedMorocco
Max. intensityMMI VIII (Severe)
Casualties1,305+ killed, 1,832+ injured

On 8 September 2023 at 23:11 DST (22:11 UTC), a moment magnitude 6.8–6.9 earthquake struck the Marrakesh-Safi region of Morocco. The earthquake's epicenter was located 71.8 km (44.6 mi) southwest of Marrakesh, near the town of Ighil in the Atlas Mountains.[1] It occurred as a result of shallow oblique-thrust faulting beneath the mountain range. At least 1,305 deaths were reported, with most occurring outside Marrakesh. Damage was widespread, including historic landmarks in Marrakesh. The earthquake was also felt in Spain, Portugal, and Algeria.[2][3]

Tectonic setting

Morocco lies close to the boundary between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate, the Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault.[4] This zone of right-lateral strike-slip becomes transpressional at its eastern end, with the development of large thrust faults. To the east of the Strait of Gibraltar, in the Alboran Sea, the boundary becomes collisional in type. Most of the seismicity in Morocco is related to movement on that plate boundary, with the greatest seismic hazard in the north of the country close to the boundary.[5] In 2004, Al Hoceima was struck by a magnitude 6.3 earthquake that killed 628 people and left 926 injured. A magnitude 7.3 earthquake affecting neighboring Algeria in 1980 killed 2,500 people.[6]

The Atlas Mountains are an intracontinental mountain belt that extends 2,000 km (1,200 mi) from Morocco to Tunisia. These mountains formed from a collision during the Cenozoic. The mountain range reaches its highest elevation to the west, in Morocco.[7] Seismicity in Morocco is concentrated in the country's northern region and the Alboran Sea. South of the Rif, seismic activity is sparse but spread across the Middle Atlas, High Atlas, and Ant-Atlas. Seismicity in the Saharan Atlas is limited, and absent in the Saharan region south of the belt; it is also less active eastwards in Algeria and Tunisia. Previously, the largest earthquake recorded in the Atlas Mountains was the Mw  5.9 earthquake that struck Agadir in 1960. Earthquakes in the Atlas Mountains display focal mechanisms of strike-slip, thrust or a combination of both (oblique-slip).[8]

Earthquake

A strong ground motion map (click to expand)

The Marrakesh-Safi earthquake is the largest instrumentally recorded in Morocco's modern history,[9] surpassed only by upper estimates of the 1755 Meknes earthquake, at Mw 6.5–7.0.[10] It occurred at 26.3 km (16.3 mi) depth, and had a magnitude of Mww 6.8, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS),[11] while Morocco's seismic agency reported a focal depth of 8 km (5.0 mi)[12] and a magnitude of 7.2.[13] The Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) reported a magnitude of Mw 6.9.[14] According to the European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre, it was also felt in Portugal, Spain, Mauritania, Algeria, Western Sahara and along the coast of the Strait of Gibraltar.[15] The tremors were detected by monitoring stations as far away as Egypt.[16] Witnesses said the shaking lasted for about 20 seconds.[17] A magnitude 4.9 aftershock occurred 19 minutes after the mainshock.[12]

According to the USGS, the earthquake had a focal mechanism indicating oblique-thrust faulting beneath the High Atlas. The rupture occurred on a steep-dipping oblique-reverse fault striking northwest or a shallow-dipping oblique-reverse fault striking east. It also estimated the fault rupture area to be 30 km (19 mi) by 20 km (12 mi). Many east-west and northeast-southwest strike-slip and thrust faults occur in the High Atlas. Since 1900, there has not been a Mw  6.0 or larger earthquake within 500 km (310 mi) of the recent earthquake's epicenter; but nine Mw  5.0 and larger events have occurred to its east.[11]

Impact

According to state-run television, citing the Moroccan Interior Ministry,[18] at least 1,305 people were killed and 1,832 were injured;[19][20] At least 1,220 of the injured were critically hurt.[19][21] Many fatalities occurred in remote locations south of Marrakesh.[22][23] A majority of deaths occurred in Al-Haouz and Taroudant provinces.[24] In Moulay Brahim, residents became trapped under collapsed buildings and volunteers made rescue attempts.[25]

Some homes in older parts of Marrakesh and portions of the city walls collapsed,[26] leaving families trapped beneath debris.[27] At Jemaa el-Fnaa, a minaret of the Kharboush Mosque and parts of its walls collapsed, crushing vehicles below.[28] The Koutoubia Mosque was also damaged.[12] Several buildings in the Medina of Marrakesh, a UNESCO World Heritage Site dating from the 12th century, also collapsed.[17][23] Internet access was disrupted due to power cuts.[29]

The Interior Ministry said the majority of damage occurred away from cities and towns.[12] Near the epicenter of the High Atlas, public television channel Al Aoula reported many buildings collapsed.[30] At the earthquake's epicenter in the town of Al-Haouz, a collapsed house trapped its residents under rubble.[31] At Amizmiz, a village near the epicenter, rescuers used their hands to sort through debris. Twenty firefighters and soldiers attended to the remains of a house; they also recovered at least two bodies.[32] Nearly all of the 50 traditional houses in the village of Majat were destroyed and dozens of its inhabitants were killed.[33] Ninety-percent of houses in Asni were destroyed.[34] Additional homes in towns near the epicenter collapsed partly or completely. Electricity and roads were also cut in some areas.[35] In Essaouira, parts of facades fell off.[29]

The towns of Adassil and Imlil, as well as nearby villages surrounding Toubkal were destroyed or severely damaged by the earthquake.[36][37] Extensive damage was suffered by the Tinmal Mosque, a historic monument in the High Atlas.[38] Outside Agadir, in the villages of Taqi and Tadrart, many homes were destroyed.[39] A French tourist died of a heart attack during the quake.[19]

  • Earthquake aftermath in Marrakesh and Moulay Brahim

Aftermath

People in Marrakesh removed rubble by hand whilst awaiting heavy equipment. Many panic-stricken residents remained outdoors for fear of another earthquake. Media posted on social media showed people evacuating a shopping centre, restaurants and apartment buildings.[32] In the capital Rabat, 350 km (220 mi) north of the epicenter, and at Imsouane, a coastal town, residents left their homes.[40]

The General Secretary of the Directorate General of Internal Affairs said officials and security teams were assembling resources to supply aid and assess damage.[41] In Salé, trucks carried blankets, camp beds, and lighting devices to the affected areas. Semi-trailers also carried supplies to reach these areas.[42] Local channel 2M shared videos of emergency vehicles travelling along a dirt road.[43] Rescue missions were disrupted as the roads through the mountainous region were congested with vehicles and fallen rocks.[18] In Al-Haouz Province, rocks were removed from roads to enable ambulances and aid to reach the affected areas.[18]

There was a surge in wounded people admitted to hospitals in Marrakesh.[44] Injured people from outside Marrakesh also began to trickle into the city to get treatment.[45] An appeal was made to the city's residents for blood donations.[46] In the morning of 9 September, roughly 200 people, including tourists, visited a hospital to donate blood. Damage assessments in Marrakesh revealed most of the city was relatively undamaged.[47]

King Mohammed VI authorized the deployment of the Royal Moroccan Army in various affected cities in order to help.[48][49] The Army later set up a field hospital in Moulay Brahim.[50] Survivors at Moulay Brahim began digging graves on a hill to bury the dead.[51] Operations at Marrakesh Airport remained normal but two Ryanair flights from Marrakesh to Brussels and Beauvais, France, that were scheduled for 9 September were cancelled. British Airways replaced its regular aircraft to Marrakesh with a larger one to carry British nationals requesting repatriation.[52]

The Confederation of African Football postponed the qualifying match for the 2024 Africa Cup of Nations between Morocco and Liberia, which was due to be held in Agadir on 9 September.[53][54]

Reactions

India,[55] Algeria,[56] France,[57][58] Portugal,[59] Romania,[60] Taiwan,[61] Thailand,[62] Tunisia,[61] Turkey,[63] the United Kingdom,[64] the United States,[65][66] the European Union,[67] and the United Nations[68] offered to provide assistance and support to Morocco. The Moroccan government has not formally asked for foreign assistance, which would allow the entry of such aid.[69][needs update]

Benoît Payan, the mayor of Marrakesh's sister city Marseille, France, announced that he was sending firefighters to Morocco to help with rescue operations.[70][71] The French Embassy in Morocco [fr] opened a crisis unit hotline.[72]

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and King Abdullah II of Jordan ordered their governments to send aid to Morocco,[73][74][75] while the UAE's president Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ordered the establishment of an air bridge to transport relief aid and other support.[76][77] Algeria opened its airspace to Morocco for the first time since 2021 to facilitate the arrival of humanitarian aid.[78][56] Spain placed its Military Emergencies Unit, its other aid agencies, and its embassy in Rabat at Morocco's disposal.[79]

The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) on behalf of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) to provide for wide, albeit contingent, humanitarian satellite coverage.[80]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Powerful magnitude 6.8 earthquake rattles Morocco, with five believed dead". Al Jazeera. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  2. ^ "A powerful earthquake in Morocco has killed hundreds, government says". National Public Radio. Associated Press. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  3. ^ Pedrosa, Jorge (9 September 2023). "Terremoto Málaga: Cuatro seísmos con epicentro en Marruecos se sienten en Andalucía" (in Spanish). Málaga Hoy. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  4. ^ Zitellini, N.; Gràcia, E.; Matias, L.; Terrinha, P.; Abreu, M. A.; DeAlteriis, G.; Henriet, J. P.; Dañobeitia, J. J.; Masson, D. G.; Mulder, T.; Ramella, R.; Somoza, L.; Diez, S. (15 April 2009). "The quest for the Africa–Eurasia plate boundary west of the Strait of Gibraltar". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 280 (1): 13–50. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.005. ISSN 0012-821X.
  5. ^ Cherkaoui T-E. (2012). "Seismicity and Seismic Hazard in Morocco 1901-2010". Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, section Sciences de la Terre. 34: 45–55. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  6. ^ "Strong 6.8-magnitude earthquake rattles Morocco". CBS News. Associated Press. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  7. ^ Timoulali, Youssef; Nacer, Jabour; Youssef, Hahou; Mimoun, Chourak (2015). "Lithospheric structure in NW of Africa: Case of the Moroccan Atlas Mountains". Geodesy and Geodynamics. 6 (6): 397–408. Bibcode:2015G&G.....6..397T. doi:10.1016/j.geog.2015.12.003.
  8. ^ Sébrier, Michel; Siame, Lionel Louis; Zouine, El Mostafa; Winter, Thierry; Morel, Jean-Luc; Missenard, Yves; Leturmy, Pascale (2006). "Active tectonics in the Moroccan High Atlas". Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 338 (1–2): 65–79. Bibcode:2006CRGeo.338...65S. doi:10.1016/j.crte.2005.12.001.
  9. ^ ISC (2022), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1904–2018), Version 9.1, International Seismological Centre, archived from the original on 25 November 2016, retrieved 8 September 2023
  10. ^ Poujol, A.; Ritz, J.-F.; Vernant, P.; Huot, S.; Maate, S.; Tahayt, A. (2017). "Which fault destroyed Fes city (Morocco) in 1755? A new insight from the Holocene deformations observed along the southern border of Gibraltar arc". Tectonophysics. 712–713: 303–311. Bibcode:2017Tectp.712..303P. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.036.
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  14. ^ Global CMT Catalog Search (Data set), Global Centroid Moment Tensor, retrieved 9 September 2023
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  33. ^ ""زلزال الحوز" يدمر قرى جبلية في جماعة أداسيل .. فواجع وأطلال وأوجاع". Hespress. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  34. ^ "الزلزال يقطع الكهرماء والطرق عن "آسني"". Hespress. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
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External links

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